Carotid Intima-media Thickness In Adults Research Articles

Life-period associations of body mass index with adult carotid intima-media thickness: The Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

ObjectiveChild and adult body mass index (BMI) associates with adult carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT). However, the relative contribution of BMI at different life-periods on adult cIMT has not been quantified. This study aimed to determine the life-course model that best explains the relative contribution of BMI at different life-periods (childhood, adolescence, and young-adulthood) on cIMT in adulthood. MethodsBMI was calculated from direct measurements of height and weight at up to seven time-points from childhood to adulthood (1973–2007) among 2485 participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) and 1271 participants in the Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS). BMI measures at three ages representative of childhood (9-years), adolescence (18 years) and young-adulthood (30 years) life-periods were used. B-mode ultrasound was used to measure common cIMT in adulthood (>30 years). Associations were evaluated using the Bayesian relative life-course exposure model. ResultsIn both cohorts, cumulative exposure to higher levels of BMI across the life-course was associated with greater cIMT. Of the examined life-periods, BMI in young-adulthood provided the greatest relative contribution towards the development of adult cIMT for YFS (49.9 %, 95 % CrI = 34–68 %) and white BHS participants (48.6 %, 95 % CrI = 9–86 %), whereas BMI in childhood had the greatest relative contribution for black BHS participants (54.0 %, 95 % CrI = 8–89 %). ConclusionAlthough our data suggest sensitive periods in the life-course where prevention and intervention aimed at reducing BMI might provide most benefit in limiting the effects of BMI on cIMT, maintaining lower BMI across the life-course appears to be optimal.

Exposure to Fine Particles and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in adults from Mexico City: results from GEA study: Differential Association

Exposure to Fine Particles and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in adults from Mexico City: results from GEA study: Differential Association

Blood Pressure at Different Life Stages Over the Early Life Course and Intima-Media Thickness

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) begins in early life, the extent to which blood pressure (BP) at different life stages contributes to CVD is unclear. To determine the relative contribution of BP at different life stages across the early-life course from infancy to young adulthood with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). The analyses were performed in 2022 using data gathered from July 1989 through January 2018 within the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project, a randomized, infancy-onset cohort of 534 participants coupled with annual BP (from age 7 months to 20 years), biennial IMT measurements (from ages 13 to 19 years), who were followed up with again at age 26 years. BP measured from infancy (aged 7 to 13 months), preschool (2 to 5 years), childhood (6 to 12 years), adolescence (13 to 17 years), and young adulthood (18 to 26 years). Primary outcomes were carotid IMT measured in young adulthood at age 26 years. Bayesian relevant life-course exposure models assessed the relative contribution of BP at each life stage. Systolic BP at each life stage contributed to the association with young adulthood carotid IMT (infancy: relative weight, 25.3%; 95% credible interval [CrI], 3.6-45.8; preschool childhood: relative weight, 27.0%; 95% CrI, 3.3-57.1; childhood: relative weight, 18.0%; 95% CrI, 0.5-40.0; adolescence: relative weight, 13.5%; 95% CrI, 0.4-37.1; and young adulthood: relative weight, 16.2%; 95% CrI, 1.6-46.1). A 1-SD (at single life-stage) higher systolic BP accumulated across the life course was associated with a higher carotid IMT (0.02 mm; 95% CrI, 0.01-0.03). The findings for carotid IMT were replicated in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study that assessed systolic BP from childhood and carotid IMT in adulthood (33 to 45 years). In this cohort study, a life-course approach indicated that accumulation of risk exposure to BP levels at all life stages contributed to adulthood carotid IMT. Of those, the contribution attributed to each observed life stage was approximately equal. These results support prevention efforts that achieve and maintain normal BP levels across the life course, starting in infancy.

