Carp Fish Research Articles

The incident and Molecular Identification of the Cryptosporidium Parvum in Cultivated Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio) in Baghdad

The current study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species by traditional and molecular methods in freshwater fish in Baghdad city. A convenient number of stomach and intestinal continent samples were collected from three types of freshwater fish from different areas of Baghdad city from November, 2023 to April, 2024. All samples were examined phenotypically using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and genotypically (nested PCR technique) based on a partial sequence of 18SrRNA genes with sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. The overall infection rate of fish with C. parvum was 5.5% (10/180). The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was the only fish type infected, with a rate of 16.66% (10 60). January and February had the highest infection rate, 3.33%. The molecular identification and sequencing confirmed the infections with C. parvum. Molecular speciation of the parasite confirmed microscopical primary identification results. This study suggests that fish became a new source for transmission to humans and livestock.

Cholic acid-based inhibition of SVCV replication by modulating polyunsaturated fatty acid content

Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic pathogen that infects carp fish, and SVCV infection frequently causes a severe inflammatory response in the affected fish. The viral infection is extremely lethal in carp larvae, often leading to heavy economic losses. Cholic acid (CA) is a primary bile acid synthesized directly from cholesterol in the liver and has been found to have an inhibitory effect on viral infections. To substantiate this antiviral potential, 500 μM CA was tested against SVCV replication in vitro and showed a significant inhibitory effect on viral replication. Further experimental tests demonstrated that CA exerted antiviral effects during its replication phase but not at viral adsorption and entry stages. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CA increased the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by 40 %, reduced viral load in tissues and reduced histopathological lesions. Comparison of the liver transcriptome of zebrafish between CA treatment and control (NC) groups revealed that CA treatment was able to promote the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the most significant changes in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Inhibition assay on fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), the first rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid, showed that the antiviral effect of CA on SVCV disappeared. These new findings suggest that CA may exert its antiviral effects by regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid. In addition, this study also verified that DHA has antiviral activity against SVCV. In conclusion, CA shows promise as a potential anti-SVCV drug or feed additive that could help mitigate SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture.

Biochemical and Molecular Detection of Aeromonas Hydrophila Isolated from Infected Cyprinus Carpio in Salah Al-Din Governorate

This study aimed to identify the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in diseased common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish collected from Salah al-Din Governorate in Iraq. For this purpose, 128 swabs were obtained from skin, gill and fin lesions of 70 fish showing symptoms of hemorrhagic sepsis, skin ulcers and boils, and fin and gill rot. Through different biochemical tests, the isolates showed negative results for Gram stain, methyl red, lactose fermentation, H2S, and string test, while positive results were recorded for glucose fermentation, oxidase, motility test, catalase, Voges-Proskauer, indole, citrate utilization, and gelatin hydrolysis. Eleven isolates were confirmed as A. hydrophila by amplification of the hemolysin gene fragment (hlyA) by conventional PCR. This study represents the first comprehensive study to characterize A. hydrophila bacteria from infected common carp fish in Salah al-Din Governorate. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for developing genetic diagnostic strategies for A. hydrophila infections in this region.

Exploring economic viability: A study on profitability and resource efficiency in Polycarp production within the fish super zone of Dhanusha district, Nepal

Dhanusha district of Nepal is recognized as a fish hub of the country still operative fish farming in a semi-commercial level. This study evaluated and analyzed the profitability and resources utilization efficiency in the Polycarp production within the fish super zone of Dhanusha district. Along with it, the study covers socio-demographic characteristic of respondent, determine the factor affecting fish production, rank such challenges based on farmer’s experience, and evaluate returns to scale fish production of this site. 64 farmers were randomly selected and surveyed through a semi-structured questionnaire. In order to collect primary data, pre-tested interview schedule, focus group discussion, key informant Interview, and field survey were conducted. Secondary data were collected by reviewing relevant publications. Analysis of socio-demographic data revealed a predominantly male participation rate (98.44%), with overall aged between 30 and 50 years, among whom the Yadav caste showed maximum engagement (27%). Regarding land ownership, the majority (68.76%) leased land for this activity. Carp polyculture exhibited an average water surface area of 1.55 hectares. The average yearly cost of producing carp fish was Rs.1069644.00, or Rs. 891370.00 per hectare of water surface, per year with fixed costs 15.55% and variable costs 84.45%. Notably, feed costs constituted the largest expense at 49.87%, followed by labor (15.52%) and fingerlings (9.40%). Silver carp emerged as the primary market contributor, comprising 22.96% of total production (6010 kg), followed by common carp, Grass carp, Rohu, Naini, Bighead carp, and Bhakur. Net returns per hectare was Rs. 2,24,348.87, with a resulting B:C ratio of 1.33, indicating economic viability. Challenges identified in the study area included the timely unavailability of fingerling, high feed cost and theft.

