Caroline Lamb Research Articles

Lady Caroline Lamb and Miss Elizabeth Spence: Limits of Femininity in Early Nineteenth-Century Salon and Album Culture

In November 1825 middle-class salon hostess and travel writer Elizabeth Spence contributed a short poem titled ‘M.S. Lines on Lady Caroline Lamb’ to Anna Birkbeck’s album. Spence’s choice of subject, Lady Caroline Lamb, was, in many ways, unusual. Coming from a very different world to Spence, the aristocratic Lamb was a household name, most well known for her much publicized personal life, which included a disastrous love affair with Lord George Gordon Byron. Through a close reading of Spence’s poem, this article interrogates the ‘friendship’ between these two women of differing classes and backgrounds and considers the complex gender and social dynamics at play informing Spence’s ambiguous poem. The album, like the salon, existed within the space between the masculine/public and the feminine/private worlds. It is in this space that it is possible to explore the limits of femininity in the early nineteenth century, as its semi-public position enables a view of the fringes of what society deemed acceptable, and what provoked dissent for overstepping. As one famed for her overstepping, Lamb demonstrated the risks and the penalty for pushing these boundaries, but Spence’s poem offers a more complex, and even contradictory, picture of Lamb and by extension the limitations which condemned her.

Women and Marriage: Hazel Ellis' Gate Theatre Plays of the 1930s in Context

This essay considers two unpublished plays written by Hazel Ellis in the 1930s and produced by the Gate Theatre, Dublin, where Ellis had started out as an actor. While the two plays appear to have little in common, the substance of each echoes the public debate in Ireland at the time regarding marriage, divorce, and women in the workplace. These were the years leading up to the adoption of the 1937 Constitution, which sanctified the nuclear family and the central role of the wife and mother within it as the moral cornerstone of society. In both plays the female characters struggle to make meaningful choices within a restrictive, patriarchal environment. Portrait in Marble (1936) is a historical biographical drama dealing with Lord Byron’s turbulent relationships with two very different women: his lover, the outrageous (and married) Lady Caroline Lamb, and his wife, the intellectual and prudent Annabella Milbanke, who eventually chooses to separate from her husband. Women without Men (1938) features an all-female cast and is set in the teachers’ sitting room of a private girls’ boarding school modelled on the French School in Bray, Co. Wicklow, which Ellis had attended. It focusses on the anxieties, obsessions and grievances of the school’s teachers, all of whom are unmarried. This essay considers Ellis’ plays in the context of contemporary newspaper reporting about the low marriage rate in Ireland, legislation curtailing the right of married women to work in certain positions (the ‘marriage bar’), and the clerical and legal debate concerning divorce.
 
 Keywords: Hazel Ellis, Gate Theatre Dublin, Irish theatre, women, marriage, divorce, marriage bar.

‘She Does Paint Most Delightfully’: Lady Caroline Lamb’s Artistic Accomplishments

Lady Caroline Lamb has often been dismissed as an overly melodramatic stalker, unhealthily obsessed with the lover who rejected her. Despite publishing numerous novels and writing a number of extremely adroit satirical poems, her sole claim to popular contemporary recognition is a brief affair with a newly-famous poet during the spring of 1812. Even her most famous novel, Glenarvon , tends to attract readers seeking scurrilous autobiographical tidbits rather than those drawn by its literary merits. Her critical reception is often similarly imbalanced – heavily weighted to prioritise her interactions with Lord Byron, she is disparagingly referred to as a hysterical illiterate in a number of studies. However, Lamb’s two commonplace books offer a rather different perspective, preserving many examples of her artistic skill and keen (satirical) eye for natural and social minutiae. Moreover, through her choice of topic, these drawings, sketches and paintings allow us glimpses of Lamb’s life unfiltered by the Byronic lens through which she is typically viewed. This note looks at a small selection of the artworks from Lamb’s green commonplace book, reproduced with the kind permission of the National Library of Scotland.

Abstract PS9-34: Initial experience using the SOZO bio-impedance device over a 2 year surveillance period for identifying subclinical breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients attending a multidisciplinary breast clinic

Abstract Lymphedema is a leading posttreatment complication for many cancer patients. Roughly 1 of 3 women treated for breast cancer with surgery, radiation, or taxane based chemotherapy will develop chronic lymphedema. Lymphedema is characterized by buildup of lymphatic fluid that causes painful and debilitating tightness and swelling of the extremity with decreased range of motion and increased risk of infection. Unfortunately, it is rarely diagnosed until it has become symptomatic due to fibrotic changes and lipid deposition caused by protein rich extracellular fluid stasis. If the condition is diagnosed when it is preclinical, stage 0, it is reversible with outpatient intervention. Traditional screening methods for lymphedema include limb measurements with a tape measure or by volume displacement however, these techniques can be inaccurate and require significant volume change in the affected limb for detection. The SOZO is a relatively new device that uses noninvasive bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) which can detect fluid changes as small as 36 cc. This allows detection of lymphedema at the preclinical stage allowing early intervention with decompressive therapy and compression garments which can reduce the progression of lymphedema by 95%. We reviewed our initial 2-year experience using the SOZO device for lymphedema screening in our multidisciplinary breast clinic. Of the 239 patients who were seen in the multidisciplinary breast clinic, 160 patients had a baseline measurement prior to intervention and 128 of those patients had posttreatment measurements. Of those patients, 35 (27%) were referred for lymphedema therapy. Of those patients referred, 62% were stage 0, 28% were stage I, and 6% were stage II. One patient with stage 0 lymphedema at the initial postoperative measurement progressed to stage I but returned to baseline after treatment. None of the remaining stage 0 patients developed disease progression. Of the 10 patients that had developed stage I lymphedema at the time of their initial postoperative measurement, 6 were down staged to stage 0 after appropriate treatment, 2 continue to receive lymphedema therapy but have not progressed beyond stage I, and 2 were lost to follow-up. It is important to note that 30 of the 35 patients referred for lymphedema therapy were also referred to physical therapy or occupational therapy for functional impairments including decreased range of motion, axillary cording, and scar restriction. These early results showed that a surveillance program using the SOZO bioimpedance technology with pretreatment and posttreatment measurements allows early detection of breast cancer related lymphedema in the preclinical and early clinical stages when therapeutic intervention is most effective. Early stage lymphedema was also found to be associated with an increased incidence of functional impairment including decreased range of motion, axillary cording, and scar contracture. Evaluation for those impairments should be considered in all patients who develop lymphedema. Citation Format: Denise Pfeiffer, Meagan Lord, Caroline Lamb, Kristi Damrill, Katrina Stewart, David T Rock. Initial experience using the SOZO bio-impedance device over a 2 year surveillance period for identifying subclinical breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients attending a multidisciplinary breast clinic [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS9-34.