Association between BMI trajectories from childhood to early adulthood and the carotid intima-media thickness in early adulthood: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Background and aimsChildhood and adolescence overweight/obesity is an important predictor of obesity and increased long-term cardiometabolic abnormalities in adulthood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) trajectories among children and adolescents with adulthood carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a determinant of subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, 1265 participants aged 3 to 18 were followed up for 18 years. By using Latent Class Growth Analysis, three groups of BMI and WC trajectory were defined; low stable, moderate-increasing, and high-increasing. Linear and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association of each lifetime BMI and WC trajectory group with cIMT.ResultsAlthough the high-increasing BMI trajectory group was significantly associated with higher cIMT (ß=0.0464, P < 0.001), moderate-increase was not (ß=0.0096, P = 0.102); in reference to the low-stable BMI trajectory group. Among WC trajectory groups, both moderate- (ß=0.0177, P = 0.006) and high-increasing (ß=0.0533, P < 0.001), in reference to the low-stable group, were significantly associated with higher cIMT. The results did not change after adjustment for baseline BMI. The ORs of high-increasing BMI, moderate-increasing WC, and high-increasing WC trajectories were 3.24, 1.92, and 3.29, respectively for high cIMT.ConclusionOur study resulted that a high-increasing trajectory of childhood BMI and moderate- and high-increasing trajectories of childhood WC are associated with higher cIMT and higher risk of high-cIMT. Regular monitoring and screening of BMI and WC trajectory from childhood may improve identifying individuals with high risks of cardiovascular disease, more accurately.

Cumulative burden and trajectories of body mass index and blood pressure from childhood and carotid intima-media thickness in young adulthood

There are significant gaps in understanding of the association between levels and rate of change of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) at different ages during childhood and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in adulthood. We investigated the association between trajectories of BMI and BP from childhood to adulthood and adult CIMT among Iranian participants in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) cohort. A total of 1334 participants (692 men), from the TLGS cohort (1999–2018) with repeated measurements of BMI and BP (2–6 times) from childhood (3–18 years) to young adulthood (20–40 years) were selected. Trajectory parameters included levels and linear slopes of BMI and BP growth curve models, and cumulative burden defined as the area under those curves (AUC). After adjusting for confounders, AUC of BMI and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly associated with high CIMT in adulthood, with the standardized odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.35 (1.12–1.62) and 1.27 (1.01–1.60), respectively. Associations between level-independent slopes of BMI and adult CIMT were significantly positive (ORs: 1.27 to 1.26) during childhood ages (3–18 years). Further, levels of BMI (ORs: 1.23 to 1.29) and DBP (ORs: 1.25 to 1.33) during the ages of 13–18 and 11–17 years, respectively, were significantly associated with CIMT in adulthood (all P < 0.05). The cumulative burden of BMI and DBP was associated with CIMT in adulthood. Adolescence is a crucial period for high CIMT, which has implications for early prevention of atherosclerosis.

Carotid intima-media thickness in adults with and without psoriasis - a nested case-control study from baseline data of ELSA-Brasil cohort.

There is a lack of consensus about the association between psoriasis (PSO) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in literature, since previous studies considered dermatologic clinic patients or general population. This study aimed to compare cIMT levels according to PSO in a sample of 10,530 civil servants form the ELSA-Brasil cohort study and analyze its association with the disease. The PSO cases and disease duration were identified by medical diagnosis self-reported at study enrollment. A paired group was identified by propensity score matching among all the participants without PSO. Mean cIMT values were considered for continuous analysis while cIMT above 75th percentile was considered for categorical analysis. Multivariate conditional regression models were used to analyze association between cIMT and PSO diagnosis, by comparing PSO cases against paired controls and overall sample without disease. A total of n = 162 PSO cases were identified (1.54%) and no difference in cIMT values was observed between participants with PSO and overall sample or control group. PSO was not associated with linear increment of cIMT (vs. overall sample: β = 0.003, p = 0.690; vs. matched controls: β = 0.004, p = 0.633) neither with increased chance of having cIMT above 75th percentile (vs. overall sample: OR = 1.06, p = 0.777; vs. matched controls: OR = 1.19, p = 0.432; conditional regression: OR = 1.31, p = 0.254). There was no relationship between disease duration and cIMT (β = 0.000, p = 0.627). Although no significant relationship between mild cases of psoriasis and cIMT was observed among a wide cohort of civil servants, longitudinal investigation about cIMT progression and severity of disease are still needed.

Long-Term Adiposity and Midlife Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Are Linked Partly Through Intermediate Risk Factors.