Design of improved acellular fish skin as a promising scaffold for tissue regeneration applications

Decellularized marine tissues have been regarded as a desirable biomaterial because of their biological risk reduction, less religious constraints, and resemblance to mammalian tissues. The properties of these matrices can be improved by adding cross-linkers. In this study, after decellularization of the of Tilapia and Grass carp fish skin, a comparative study was conducted between them. Due to the higher abundance of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in Tilapia skin, it was selected for further study. In the next step, the cross-linking process was performed with three concentrations of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/ N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) and tannic acid cross-linkers. The MTT results showed that the cross-linked samples with low concentrations of EDC/NHS had higher biocompatibility compared to the cross-linked sample with high concentration of EDC/NHS, as well as all samples cross-linked with tannic acid. Mechanical and physical studies conducted on the skin of Tilapia fish showed that the 15 mM/7.5 mM concentration of EDC/NHS increased the mechanical and temperature strength and decreased the degradability and it did not influence cell attachment.In general, it was shown that different fish skins differ in terms of collagen and GAGs, and the optimal concentration of EDC cross-linker improves the mechanical and physical properties of the matrix derived from fish skin.

Effects of different reheating methods on lipid oxidation in frozen silver carp fish cakes

SummaryThis study investigated the effect of five different reheating methods (boiling water, steaming, low‐heat microwave at 120 W, medium‐heat microwave at 400 W, high‐heat microwave at 800 W) on lipid oxidation of silver carp fish cake. The changes of lipid content, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), volatile flavour components and fatty acid composition were detected. The results indicated that products reheated with medium‐heat microwave had higher lipid content, lower TBA, AV and POV value. The medium‐heat and high‐heat microwave reheated group had larger variety of volatile flavour substances. Moreover, the relative content of hexanal and heptanal related to unpleasant “overcooked taste” was less, and the relative content of 2‐heptanone, which contributed to the reduction of fishy odour, was more in medium‐heated microwave group. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the medium‐heat microwave group was higher than other reheating methods, so as the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Considering all indicators, medium‐heat microwave reheating is more recommended due to its inhibition of fat oxidation.

ВПЛИВ МІКОТОКСИНУ Т-2 НА ІХТІОЛОГІЧНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ КОРОПОВИХ РИБ

Mycotoxins are particularly dangerous for both animals and humans. Their toxic effects manifest even in ultra-minimal doses, which are often impossible to detect even with modern methods. The response mechanism of hydrobionts to toxic pollution in the aquatic environment is revealed through biochemical and physiological reactions aimed at restoring damaged functions. Increased human impact on aquatic ecosystems has exacerbated the survival challenges for aquatic organisms under stressful conditions. A study was conducted to investigate the impact of mycotoxin T-2 on ichthyological indicators in carp fish. Even ultra-low doses of mycotoxins can have toxic effects, and their presence is often difficult to detect with modern methods. Changes in morphometric indicators and metabolic processes are integral components of complex nonspecific reactions that occur in response to any stress factors. During long-term exposure or at high intensity, serious and irreversible damage can occur, potentially leading to various pathologies or even death of the organism. Based on this, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of mycotoxin T-2 on the ichthyological indicators of carp fish. A laboratory experiment showed that exposure to mycotoxin T-2 led to a slight increase in the fatness ratio of fish, which could be explained by tissue swelling. A similar trend was observed regarding the liver index in carp. In the case of crucians, the liver index remained unchanged. Additionally, no significant changes were found in the indicators of body height, head height, and compactness. This can be attributed to the relatively short two-week experimental period, which may not be sufficient to detect differences in morphological parameters. During the experiment, when mycotoxin T-2 was introduced into laboratory aquariums, changes were detected in the protein metabolism components in the blood of fish. Total protein levels decreased by 29% in carp and 32% in crucian carp exposed to mycotoxin T-2. The study of ALT and AST activity in the blood under the influence of mycotoxin revealed an increase in the activity of aminotransferases in both carp and crucian carp. From the blood, free amino acids are transferred to the liver, where in response to ALT and AST, their transamination increases, explaining the heightened activity of these enzymes.