Nineteenth Century Literary Society: The John Murray Publishing Archive

Nineteenth Century Literary Society is drawn from archive of the House of John Murray publishing company, held by the National Library of Scotland. The family-run firm, with Scottish roots, spanned seven generations and flourished in London from 1768 until 2002. John Murray is especially remarkable for publishing seminal English-language works of the 19th century, including those by Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Charles Lyell, and Samuel Smiles, the father of self-help. The largest collection of Lord Byron’s private writings and manuscripts, assembled by the publisher, form a large part of the resource. Women writers feature prominently in the John Murray’s collection, including Jane Austen, Isabella Bird, Elizabeth Eastlake, and Caroline Lamb.

Abstract 2959: Changes in the tumor stroma after MFP treatment in a MPA-induced murine mammary carcinoma model

Abstract The role of the immune system in the regression of mammary carcinomas using endocrine therapies has been poorly investigated. The main goals of this study were: a) to evaluate differences in antiprogestin-induced regression of hormone receptor positive mammary carcinomas growing in immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice; b) to characterize the tumor infiltrating immune cells in mifepristone (MFP)-treated murine mammary carcinomas and c) to evaluate whether MFP treatment elicits immune protection in tumor re-challenge assays. Bone marrow (BM) cells from BALB/c-GFP mice were intravenously inoculated into NSG mice to establish the NSG/BM-GFP mouse model. GFP cells were detected in spleen, bone marrow, and blood from NSG/BM-GFP mice two months after BM-GFP cell inoculation. The murine mammary carcinoma 59-2-HI, originally induced by the administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate to BALB/c mice, regresses completely after MFP treatment. Tumors were orthotopically inoculated into NSG or NSG/BM-GFP female mice two months after BM grafting. When the tumors reached a size of approximately 50 mm2, low dose MFP pellets (0.2 mg) were administered in order to inhibit tumor growth. To characterize the infiltrating immune cells, tumors were excised after drug administration, disaggregated, and isolated cells were analyzed by FACs. For the re-challenge assay, tumors were excised 6 days after MFP treatment and animals were orthotopically re-inoculated with the same tumor in the opposite flank. Sham operated animals were used as controls. MFP inhibited the growth of tumors transplanted in either NSG or NSG/BM-GFP+ and no differences were observed between both groups, suggesting that the immune system is not a key factor mediating antiprogestin-induced tumor regression. Tissue remodeling was associated with an increase in lymphocytes (CD8+; T cells) and macrophages (CD11b+ F480+; p&lt0.01 at day 3 and 6), and a decrease in the Treg subpopulation (CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+; p&lt0.05). These results led us to hypothesize that antiprogestin treatment could elicit a protective antitumor immune memory response by delaying tumor recurrence. To test this hypothesis we performed re-challenge assays using animals in which primary tumors have been previously excised. All tumors of control mice reached the ethical limit size (200 mm2) before day 47, while only half of the tumors in the MFP-treated group reached this size by this time (hazard ratio: 1.98). We conclude that antiprogestins induce tumor regression regardless of the presence of an impaired immune system and that the reduced intra-tumor Treg/CD8+ ratio observed in regressing tumors might be used as a predictive marker of treatment response. The re-challenge experiments agree with the hypothesis that regressing tumors expose intracellular antigens that generate a protective immune memory response, which in turn, could be associated with the long free relapse survival induced by endocrine therapy. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Gonzalo Ricardo Sequeira, Ana Sahores, Tomas Dalotto-Moreno, Silvia Vanzulli, Laura Polo, Virginia Novaro, Caroline Lamb, Mariana Salatino, Claudia Lanari. Changes in the tumor stroma after MFP treatment in a MPA-induced murine mammary carcinoma model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2959. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2959

Robert Lowell, Setting the River on Fire: A Study of Genius, Mania, and Character

Robert Lowell, Setting the River on Fire: A Study of Genius, Mania, and Character

“A Revolution in the Republic of Letters”: The News from Waterloo and the Post-Waterloo Media State