This study aims to determine quantitatively the mediation effects of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on the associations of childhood body mass index (BMI) and its cumulative burden with adult carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The longitudinal cohort consisted of 1391 adults who had been examined for BMI 4-15 times over 35.0 years on average since childhood and had data on adult cIMT, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index of plasma, and serum glucose. The area under the curve was used as a measure of cumulative burden of BMI. After adjusting for covariates, the total effects (standardized regression coefficient) of childhood BMI (0.138), adult BMI (0.111), and area under the curve of BMI (0.150) on cIMT were all significant (P<0.001) without mediators included in the model. The mediation effects of adult systolic blood pressure, glucose, atherogenic index of plasma and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were 8.0%, 4.3%, 3.6%, and 0.0%, respectively, in the model with childhood BMI as the predictor, 23.4%, 15.3%, 12.6%, and 7.2%, respectively, with adult BMI as the predictor, and 14.7%, 8.7%, 6.0%, and 2.0%, respectively, with area under the curve of BMI as the predictor. The direct effects on cIMT were 0.117 (P<0.001) for childhood BMI, 0.046 (P=0.224) for adult BMI, and 0.103 (P<0.001) for area under the curve of BMI after removing the mediation effects. The long-term deleterious impact of adiposity on subclinical changes in vascular structure begins early in life and is accumulated over lifetime. Excess adiposity and higher cIMT are linked partly through other cardiovascular risk factors in later life, especially elevated blood pressure and glucose.

Differential Roles of Life-Course Cumulative Burden of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Arterial Stiffness and Thickness.

Data are limited regarding differential and common effects of cardiovascular risk factors on subclinical changes in vascular structure and function. We aimed to examine the relationships of life-course cumulative burdens of cardiovascular risk factors with adult arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in a longitudinal cohort of the Bogalusa Heart Study. The cohort consisted of 900 subjects who had aortic-femoral PWV and CIMT measurements. These participants were examined 5-16 times for body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) from childhood to adulthood. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as a measure of long-term burden of the risk factors. Adjusting for covariates, adult PWV was associated with AUCs of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and AIP (standardized regression coefficient [β]= 0.191, 0.321, 0.153, respectively; P < 0.001 for all). Adult CIMT was associated with AUCs of BMI, SBP, AIP and LDLC (β= 0.115, 0.202, 0.141, 0.152, respectively; P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, childhood BMI was associated with adult PWV and CIMT (β= 0.088 and 0.075, respectively; false discovery rate q values < 0.05 for both), and childhood LDLC with adult CIMT (β= 0.079; false discovery rate q value < 0.05). These associations did not differ significantly among race and sex groups. The life-course cumulative burden of BMI, SBP, and AIP has common effects on arterial wall stiffening and thickening, whereas LDLC is specifically associated with arterial wall thickness, and this effect starts in early life.

Comparison analysis of childhood body mass index cut-offs in predicting adulthood carotid intima media thickness: Tehran lipid and glucose study

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity among children and adolescences have been increased, which can consequently increase the prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life. The objective of this study is to compare the ability of different childhood body mass index cut-offs in prediction of carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsParticipants were categorized into normal weight, overweight and obesity group, based on world health organization (WHO), center for disease control and prevention (CDC), international obesity task force (IOTF) and local IOTF cut-offs. After 18 years of follow up CIMT was measured. Akaike’s information criterion and relative efficiency were measured in order to compare regression models on the role of obesity on CIMT.ResultsIn this prospective cohort study, 1295 subjects aged 3 to 18 years old were enrolled. The overall prevalence of overweight was 15.4, 11.5, 16.3 and 14.1 along with obesity prevalence of 6.6, 8.5, 7.7 and 5.0% based on WHO, CDC, local IOTF and international IOTF criteria, respectively. CIMT was higher in obese compare to normal groups across all classification criteria. After regression analysis, international IOTF was the best to predict adulthood CIMT, followed by local IOTF and WHO. CDC had the least discriminatory ability.ConclusionDue to the results of this study, IOTF could be a better tool in national and international surveillances of children in order to define overweight and obesity, which can help us to intervene more effectively in reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

The association between carotid atherosclerosis and treatment with lithium and antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder.