Histopathological Alteration and Molecular Detection of Gills Rot Fungus in Carp Fish

Histopathological Alteration and Molecular Detection of Gills Rot Fungus in Carp Fish

The Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Fish: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis and Dietary Health Risk Assessment.

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most consumed fish in the world and can be exposed to various forms of pollution, such as potential toxic elements (PTEs). Several studies have been conducted on the concentration of PTEs in common carp fish. The aims of the current study were to meta-analyze the concentration of PTEs in common carp fish and estimate human health risks in consumers. A search was conducted in international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Embase to retrieve papers up to January 20, 2024. The non-carcinogenic risk due to PTEs in fish fillets was calculated via the target hazard quotient (THQ), and the carcinogenic risk due to iAs in fish fillets was calculated via cancer risk (CR). The highest concentrations of Cu, methyl-Hg, and Ni were observed in the fillets of common carp fish. The non-carcinogenic risk was lower than 1 in all countries; hence, consuming common carp fish does not pose a non-carcinogenic risk. Adult consumers in Iraq were exposed to an unacceptable carcinogenic due to iAs in common carp fish. Hence, it is recommended that plans be conducted to reduce the concentration of PTEs in common carp fish in Iraq.

Exploring Arthropods as Sustainable Protein Source and the Effect of Cockroach Meal Supplemented Diet on the Growth of Fish

This comprehensive study centres on exploring the arthropods as sustainable protein sources, addressing both human dietary needs and livestock feed requirements. A diverse set of twenty arthropod species were collected from different locations of Kanyakumari District and the species were identified based on the identification keys pertaining to morphological characters. The surveyed animals comprises of Insects: Dragon Fly (Pantala sp.), Western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes sp.), Longhorn beetle (Callipogon sp.), Asiatic rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), Brown grasshopper (Melanoplus sp.), Bush cricket (Tettigonia sp.), Grasshopper (Diabolocatantops sp.), Housefly (Musca domestica), Cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Termite (Macrotermes sp.), Black carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.), Red carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.); Crabs: Mottled light footed crab (Grapsus albolineatus), Sartoriana sp., Asian paddle crab (Charybdis sp.,),Box crab (Calappa sp.,), Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sp.); Millipedes: Yellow spotted millipede (Harpaphe haydeniana), Pill millipede (Arthrosphaera disticta) and African giant millipede (Thyropygus descriptus) were analyzed for the protein content. The samples were tested for protein using Biuret’s method. Among the different arthropods tested insects- Callipogon sp. and Periplaneta americana, crabs - Calappa sp. and Charybdis sp. and Myriapod - Harpaphe haydeniana, exhibited the highest protein content. Crustaceans demonstrated the highest protein content when compared to insects and millipedes. However, since cockroaches are generally considered as a pest and repugnant in human dwelling, it would be ideal to convert cockroach as a sustainable protein source in aquaculture. Moreover. since cockroach showed a higher protein content of 6.146 2.024 mg/ml it was tried as a supplement feed for fish. Cockroach meal was prepared in two different proportions (2% and 3%) to evaluate its impact on the growth of Koi carp fish in comparison with cockroach free meal as control. The inclusion of 3% cockroach powder in the fish meal augmented the growth of Koi carp when compared to the control during a fifteen-day study period. Thus, this study has tapped a potential protein source from insects. Cockroach can be used as an ideal fish feed as it contributes to the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly animal feed source.

Effect of Dietary Zinc on the Antioxidant Parameters of Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micro mineral needed for the proper growth and immune function of fish. This investigation was designed to examine the antioxidant role of a fortified diet with different Zn levels in the muscle and liver tissues of carp fry. A four-iso-nitrogen (35% crude protein) practical diet was produced that included graded levels of dietary zinc sulphate as a nutritional zinc resource in the fundamental diet supplemented with increased zinc levels (T1, control, 85 mg Zn kg-1, T2 105 mg Zn kg-1, T3, 125 mg Zn kg-1 and T4, 145 mg Zn kg-1). Even though the SOD and CAT analysis results did not show a linear increase in the increasing Zn ratio in the diets, higher values were obtained compared to the control groups. SOD highest values in T3 for the liver (0.713 ± 0.220 U/ml) and T1 for muscle (0.751 ± 0.144 U/ml), CAT values were highest in T2 for the liver (0.849 ± 0.115 nmol/dk/m) and T2 for muscle (1.059 ± 0.148 nmol/dk/m) was obtained. MDA values were completely higher for the muscle than for the control group, and for the liver, a lower value was obtained in the T2 trial group than in the control group (1.671 ± 0.230 µM). The results of the study showed that Zn contributed significantly to the nutrition of carp fish. It can be concluded that the findings of SOD and CAT analysis endorse the positive contributions of using 105 mg Zn in the diets to promote the antioxidant defense of juvenile carp fish.