BRECHT DE GROOTE “A Revolution in the Republic ofLetters”: The News from Waterloo and the Post-Waterloo Media State Bruxelles, ce blessed Lundi, June 26, 1815. Why have I not a Balloon to be the first to tell you this enchanting news! Or, rather, Wings to fly to you with it myself! Buonaparte has yielded to Lord Wellington. The particulars—how, which way, &c.— are told too variously . . . but the fact seems undoubted:—seems, I am compelled to say, for nothing official has been here printed. The sleepiness of this quiet and good, but most drowsy and humdrum people, exceeds belief, especially when I consider que les Francs et les Beiges came from one parent stock, i.e. the Germains. Oh mon ami! will not peace now revisit us? . . . Oh for an English Gazette! The revolution in the system of traveling . . . and in the whole apparatus, means, machinery, and dependencies of that system—a revolution begun, carried through, and perfected within the period of my own personal experience—merits a word or two of illustration in the most cursory memoirs that profess any attention at all to the shifting scenery of the age and the principles ofmotion at work, whether manifested in great ef­ fects or little. And these particular effects, though little, when re­ garded in their separate details, are not little in their final amount. On the contrary, I have always maintained that in a representa­ tive government . . . there is a result waiting on the final im1 . Frances Burney d’Arblay, “Madame d’Arblay to General d’Arblay,” in Diary and Letters ofMadame d’Arblay, 1778-1840, ed. Charlotte Barrett (London: Macmillan, 1905), 6:261—62. Hereafter abbreviated as “Letter to d’Arblay” in the text. SiR, 56 (Fall 2017) 399 400 BRECHT l)E GROOTE provements of the arts of traveling, and of transmitting intelli­ gence with velocity.' T his article examines the ways in which the memory of Waterloo was shaped by the emergent media state, constructed in the wake of the French Revolution to curb the threat ofrebellion through careful man­ agement of the channels of communication. I specifically argue that Waterloo opened up public attempts at grappling with the media state be­ cause, while the uniquely effective dissemination of the news from the bat­ tle came to serve as a model for the governmental organization of mass communication and its considerable ideological benefits, its historical use as a focus for official propaganda was relatively limited. Even “as late as 1850,” Linda Colley observes, “no outdoor state monument had been completed ... to the duke of Wellington and the battle of Waterloo.”3 This dearth of governmental interest, born of a desire to assert continuity across the disturbing interlude of revolution and war, contrasts sharply with widespread popular interest in Waterloo. As Neil Ramsey argues, Britain “saw a range of commemorative efforts in the post-war years that were dis­ connected from state sponsorship.”4 At one end of this wide spectrum of memorial acts, commemoration involved literal returns to the site ofbattle, which was thereby converted into a physical lieu de memoire. The first traces ofthis practice emerge in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Writing to her mother from Brussels, Caroline Lamb reports that British citizens stranded in the city in June of 1815 resort for their “amusement” to assem­ bling “large parties & gofing] to the field of Battle.”5 While such im­ promptu visits developed into a fad for battlefield tourism/’ tourists soon found themselves acutely dissatisfied. Lamb remarks that the only interest­ ing event during her walks on the field occurred when one of her party “stuck her parasol . . . into a skull” (172). Similarly, in a journal entry dated April 4, 1822, Mary Berry dismisses the site as lackluster, complaining that “[t]he Haye Sainte ... is all repaired. . . . The tomb of Gordon and that of the Hanoverian officers is nothing remarkable. ... La Belle Alliance [is] a miserable little beer-house.” What is at issue in these moments of petulant disparagement is not the status of Waterloo, which Berry does not hesitate 2. Thomas De Quincey, “Traveling in England Thirty Years Ago,” Tail’s Edinburgh Mag­ azine (September 1824): 797. Hereafter abbreviated as “Traveling...

Book Reviews

LORD BYRON AND SCANDALOUS CELEBRITY. By Clara Tuite. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Pp. xxv + 312. ISBN 978-1-1070-8259-5. £65.00.For a long time, Byron's celebrity was an embarrassment to his academic critics, even though it was an enticement to his many enthusiastic non-academic readers. New Critics and their descendants, who aspired to engage with 'the poem itself ', found it impossible to disentangle Byron's writing from the circumstances of his fame in Regency culture, and their accounts of Romanticism often tended to marginalise his poetry as a result. Others were put off by a vague feeling that the populist superficiality of celebrity culture meant that it could not be a serious subject of study. In the last ten years, however, Byron's critics have stopped being embarrassed by his celebrity. In fact, they have shown how his celebrity is essential to any understanding of his poetry, and they have located Byron at the historical emergence of the modern celebrity culture that now structures almost every aspect of public life. Studies of the history of celebrity have extended the historical reach of cultural-studies approaches to contemporary celebrity, and fostered interest in the forms of recognition available in earlier periods.In Lord Byron and Scandalous Celebrity, Clara Tuite builds on these developments to offer one of the most thorough and sophisticated accounts of Byron's place in Romantic celebrity culture that has so far appeared. Her book is ambitious: rather than using celebrity as a key to unlock Byron's works, it uses Byron's life and works as a window onto the scandalous celebrity culture of the Regency. The book is divided into three sections. The first and largest, called 'Worldlings', examines four individuals who were arguably celebrities in their own right and whose histories intersect personally or symbolically with Byron's: Caroline Lamb, Stendhal, Napoleon and Castlereagh. The second, briefer section on 'Writings' examines Childe Harold IV and Don Juan. The final and shortest section, 'After-Warriors', examines the cultural field of Byron's reception. In tackling life, writing and reception by turns, the book inevitably has to sacrifice sustained discussion of individual poems. While there are many valuable insights along the way, for example into Cain, The Deformed Transformed, and the 'Ode to Napoleon', readers of The Byron Journal may wish there were more substantial readings of Childe Harold I and II, the tales, or the plays.In Tuite's account, celebrity emerges in relation to a large number of historical shifts and cultural permutations. It is a form of secular divinity reflecting and reinforcing secularisation. It renegotiates understandings of royalty. It mediates between older forms of heroic fame and newer forms of notoriety. It is bound up with the emergence of print capitalism as described by Benedict Anderson. It employs forms of ritual as theorised by Erving Goffman. It reflects and advances a shift from literal to symbolic forms of violence, identified by Foucault. It participates both in an aristocratic form of face-to-face sociability and a new kind of mediated sociability connecting media stars to mass audiences. It marks the transformation of aristocratic libertinism into bourgeois sexual transgression. It facilitates the emergence of 'public opinion' as a force in the public sphere. These different but interlinked historical and interpretive frameworks combine to produce a rich 'thick description' of Romantic celebrity. By combining them, Tuite shows how deeply celebrity culture is woven into the history of modernity, and how much is at stake in understanding it. But Tuite also seems reluctant to say that any one of these frameworks is more important than another. Her approach attempts to synthesise these different possibilities rather than adjudicating amongst them.Lamb, Stendhal, Napoleon and Castlereagh provide oblique ways of approaching Byronic celebrity from different angles. …