Patients with bipolar disorder are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of premature death and both share the pathogenesis of arterial atherosclerosis. Increased carotid intima-media thickness is sensitive for detecting early atherosclerosis and a practical index for predicting cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies investigated carotid intima-media thickness in adults with bipolar disorder. We attempted to determine the factors associated with carotid intima-media thickness in adults with bipolar disorder. The euthymic out-patients with bipolar I disorder aged over 20 years were recruited to measure the carotid intima-media thickness value through B-mode carotid ultrasound. Those with any psychiatric disorder, acute or life-threatening medical condition were excluded. All clinical information was obtained by reviewing medical records and directly interviewing patients with reliable others. Of the 106 participants with a mean age of 44.5 years, 40.6% (N = 43) had concurrent cardiovascular/endocrine/metabolic diseases. A multivariate regression indicated that higher assumed daily lithium dosage was significantly associated with a decreased carotid intima-media thickness in the whole sample. In the young subgroup (⩽45 years old, N = 63), higher current daily lithium dosage and lower body mass index were associated with lower carotid intima-media thickness. In those without concurrent cardiovascular/endocrine/metabolic diseases, higher ratio of first-generation antipsychotics exposure in relation to illness chronicity was associated with higher carotid intima-media thickness, after controlling for body mass index or age. Lithium treatment may be associated with less progression in carotid intima-media thickness and the reduced risk for atherosclerosis in adults with bipolar disorder, including those with high cardiovascular disease risk. In addition to age and body mass index, antipsychotics may increase carotid intima-media thickness even in the low cardiovascular disease-risk patients.

Early life factors and their relevance to intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in early adulthood.

Early life factors may predispose an offspring to cardiovascular disease in later life; relevance of these associations may extend to ‟healthy" people in Western populations. We examined the prospective associations between early life factors and adult carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, in a healthy German population. We studied term participants (n = 265) of the DONALD Study, with bilateral sonographic measurements of IMT (4-8 measurements on both left and right carotid artery) at age 18-40 years and prospectively collected data on early life factors (maternal and paternal age at child birth, birth weight, gestational weight gain and full breastfeeding (>17weeks). Mean IMT values were averaged from mean values of both sides. Associations between early life factors and adult IMT were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models with adjustment for potential confounders. Adult mean IMT was 0.56mm, SD 0.03, (range: 0.41 mm-0.78 mm). Maternal age at child birth was of relevance for adult IMT, which was sex specific: Advanced maternal age at child birth was associated with an increased adult IMT among female offspring only (β 0.03, SE 0.009 mm/decade, P = 0.003), this was not affected by adult waist circumference, BMI or blood pressure. Other early life factors were not relevant for IMT levels in males and females. This study suggests that advanced maternal age at child birth is of prospective relevance for adult IMT levels in a healthy German population and this association may be of adverse relevance for females only.

Non-HDL Cholesterol Levels in Childhood and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood.

Elevated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are used to identify children at increased cardiovascular risk, but the use of non-HDL-C in childhood to predict atherosclerosis is unclear. We examined whether the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification of youth non-HDL-C status predicts high common carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood. We analyzed data from 4 prospective cohorts among 4582 children aged 3 to 19 years who were remeasured as adults (mean follow-up of 26 years). Non-HDL-C status in youth and adulthood was classified according to cut points of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. High carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in adulthood was defined as at or above the study visit-, age-, sex-, race-, and cohort-specific 90th percentile of intima-media thickness. In a log-binomial regression analysis adjusted with age at baseline, sex, cohort, length of follow-up, baseline BMI, and systolic blood pressure, children with dyslipidemic non-HDL-C were at increased risk of high cIMT in adulthood (relative risk [RR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.55). Compared with the persistent normal group, the persistent dyslipidemia group (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.37-2.37) and incident dyslipidemia (normal to dyslipidemia) groups (RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.07-1.96) had increased risk of high cIMT in adulthood, but the risk was attenuated for the resolution (dyslipidemia to normal) group (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.97-1.41). Dyslipidemic non-HDL-C levels predict youth at risk for developing high cIMT in adulthood. Those who resolve their non-HDL-C dyslipidemia by adulthood have normalized risk of developing high cIMT in adulthood.