The toxicity effects of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos on oxidative stress and blood biochemistry in Cyprinus carpio

This study aimed to assess the toxicity effects of chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, alone and in combination, on oxidative biomarkers and blood biochemistry of Cyprinus carpio. A total of 324 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were distributed among 27 tanks and exposed to concentrations of 0.0, 100, and 200 μg L−1 of chlorpyrifos and 0.0, 10.0, and 20.0 μg L−1 of imidacloprid for 28 days. Changes in enzyme activities in the plasma of fish exposed to chlorpyrifos depended on the dose. In contrast, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were significantly increased in fish exposed to imidacloprid, alone and in combination with chlorpyrifos. However, the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was significantly decreased. Exposure to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, alone and in combination, increased glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine levels, whereas total protein and albumin levels were significantly decreased. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) was significantly increased, while glutathione reductase (GR) was significantly decreased. Additionally, although the total antioxidant capacity (TAN) was significantly decreased, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased after exposure to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, alone and in combination. In conclusion, exposure to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, alone and in combination, induced oxidative stress and altered blood biochemistry in carp fish. Moreover, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos had synergistic effects on some oxidative and biochemical biomarkers.

Biomimetic Mineralized Hydroxyapatite-Fish-Scale Collagen/Chitosan Nanofibrous Membranes Promote Osteogenesis for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration.

Commercial mammalian collagen-based membranes used for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in periodontal defect repair still face significant challenges, including ethical concerns, cost-effectiveness, and limited capacity for periodontal bone regeneration. Herein, an enhanced biomimetic mineralized hydroxyapatite (HAp)-fish-scale collagen (FCOL)/chitosan (CS) nanofibrous membrane was developed. Specifically, eco-friendly and biocompatible collagen extracted from grass carp fish scales was co-electrospun with CS to produce a biomimetic extracellular matrix membrane. An enhanced biomimetic mineralized HAp coating provided abundant active calcium and phosphate sites, which promoted cell osteogenic differentiation, and showed greater in vivo absorption. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the HAp-FCOL/CS membranes exhibited desirable properties with no cytotoxicity, provided a mimetic microenvironment for stem cell recruitment, and induced periodontal ligament cell osteogenic differentiation. In rat periodontal defects, HAp-FCOL/CS membranes significantly promoted new periodontal bone formation and regeneration. The results of this study indicate that low-cost, eco-friendly, and biomimetic HAp-FCOL/CS membranes could be promising alternatives to GTR membranes for periodontal regeneration in the clinic.

Characterization of complete mitochondrial genome of Labeo rohita from Bangladesh

Labeo rohita, commonly known as rui/rohu possesses an important role in agricultural and economic aspects in Bangladesh. This study aimed to characterize the mitochondrial genome of this economically important fish species. Primers (24 pairs) were designed to amplify the whole genome and most of the regions contained 700 to 800bp. In this study, nucleotide sequences of 16,607 bp of the mitochondrial genome of L. rohita were determined for the first time from Bangladesh, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one D-loop region. All of the genes were similar in size compared to other fish mitochondrial genomes. The gene arrangements, and intergenic and gene overlapping nucleotides of the present study, were similar to that of other Labeo genera so far reported. The phylogenetic tree shows 100% similarity in L. rohita mitochondrial genomes collected from two different areas of Bangladesh. This nucleotide sequence data of the mitogenome of L. rohita would provide necessary information for further studies, including population genetics of carp fishes. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1539-1544, 2024 (July)

Diagnosis of Aeromoniasis in Common Carp Fish by Indirect ELISA Test through Antibody Detection

Diagnosis of Aeromoniasis in Common Carp Fish by Indirect ELISA Test through Antibody Detection

The effect of chlorella vulgaris extract on Edwardsiella tarda infection in carp fish

The effect of chlorella vulgaris extract on Edwardsiella tarda infection in carp fish

The Effect Of The Comparison Of Binders In The Manufacture Of Carp Rolade (Cyprinus Carpio) On The Physical Properties And Consumer Acceptability