Byron and the Regency Bath, 3–4 December 2015

Jointly organised by Alan Rawes at the University of Manchester, Diego Saglia from the University of Parma's Centro Interuniversitario per lo Studio del Romanticismo, and Steve Wharton of the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution, the international conference 'Byron and the Regency' was held 3-4 December 2015 in the architecturally sublime Georgian city of Bath, England. The conference was held in the Elwin room, complete with its ceiling paintings of the Four Seasons by Andrea Casali, and overlooked Queen's Square and the Prince of Wales obelisk.The first session of the conference began on Thursday 3 December and was titled 'Sick at Heart of Politics: Byron and the Political Regency'. Clara Tuite's (Melbourne) paper 'Upon the Dice: Cain, A Bedroom Farce, and the Carbonari' held that Cain was conceived and written during the 'Carbonari period' in July 1821 and completed during the revolution's failure. In her essay, Tuite argues that there are underpinnings of a 'bedroom farce' in that we see Adah's captivity in her love for Cain. And while Lucifer seduces Adah, Byron seduces the reader into a farce of bedroom 'politics'. Robert W. Jones (Leeds) presented 'Thy Last Memorial to the Age: Byron, Sheridan and Regency Politics' in which he pointed out that Sheridan was of the liberal mindset of the already liberal Whig poetry of the time. He then went on to discuss the connection between Byron, Sheridan, and politics by pointing out that Lady Caroline Lamb's husband was Queen Victoria's first prime minister, which directly linked Byron to the Regency and indirectly to the Victorians. The final paper of the session was given by Malcolm Kelsall (Cardiff ). Kelsall's 'I Would Have Made an English Lord Edward Fitzgerald: Byron and the United Irishmen' drew parallels with Jones's paper by connecting Byron to the political. For example, Kelsall described the connections between Byron and Thomas Moore. Moore, according to Kelsall, attended Trinity College Dublin and fraternised with the United Irishmen who, in 1798, would fail in their attempts to overthrow and remove the English from Ireland. As a result, of their close association, Moore, in his biography of Byron, made the latter an 'honorary' Irishman. Byron, whilst still alive, knew that as a lord and an aristocrat that he would be vulnerable to attack during any kind of uprising.After a short discussion and the obligatory coffee/tea break, the second session was titled 'I want a hero/ine: Byron and Regency Identities'. The first paper was given by Carlotta Farese (Bologna), whose 'Darcy's Dark Side: Byronic Masculinity in Jane Austen's Novels' was fitting not only because Austen spent a deal of time in Bath, but because Farese argued that Persuasion seems to hold heroic elements (such as: the Byronic hero and anti-hero, Conrad and Mr. Darcy, respectively) that can be traced to Byron's 'Turkish Tales'. Anna Camilleri (Oxford) presented 'Conversant with Heroism: Byron's Regency Heroines', which examined the 'cerebral heroism', that is heroic speech in Byron, choosing to focus on Byron's satire The Blues. Camilleri looked at how Byron satirises the seemingly empty verbosity of women all the while one of the characters, Sir Richard Bluebottle, is henpecked by the Blues. The final paper of the session, and the first day of the conference, was given by Caroline Franklin (Swansea). Franklin's 'Byron, Dandyism and the Theatre of Suicide' queried if Byron really was a dandy and if a dandy could really be a poet. She quoted Byron admitting that in his youth he was indeed a dandy, supported by several acquaintances. She then examined the connection between dandyism and suicide, noting that the French poets were prone to bouts of suicidal thoughts, which Franklin argued was rooted in their appreciation of Manfred.Following Thursday's session, participants met for pre-dinner drinks at one of the local and colourful pubs, before proceeding to the splendid conference dinner. …

Abstract B34: A novel role for β-adrenergic receptor in mammary branching morphogenesis and its implication in breast cancer