Utility of Different Blood Pressure Measurement Components in Childhood to Predict Adult Carotid Intima-Media Thickness.

Childhood blood pressure (BP) levels predict adult subclinical atherosclerosis. However, the best childhood BP component for prediction has not been determined. This study comprised 5925 participants aged 3 to 18 years from 6 cohorts who were followed into adulthood (mean follow-up 25.8±6.2 years). Childhood BP was measured by using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer in all cohorts. Study-specific carotid intima-media thickness ≥90th percentile was used to define subclinical atherosclerosis. Per SD change in the predictor, childhood systolic BP (SBP; age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio [95% CI], 1.24 [1.13-1.37]), mean arterial pressure (1.10 [1.07-1.13]), and pulse pressure (1.15 [1.05-1.27]) were associated with increased adulthood intima-media thickness. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for SBP ( C value [95% CI], 0.677 [0.657-0.704]) showed significantly improved prediction compared with diastolic BP (0.669 [0.646-0.693], P=0.006) or mean arterial pressure (0.674 [0.653-0.699], P=0.01). Pulse pressure provided a C value that was not different from SBP (0.676 [0.653-0.699], P=0.16). Combining different BP components did not improve prediction over SBP measurement alone. Based on the associations with adult carotid intima-media thickness, cut points for elevated SBP were 105 mm Hg for 3- to 6-year-old boys, 108 mm Hg for 3- to 6-year-old girls, 108 mm Hg for 7- to 12-year-old boys, 106 mm Hg for 7- to 12-year-old girls, 123 mm Hg for 13- to 18-year-old boys, and 115 mm Hg for 13- to 18-year-old girls. Our analyses suggest that several childhood BP measurement components are related to adulthood carotid intima-media thickness. Of these, SBP provided the best predictive ability.

Childhood pulse pressure predicts subclinical vascular damage in adulthood: the Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort Study.

We aimed to investigate associations of childhood pulse pressure (PP) and change in PP status with adult subclinical vascular damage. Data were obtained from a population-based cohort of children aged 6-18 years started in 1987. The study constituted 1254 participants who were followed up in 2010-2011 (aged 28-42 years). Carotid arteriosclerosis and aortic stiffness were assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV), respectively. Both childhood PP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were independently associated with adult carotid IMT and PWV adjusted for sex, childhood age, follow-up duration, and other traditional cardiovascular risk factors. After further adjustment for adult values of PP and MAP, childhood PP was still associated with adult carotid IMT but not with PWV, whereas childhood MAP was associated with adult PWV but not with carotid IMT. In addition, compared with participants who had normal PP in both childhood and adulthood, participants who had high PP in adulthood, irrespective of their childhood PP status, had higher levels of carotid IMT and PWV (all P < 0.05). Participants who had high PP in childhood and normal PP in adulthood also had higher levels of adult carotid IMT but similar levels of PWV compared with participants who had consistently normal PP. Large PP in childhood plays an important role in the development of subclinical vascular damage in adulthood. These findings underscore the importance of early prevention of large PP to reduce future risk of cardiovascular disease.

Fenofibrate effects on carotid artery intima-media thickness in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A FIELD substudy

AimDyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Fenofibrate, a lipid-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, has been shown to reduce vascular complications in adults with type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms for such benefit, however, are not yet well understood. We examined the effects of fenofibrate on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, in adults with type 2 diabetes. MethodsIn a prospectively designed substudy of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, we assessed carotid IMT in a subset of 422 representative adults. Traditional risk factors and IMT were assessed at 2 and 4 years after randomisation to fenofibrate (200 mg daily) or placebo. The prespecified primary study endpoint was the difference in IMT between treatment groups at 4 years. Post-hoc analyses were performed according to dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome status. ResultsThere was no difference in carotid IMT comparing those assigned to fenofibrate or placebo at 2 or 4 years, despite statistically significant improvement in lipid and lipoprotein parameters at 2 and 4 years, including TC, LDL-C and TG, and HDL-C at 4 months and 2 years. Similarly, there was no difference in carotid IMT on fenofibrate compared with placebo in those with dyslipidemia or metabolic syndrome. ConclusionsFenofibrate was not associated with improved carotid IMT in adults with type 2 diabetes when compared with placebo, despite a statistically significant improvement in TC, LDL-C and TG at 2 and 4 years, and HDL-C at 4 months and 2 years.