This research aims to analyze the effect of binder ratio in the making of carp fish roulade on the physical properties and consumer acceptance. The research was conducted at the Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Culinary Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta. The research period began in August 2023 and ended in June 2024. The method used in this research was experimental. The research sample used grass carp roulade with a binder ratio between tapioca flour and wheat flour at 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2. The samples were then tested on 30 moderately trained panelists who evaluated overall aspects. Based on the results of statistical hypothesis testing using the Friedman test, it was found that there was no influence of binder ratio on the acceptance of carp fish roulade at ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 in terms of skin color before and after frying, filling color before and after frying, fish aroma, spice aroma, taste, and structural compactness. However, one aspect that had an influence was the level of tenderness. Based on the results of statistical hypothesis testing, physical testing using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the binder ratio had no significant influence on the physical quality of grass carp roulade in terms of hardness level. The conclusion of this study is that the acceptance of carp fish roulade is recommended at a binder ratio of 1:1 between tapioca flour and wheat flour.

The Effect of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) Application on Oxidation Status, Sensory Attributes, Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fish during Chilled Storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sumac on the oxidation status, sensory properties, and physicochemical and microbiological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish during chilled storage. Fillets of carp were treated with ground sumac at percentages of 0% (T0), 0.5% (T1), 1.5% (T2) and 2.5% (T3) and analysed after 24 and 72 h of chilled storage. The fat content, oxidation parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), antioxidant capacity, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), sensory properties, colour indicators (lightness L*, redness a*, yellowness b*), water activity, pH value, aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic microorganism count (PMC), and coliform bacteria count were determined. The TBARS values of T1, T2, and T3 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 24 h of chilled storage. The antioxidant capacity increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. As regards organoleptic properties, sumac was able to reduce the natural fishy odour, increase the sour odour and flavour, and mask the fish odour and flavour significantly. A significant effect of sumac on the redness (a*) values of muscles was observed, which increased with elevation of the sumac ratio. A decrease in fillet pH and lower APC and PMC were observed. No effect was found on water activity or the growth of coliform bacteria. The study found that sumac plays a role in the oxidation status, pH value and organoleptic properties of fish fillets, which could be beneficial for the fish and fishery products industry.

How price and non-price factors influence the market price of major carp: Findings from the dynamic ARDL approach

Recently, fish prices in Bangladesh have been growing, particularly the market price of major carp, even though the factors that may be contributing to this trend are unexplored. Therefore, this study considers some price and non-price factors to explore the market price dynamics of major carp species in Bangladesh. To explore the factors impacting the market price of carp fish, we apply advanced time-series econometric modeling, such as the recently devised dynamic simulated autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model using publicly available data on fish prices from 2005 M1 to 2021 M12. This period is attributed to the rapid transformation from mostly low-intensity farming to commercialization due to a rise in productivity and market price. Among the price factors, the findings demonstrate that the price of corn, soybean, and oilcake, and fisheries wage rate have a positive significant impact on fish price in both the short and long term. In addition, among the non-price drivers, GDP per capita, inflation rate, and fish consumption all have a significant positive influence on fish prices in the long run, whereas total production has a detrimental effect on fish prices in the long run. These results have significant policy ramifications for attaining the fish farmers' profit maximization and consumers' welfare maximization goals.

Effect of Different Feeds on Growth Rate and Survival of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Larvae

The present study was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival rates of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae fed different diets levels in laboratory Two-day-old larvae were transferred from the University of Basrah Marine Science Center hatchery to the Abi Al-Khaseeb district's experiment laboratory. The larvae were distributed into four treatments 450 larvae each treatment (150 larvae per replicate and three replicates per treatment) at a stock density of 3.33 larvae /L. The treatments were as follows: T1 was given boiling egg yolks; T2 was given a processed diet with 45% protein; T3 was given Redi-Lac milk powder; and T4 was given ground Artemia eggs. The experiment ran for 20 days, beginning on April 17, 2022.The results showed that larvae fed on diet containing ground Artemia eggs (T4) produced the highest final weight (39.667mg), followed by a diet containing 45% protein processed diet (T2), , Redi-Lac milk powder food (T3), and boiled egg yolks food (T1) produced the lowest final weight ( 27.333 and 24.667 mg, respectively) Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P≤0.05) in the final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, relative growth rate and specific growth rate between T4 and T1, but not between T4 and T2 and between T4 and T3. The survival rate showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) between T4 (0.71%) and other treatments. Our results suggest that ground Artemia eggs is the most suitable and optimal meal for common carp fish larvae.