Abstract The mammary gland develops from embryogenesis to infancy-puberty and adulthood, by the input of circulating hormones. At birth the gland is composed of a rudimentary ductal system that grows allometrically until puberty (4-weeks in mice). Later on, estrogens, growth hormone and insulin like growth factor induce expansive proliferation. Normal breast has three types of lobules, type 1, 2 and 3. Full term pregnancy and lactation results in the development of lobule type 3 into type 4, preparing the gland for lactation. This transformation is known to inhibit carcinogenic initiation through the induction of differentiation. β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-AR) have been well characterized in several human breast cell lines (normal and tumor) and in tissue samples. Recently, we have demonstrated that β2-AR expression and stimulation are associated with a benign breast tumor cell phenotype, reducing proliferation and cell migration, and increasing adhesion, suggesting that this receptor might be an important factor during tumor progression. In order to understand the implications of β2-AR on breast development and cancer, we evaluated β-activation in experimental models of normal and tumor breast, using cell lines, cultures 3D and in vivo approaches. Non tumor breast cell line MCF-10A cultured during 15 days on matrigel, formed gland-like organoids. Tubular structures mimicking mammary ducts were recognized, with type 1 and 2 lobules. No sign of lumen was observed. When treated with the β-agonist Isoproterenol (1 μM ISO) MCF-10A cells showed an increase in type 2 and 3 lobules (p<0.001) and the presence of lumen was observed. Furthermore, breast cancer cells MCF-7 growing in 3D, formed unorganized espheroid structures. When treated with ISO these structures acquire a polarized phenotype and some of them develop lumen. Later, Balb/c female virgin mice, weaning and 2 months old were treated daily with ISO 1 mg/Kg during 15 days. Control groups received saline solution. Mice were sacrificed and the 4th mammary glands were removed for Whole Mount and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Interestingly, ISO induced a statistically significant difference in mammary gland branching in weaning (150±32 vs 57±21 branches/field in controls, p<0.05) as well as in puberal mice (196±16 vs 94±14, p<0.01). It is well established that branching is controlled by progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), FGF2, FGF10 and FGFR2, hence we studied their involvement in β-AR effect. First, ISO action was assessed on PR knockout mice in which branches were also significantly increased (p<0.05). After that, we addressed ER related signaling comparing ovariectomized (OVX) or ER depleted (by fulvestrant administration) mice treated or not with ISO. In both cases, despite the administration of ISO, branching was not induced. These results suggest that estrogen receptor and its classical ligand, estrogen, are required for ISO-induced branching. In addition, ISO induced a significant increase of FGF2, FGF10 and FGFR2 expression in both in vitro treated cells and in ISO treated mammary glands (p<0.05). Finally, we tested ISO in a mouse model of mammary ductal carcinoma. Surprisingly, tumors exhibited newly rough lumens and changes in cell polarity towards them, reinforcing the differentiating role of ISO also in a pathological context. In conclusion, β-AR stimulation seems to be involved in normal mammary development, leading to a terminal stage phenotype. In agreement with this, the analysis of a publicly available MicroArray dataset (GSE8191) showed an increase in β-AR expression levels during lactation. This study highlights a possible physiological role of β-AR in the development of mammary gland. Understanding the function of β-AR in normal development is crucial to elucidate its role in breast cancer and its possible use as a therapeutic target. Citation Format: Lucía Gargiulo, María May, Ezequiel Mariano Rivero, Lydon John, Caroline Lamb, Claudia Lanari, Isabel Alicia Luthy, Ariana Bruzzone. A novel role for β-adrenergic receptor in mammary branching morphogenesis and its implication in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr B34.

Byron's letters and journals: a new selection: from Leslie A. Marchand's twelve-volume edition

Introduction Note on the Text and Short Titles A Biographical Bibliography 1. Childhood, Boyhood, Youth: January 1788-June 1809 2. The Grand Tour: June 1809-July 1811 3. Childe Harold and Caroline Lamb: July 1811-June 1813 4. The Giaour and Augusta Leigh: June 1813-July 1814 5. Marriage and Separation: August 1814-April 1816 6. Exile: April-November 1816 7. Venice and Rome: November 1816-June 1818 8. Don Juan and Teresa Guiccioli: July 1818-December 1819 9. Ravenna: December 1819-October 1821 10. Pisa: October 1821-September 1822 11. Genoa: October 1822-July 1823 12. Greece: August 1823-April 1824 Index

Lady Caroline Lamb Beyond Byron: Graham Hamilton, Female Authorship, and the Politics of Public Reputation

This article troubles the terms by which scholars have typically understood Lady Caroline Lamb's authorial career. I pay particular attention to the publicity that Lady Caroline received throughout her lifetime, her unpublished correspondence, and her second novel Graham Hamilton (1822). Graham Hamilton and the extensive archival record surrounding it challenge longstanding assumptions about Lady Caroline as little more than Byron's jilted lover turned scandalous author. I relocate Lady Caroline's authorial career and Graham Hamilton in particular alongside now-canonical work by Frances Burney as well as Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen, and in doing so I argue Lady Caroline's important place alongside them. Ultimately this article suggests that Lady Caroline's engagement with the politics of authorship and public identity demonstrate that her contributions to Romanticism extend beyond her well-known affair with Byron.