Effect of Serum Adiponectin Levels on the Association Between Childhood Body Mass Index and Adulthood Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

Childhood obesity predicts adult cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized that the association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and adult carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) may be modified by levels of adiponectin, an adipocytokine that connects body fatness with cardiovascular risk. The study sample included 1,052 adults (71% white and 29% black, 57% female) aged 23.8 to 43.5 years who were previously examined as children in the Bogalusa Heart Study cohort, with an average follow-up period of 26.5 (range 14.1 to 29.6) years. Childhood BMI, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure were standardized to age-specific z-scores. General linear models were used for data analyses. Childhood BMI (p = 0.034), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p <0.001), and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.005), along with adult adiponectin levels (p = 0.002) were associated with adult CIMT, adjusted for race, sex, adult age, and cigarette smoking. Further, adult adiponectin levels significantly modified the association between childhood BMI and adult CIMT (P for interaction = 0.0003) such that a significant association between childhood BMI and adult CIMT (p <0.0001) was only observed in those with adiponectin levels below the median. In conclusion, these results suggest that serum adiponectin levels modify the association between childhood obesity and adult atherosclerosis, which has implications for risk stratification and targeted intervention for obese children with low levels of adiponectin.

Childhood predictors of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Childhood obesity predicts the risk of adult adiposity, which is associated with the earlier onset of cardiovascular disease [adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, ACVD: hypertension, increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD)] and dysglycaemia. Because it is not known whether childhood obesity contributes to these diseases, we conducted a systematic review of studies that examine the ability of measures of obesity in childhood to predict dysglycaemia and ACVD. Data sources were Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, SCOPUS, ProQuest and reference lists. Studies measuring body mass index (BMI), skin fold thickness and waist circumference were selected; of 1,954 studies, 18 met study criteria. Childhood BMI predicted CIMT: odds ratio (OR), 3.39 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.02 to 5.67, P<0.001) and risk of impaired glucose tolerance in adulthood, but its ability to predict ACVD events (stroke, IHD; OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07; P<0.001) and hypertension (OR, 1.17, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.27, P=0.003) was weak-moderate. Body mass index was not predictive of systolic BP (r -0.57, P=0.08) and weakly predicted diastolic BP (r 0.21, P=0.002). Skin fold thickness in childhood weakly predicted CIMT in female adults only (rs 0.09, P<0.05). Childhood BMI predicts the risk of dysglycaemia and abnormal CIMT in adulthood, but its ability to predict hypertension and ACVD events was weak and moderate, respectively. Skin fold thickness was a weak predictor of CIMT in female adults.

Can Pediatric Hypertension Criteria Be Simplified? A Prediction Analysis of Subclinical Cardiovascular Outcomes From the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Prehypertension and hypertension in childhood are defined by sex-, age-, and height-specific 90th (or ≥120/80 mm Hg) and 95th percentiles of blood pressure, respectively, by the 2004 Fourth Report. However, these cutoffs are complex and cumbersome for use. This study assessed the performance of a simplified blood pressure definition to predict adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease. The cohort consisted of 1225 adults (530 men; aged 26.3-47.7 years) from the Bogalusa Heart Study with 27.1-year follow-up since childhood. We used 110/70 and 120/80 mm Hg for children (age, 6-11 years), and 120/80 and 130/85 mm Hg for adolescents (age, 12-17 years) as the simplified definition of childhood prehypertension and hypertension, respectively, to compare with the 2004 Fourth Report (the complex definition). Adult carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, and left ventricular mass were measured using digital ultrasound instruments. Compared with normal blood pressure, childhood hypertensives diagnosed by the simplified definition and the complex definition were both at higher risk of adult hypertension with hazard ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.8-5.3) by the simplified definition and 3.2 (2.0-5.0) by the complex definition, high pulse wave velocity with 3.5 (1.7-7.1) and 2.2 (1.2-4.1), high carotid intima-media thickness with 3.1 (1.7-5.6) and 2.0 (1.2-3.6), and left ventricular hypertrophy with 3.4 (1.7-6.8) and 3.0 (1.6-5.6). The results were confirmed by reclassification or receiver operating curve analyses. The simplified childhood blood pressure definition predicts the risk of adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease equally as the complex definition does, which could be useful for screening hypertensive children to reduce risk of adult cardiovascular disease.