Literary Gossip: Caroline Lamb’s Glenarvon and the roman à clef

In this article, I argue for a reconsideration of the roman à clef, using Caroline Lamb’s Glenarvon (1816) as a case study. I challenge the conventional narrative of the rise of the novel that labels the roman à clef as a vestigial form with no place in relation to the dominant realist novel. In making this argument, I establish a social reading practice, singular to romans à clef, using archival materials to illustrate the ways in which Regency readers circulated keys and gossip about Glenarvon and Lamb’s life as a part of their response to the novel. Such a reading practice opens up possibilities for a marginalized writer, especially a marginalized female writer like Lamb, to disseminate gossip about herself as a way to enter a literary marketplace.

The Female Romantics: Nineteenth-century Women Novelists and Byronism by Caroline Franklin (review)

FRANKLIN, CAROLINE. The Female Romantics: Nineteenth-century Women Novelists and Byronism. New York: Routledge, 2013.253 pp. $125.00. The most recent of Routledge's series Studies in Romanticism is Caroline Franklin's 2013 The Female Romantics: Nineteenth-century Women Novelists and Byronism. Franklin's study focuses on the works of female travel writers like Madame de Stael and Lady Morgan; contemporary female novelists like Mary Shelley, Lady Caroline Lamb, George Sand, and Jane Austen; and, from the generation of female writers that followed the poet's life, Anne and Charlotte Bronte and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Franklin establishes what many scholars have long believed, that women's fiction of the early and mid-nineteenth century responded to Byron and his poetry in varying ways, depending on if the woman writer was engaging with the poet as a model for religious, political, national, or sexual freedom. The work is organized chronologically by author and sub-genre, focusing in turn on travel writing, the gothic, oriental tales, love stories, bildungsroman, spiritual pilgrimage, and political crusade. In terms of her methodology, Franklin is predominately a New Historicist / Cultural Materialist, weaving together large-scale cultural studies and history with literary criticism, a common but useful and almost necessary choice when addressing Byron and Byronism as cultural touchstones, which undoubtedly they were. Few authors, male or female, poet or novelist, could boast the world-wide influence Byron wielded at the beginning of the 1800s, whether one considers him the playboy, rock star poet of the 1810s or the George Washington of Greece he became by the 1820s. Moving through Franklin's work, the opening chapter, Aristocratic Romanticism: Women Travellers, Byron, and the Gendering of Italy, brings things Byronic into dialogue with four female Romantic writers: Madame de Stael, Mary Wollstonecraft, Lady Morgan, and Anna Jameson. Franklin argues that these women writers, the two earliest ones precursors to Byron with influence on him, challenged the notion of the Romantic genius, usually gendered male, and later dramatized by the poet's living example. Chapter two, 'Thunder Without Rain': Mary Shelley, Byronic Prometheanism, and Romantic Idealism, traces not only the influence of Byron, but Shelley's conception of the Byronic hero as embodied by the real-life example of Napoleon, who also impacted the poet. While most studies would confine themselves to Frankenstein, Franklin also includes discussions on two other novels, Mathilda and The Last Man. The chapter demonstrates M. Shelley's conflicted and thus necessarily complex responses to Byron, the Byronic, and Bonapartism--not mutually exclusive concepts, but all profoundly influential cultural forces. Chapter three brings together two different female writers, the famous French lover of Chopin, George Sand, and Byron's own notorious one-time paramour, Lady Caroline Lamb. Franklin sees them responding to Byron's Oriental Tale The Corsair in their own fictions, L'Uscoque and Ada Reis respectively. While one might wish Franklin had discussed Glenarvon in more detail considering that Byron appears as Lord Glenarvon and the novel includes a fictionalized account of Lamb's affair with him, Ada Reis is less written about and responds to The Corsair more directly. Thus Franklin's choice is understandable, even appreciated. Franklin's discussion of Sand's satiric rewrite of Byron's tale, published after the poet's death, is informative, interesting, and useful. 'The Interest Is Very Strong, Especially for Mr Darcy': Jane Austen, Byron, and Romantic Love delivers a long-awaited chapter. Though it seems almost impossible, there are no book-length studies focused exclusively on Byron's influence on Jane Austen and vice versa. …

Abstract 532: Differential expression of FGFR-1 and -2 in hormone responsive and resistant murine mammary carcinomas.

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) are dysregulated in a number of developmental and neoplastic conditions. In human breast cancer samples we have previously demonstrated a significant association between FGFR2 expression and estrogen receptors as well as a positive correlation of FGFR1 and high histological grade. Most breast carcinomas that express hormone receptors respond initially to an endocrine therapy, but over time, they develop resistance (acquired hormone resistance). Others fail to respond from the beginning (constitutive resistance). Using a breast cancer mouse model, we have previously demonstrated that antiprogestin-responsive tumors (C4-HI) show a higher expression level of progesterone receptor isoform A than PR isoform B (PRB), while tumors with constitutive (C4-2-HI) or acquired resistance (C4-HIR) to antiprogestins, display a higher expression level of PRB. Moreover, we have demonstrated, in an antiprogestin-responsive tumor that FGFR2 activated by FGF2 released by the stromal compartment participate in tumor growth activating PR. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of FGF2, FGFR1, FGFR2 in C4-HI, C4-HIR and C4-2-HI tumor variants. By immunohistochemistry and western blot we observed a decrease in FGFR2 expression for C4-2-HI (p<0.001) and C4-HIR (p<0.01) as compared to C4-HI. Moreover, we found an increased expression of FGF2 and FGFR1 by western blot (p<0.05) and immunohistochemistry in the epithelium of the resistant tumor variants. Similar results were obtained with another family of antiprogestin responsive and unresponsive tumors (59-HI and 59-2-HI). These data suggest that in this mammary tumor model hormone resistance may be characterized by a switch from paracrine to autocrine FGF2 signaling together with a decrease in FGFR2 and an increase in FGFR1. These results contribute to understand the role of the FGFR pathway in hormone resistance and support the use of FGFR inhibitors combined with hormonal therapy to delay the onset of hormone resistance. Citation Format: Ana Sahores, Tomás Guillardoy, Victoria Wargon, Claudia Lanari, Caroline Lamb. Differential expression of FGFR-1 and -2 in hormone responsive and resistant murine mammary carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 532. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-532

An Introduction to the ‘literary person[s]’ of Anne Lister and the Ladies of Llangollen

AbstractAnne Lister eagerly looked forward to her tour of North Wales in July 1822 – a tour made in the company of a dear aunt, and whose principal highlight would be a visit to Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby, the celebrated Ladies of Llangollen. Ten days prior to her departure, Lister received a letter from her friend, Isabel Dalton, reassuring her that apparently ‘no introduction’ to the Ladies would be necessary: “Any literary person especially calling on them would be taken as a compliment.” Butler and Ponsonby were accustomed to receiving visits from the best of ‘literary persons’, including William Wordsworth, Caroline Lamb, Edmund Burke, and Sir Walter Scott. While Lister lacked such illustrious renown, she was certainly qualified to make the visit. Her diaries reveal that Halifax Library was one of her regular haunts, that she kept careful note of her reading, regularly perused literary reviews, and enjoyed performing favourite book passages and songs to friends and family. She relied on her literary knowledge to further her amorous intrigues, was generous in her presentation of bound books as gifts and love tokens, and confided in a select few of her ‘ambition in the literary way’ and related wish for ‘a name in the world’. Unsurprisingly then, the Ladies of Llangollen’s ‘rustic library’ made an immediate impression on Lister, who warmly admired their ‘little bookcase with 30 or 40 little volumes [of] chiefly poetry, Spenser, Chaucer, Pope, Cowper, Homer, Shakespeare, etc. –’. For their part, Butler and Ponsonby were ‘always reading’; or, in their own words, indulging in ‘the exquisite pleasures of retirement and the luxury of purchasing books’.A study of the literary interests and reading practices recorded by Lister and the Ladies of Llangollen offers a valuable extension to our understanding of these fascinating diarists and the importance placed by all three women on the desirability of a literary mindset. In its investigation of the links between textuality and subjectivity, my article considers the meanings associated with different reading spaces, and how the literary pursuits of Anne Lister and the Ladies of Llangollen related to their larger academic interests, attitudes to female education, sexual identity, and financial independence.

‘Byron and 1812’ London Byron Society Symposium, Kingsway Hall Hotel 10-14 September 2012

The first day of the London Byron Society's Symposium on the theme of 'Byron and 1812' coincided with a victory parade for the UK's Olympic athletes. Celebration was in the air (as well as several red arrows) as delegates made their way through worse than usual traffic congestion in the capital towards the conference venue. Delegates met to register and enjoy a welcome reception in the Kingsway Hall Hotel in Covent Garden prior to setting offfor John Murray's at 50 Albemarle Street.The conference theme was broadly intended to celebrate the bicentenary of the publication of the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Childe Harold was the first of Byron's works to be published by John Murray. The publisher's descendant, John Murray VI, once said he often had 'the fanciful thought that on the morning that Byron woke up to find himself famous, Murray woke to find himself a gentleman'. The sentiment neatly articulates the mutual benefit the poem brought to poet and publisher - 2012 also marks the bicentenary of Murray's acquisition of Albemarle Street, a location he described as 'peculiarly favourable for the dissemination of any work of eminence among the fashionable & literary part of the Metropolis'. I have worked on Byron and Murray for many years but had never visited Albemarle Street and I cannot describe my excitement as I approached the famous premises. We enjoyed wonderful hospitality from John and Virginia Murray, and a particularly informative talk from Virginia Murray, and were encouraged to wander about, inspecting some treasures which were on display. Amongst several (some disturbingly long) locks of hair were Byron's boots, a beautiful miniature of Caroline Lamb, the manuscript of the first two cantos of Childe Harold, and intriguingly, the notebook from which the memoirs were torn and burned in the upstairs drawing room.The following morning saw the academic programme begin with two superb close readings of Childe Harold I and II from Bernard Beatty (Liverpool and St Andrews) and Michael O'Neill (Durham). Beatty's paper revisited a question that critics have been asking for 200 years and will probably be asking for 200 more - what was it about Childe Harold which led it to take (in his words) 'sudden and entire possession of English minds in 1812?' His answer was to stress the combination of violence, lyrical elegance, and impetuosity in the opening cantos and to offer a fascinating reading of 'the Harold problem'. O'Neill illuminated what he called Byron's 'poetry of departure' in a forensic analysis of the poem, demonstrating the manner by which Byron's poetry often welcomes 'accidental contingency'. Both papers focused on the force and drive of Childe Harold which propels the poem forward - as Beatty reminded us, 'no one does rushing better than Byron'.After lunch, the panel focused on female authors and Byronic heroines. Anna Camillieri (Oxford) began by reminding us of the contrast between Byron's often passive heroes and his lively heroines. With special emphasis on Don Juan, Camillieri argued that it is in the civilised world of conversation that these heroines excel. Caroline Franklin (Swansea) spoke eloquently about Caroline Lamb and Glenarvon, stressing that the novel is a critique of the Byronic hero and exploring its influence on Victorian feminist writing and particularly on 'silver-fork' novels. The concluding paper saw Peter Graham (Virginia Tech) contrast what he called the light and dark side of the spirit of the age, Childe Harold and Pride and Prejudice. 2013 sees the bicentenary of the publication of Jane Austen's novel, and it was fascinating to hear Graham explore it with reference to Byron.The second evening saw delegates enjoy a visit to Melbourne House. I regretted not being able to attend at the time, and regret it even more so after hearing a report of events from Bernard Beatty. He described the walk there on a beautiful summer's evening, through Covent Garden, past Drury Lane Theatre, and the site of Dickens's infamous blacking factory, along the embankment to Melbourne House as 'one of the nicest unexpected events' in recent Byron gatherings. …