Abstract P175: Can Pediatric Hypertension Criteria be Simplified? A Prediction Analysis of Subclinical Cardiovascular Outcomes From the Bogalusa Heart Study

Background: Pre-hypertension and hypertension in childhood are defined by sex-, age- and height-specific 90th (or ≥120/80 mmHg) and 95th percentiles of blood pressure (BP), respectively, by the 2004 Fourth Report. However, these cut-offs are complex and cumbersome for use. This study assessed the performance of a simplified BP definition to predict adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease. Methods: The longitudinal cohort consisted of 1,225 adults (530 males, aged 26.3–47.7 years) from the Bogalusa Heart Study, with 27.1 years follow-up since childhood. We used 110/70 and 120/80 mmHg for children (age 6-11 years), and 120/80 and 130/85 mmHg for adolescents (age 12-17 years) as the simplified definitions of childhood pre-hypertension and hypertension, respectively, to compare with the complex definitions. Adult carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and left ventricular mass were measured using digital ultrasound instruments. High CIMT was defined as being above the age-, gender- and race-specific 80th percentile, high PWV as being above the age-, gender-, race- and heart rate-specific 80th percentile and left ventricular hypertrophy as &gt;46.7 g/m 2.7 in women and &gt;49.2 g/m 2.7 in men. Results: Compared to normal BP, childhood hypertensives diagnosed by the simplified definition (4.1%, 50/1,225) and the complex definition (4.8%, 59/1,225) were both at higher risk of adult hypertension with hazard ratio=3.1 (95% confidence interval=1.8-5.3) by the simplified definition and 3.2 (2.0-5.0) by the complex definition, high PWV with 3.5 (1.7-7.1) and 2.2 (1.2-4.1), high CIMT with 3.1 (1.7-5.6) and 2.0 (1.2-3.6), and left ventricular hypertrophy with 3.4 (1.7-6.8) and 3.0 (1.6-5.6). The prediction using the two childhood BP definitions for adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease was also assessed by reclassification or receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Conclusions: The simplified childhood BP definition predicts the risk of adult hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease equally as the complex definition does. The simplified pediatric BP cut-offs could be easier to use for screening children at high risk and for targeting early life interventions to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in later life.

Adiposity during adolescence and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: Results from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort

Background and aimsAlthough several studies have examined the association between adiposity and cardiovascular risk markers, few have explored the issue prospectively in young populations. We sought to test whether higher levels of body mass index (BMI) and subscapular skinfold at different stages of adolescence were associated with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in young adulthood. MethodsIn a prospective cohort, we assessed BMI and subscapular skinfold at 11, 15 and 18 years and measured cIMT at 18 years in 3264 individuals. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and fat mass-mediating effects on cIMT were also assessed. ResultsBoth BMI and subscapular skinfolds were significantly associated with higher cIMT in a cummulative fashion: after controlling for confounders, males and females who persisted overweight/obese at all three assessments, had a mean higher cIMT (5.2 and 3.1 μm, respectively) compared to males and females with normal/healthy BMI at each evaluation (p < 0.001). Moreover, male and females that presented increased fatness in all assessments had a similar pattern of higher cIMT compared to normal/healthy fatness/skinfold at 18 years (mean cIMT 4.6 and 3.0 μm for males and females, respectively; p < 0.001). Associations between adiposity and cIMT were both direct and indirect. Indirect effects were chiefly mediated by fat mass and diastolic blood pressure. ConclusionsOur results suggest adiposity exerts direct and indirect effects during adolescence that result in higher cIMT in young adulthood.