Taste, Byron's Cookbook, and the Secret Ingredients in the English Cantos of Don Juan

The English cantos of Don Juan bring Byron's satiric wit home to his own country and his own time. As a keen student of satire generally and of Augustan satire in particular, Byron appreciates the premise that satire works best when it is possible to historicize it by connecting the figures satirized with their real-life originals. Thus satire becomes a pseudo-history that rests on a humanistic history that illustrates the vanity and frailty of humanity. This essay takes as its starting point the menu of the banquet held by the Amundevilles in Canto 15 of the poem, traced some time ago to the menus of Louis Eustache Ude, author of The French Chef and a celebrated chef in England from before the Regency period to beyond it. Ude for some time worked as Lord Sefton's chef, and the essay interrogates the similarities between the real-life Lord Sefton and Byron's Lord Henry Amundeville, concluding that while Sefton provides much of the basis for Byron's character, the rest of that basis is probably attributable to Sir William Lamb, Second Viscount of Melbourne, and the husband of Lady Caroline Lamb. This aspect of Lord Henry in turn gives way to the probability that Lady Adeline is at least in part based on Lady Caroline. The argument is supported by a close historical reading of the period and the lineages of the main characters of the English cantos.

Lady Caroline Lamb's "Glenarvon" on Stage

In 1805, Lady Caroline Ponsonby, daughter of the 3rd earl of Bessborough, became the wife of William Lamb, future Viscount Melbourne and Prime Minister under Queen Victoria. In the seventh year of her marriage, Lady Caroline Lamb, now twenty-seven years of age, commenced an affair with the twenty-four-year-old Lord Byron. Their tempestuous relationship lasted less than five months, from March until Byron broke of the relationship in August, 1812. Her obsession with Byron persisted, becoming the subject of many of her poems, more notoriously of her novel, Glenarvon, published anonymously in June, 1816, and adding further fuel to the scandal that prompted Byron's departure from England on April 24. Although critics and biographers of both Lord Byron and Lady Caroline Lamb have given close attention to the public reception of the novel, none has yet acknowledged the adaptation of Glenarvon as stage play (1) and the dramatic exposition of the man whom Lady Caroline Lamb dubbed,--in the most-often quoted comment ever uttered about Byron--mad, bad, and dangerous to know (2) This discovery of the staging of Glenarvon opens an entirely new arena of study, adding to our understanding of the popular reception of her work and establishing for the first time her connection to the theatre. In no previous account of her career has there been any mention of her patronage of the Royal Coburg Theatre. In no edition of her letters has there been any mention of her correspondence with Thomas Dibdin, playwright, song-writer, and theatre manager. (3) In spite of the efforts of William Lamb to squelch the circulation of Glenarvon, (4) as play, it was adapted for two separate stage productions. Although both were performed at the Royal Coburg, where Lady Caroline was patron (5) the second production was not simply revival of the first but thorough reworking. The publication of Byron's Don Juan, Cantos I and II, in July, 1819, rekindled the gossip that had been smoldering since the time of Byron's exile. The outrage might have been even more extreme if Byron's publisher, John Murray, had not persuaded the poet to omit the Dedication with its ridicule of Robert Southey and to remove as well the more slanderous stanzas concerning Lady Byron in the character of Donna Inez. Although the first two cantos appeared with neither Byron's nor Murray's names on the title page in July, 1819, Byron was immediately recognized as the author. Lady Caroline Lamb herself used the animated response to Don Juan, Cantos I and II, to write clever parody of the Byronic character and style in her A New Canto (1819), also published anonymously. (6) Taking advantage of the resurgent gossip, William Barrymore brought forth A new Melo-Drama, Glenarvon, founded on the popular Novel. The play opened on Tuesday, July 13, 1819, with Henry Kemble in the title role as Lord Glenarvon. Two years passed before the next installments of Don Juan appeared. Murray published Cantos III and IV in August, 1821. On December 3, 1821, a new Melo-Drama, founded on popular and highly interesting Work, Glenarvon; or, The Murdered Heir opened at the Royal Coburg. This second version was written and arranged for Stage Representation by Mr. J. Amherst, and featured Rowbotham as Ruthven Glenarvon. (7) Both Henry Kemble and H. H. Rowbotham turned the role into studied impersonation of Lord Byron. It is possible that Henry Kemble had met Byron through his famous acting family or during his own engagement at Drury Lane. Neither actor brought to their Byronic posturing much more than what the public would anticipate through the popular caricatures and descriptions in the periodicals, already synthesized in Lamb's own delineation of her title character's traits and appearance. In his gaze he possessed mesmeric power; his sensuous lips curl readily to sneer or an expression of scorn; his gait reveals the slight limp of his deformed foot which he is at pains to disguise. …