Carol Ryff Research Articles

Psychological well-being and its relationship to counseling competence among educational counselors

The current research aims to identify the psychological well-being and counseling competence of educational counselors, and the nature of the correlation between these two variables. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted Carol Ryff’s psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989), and built a counseling competency scale. These standards were applied to a sample of (200) male and female counselors, and using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed the following: 1- Educational counselors enjoy psychological well-being. 2- Educational counselors have guidance competence. 3- There are no statistically significant differences in psychological well-being and counseling competence due to the gender variable (males - females). 4- There is a positive, direct correlation between psychological well-being and counseling competence among educational counselors.

Differences between Active and Passive Social Media Usage on Well-Being in Reference to Adolescents

Today in this fast pacing world and in the age of digital era, internet is easily accessible to every human being. Many researchers in the past have explored that social media is directly or indirectly affecting the physiological and mental health of an individual. Active users are the ones who are actively involved in the social media sites whereas the passive users are the ones who are not actively participating yet observing the other’s profiles and posts. The aim of this paper is to identify the significant difference between genders (male and female) on well-being in reference to adolescents and significant difference between active and passive social media users on the well-being in reference to adolescents. The total sample size taken was N=120, which consists of 60 males and 60 females of both the groups that is active and passive social media users. Random purposive sampling was used for collecting data. The research design for the study is 2x2 factorial design. The independent variables of the study are Active and passive social media users whereas the dependent variables for the study are dimensions of well-being given by Carol Ryff i.e. autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations, purpose in life, self-growth. Self-made online survey was done for collecting the sample for active and passive social media users and Ryff’s well-being scale was used in the study. The analysis of data was done by using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. The findings of the study suggest that there was a significant difference between active and passive social media users on well-being also there was a significant difference between genders (male and female) on well-being in reference to adolescents.

Robot Assisted Bariatric Surgery in a Superobese Patient

Objective: to determine the effects of a music therapy program on the psychological well-being of women victims of violence in El Milagro populated center of Trujillo. Materials and methods: this research had a pre-experimental design, for this we worked with a sample of 21 women victims of violence belonging of the El Milagro populated of Trujillo. The information was collected through the Carol Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Music Therapy Program. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the music therapy program significantly impacted the psychological well-being of women victims of violence. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between the pre and post-test, of the Self-concept dimension. Conclusions: The music therapy program has a positive and significant impact on the psychological well-being of women victims of violence in the El Milagro populated center of Trujillo.

Music Therapy Program for the Psychological Well-Being of Women Victims of Violence

Objective: to determine the effects of a music therapy program on the psychological well-being of women victims of violence in El Milagro populated center of Trujillo. Materials and methods: this research had a pre-experimental design, for this we worked with a sample of 21 women victims of violence belonging of the El Milagro populated of Trujillo. The information was collected through the Carol Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Music Therapy Program. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the music therapy program significantly impacted the psychological well-being of women victims of violence. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between the pre and post-test, of the Self-concept dimension. Conclusions: The music therapy program has a positive and significant impact on the psychological well-being of women victims of violence in the El Milagro populated center of Trujillo.

A Study on Psychological Well-Being and Kesejahteraan among IIUM Malaysian Postgraduate Students

The study aimed to investigate the two elements of well-being, namely psychological well-being, and the threats towards well-being to ascertain the relationship between psychological well-being and the Sejahtera of Malaysian postgraduate students at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). While mental health issues among university students have been abundantly researched, only a few studies have focused on psychological well-being. Employing the Carol Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being (PWB) questionnaire, data were collected from 283 IIUM Malaysian postgraduate students. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that Malaysian postgraduate students’ education at IIUM are doing well in terms of their psychological well-being (autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance). The relationship between psychological well-being and student’s Sejahtera showed that these students were able to manage their psychological well-being, including personal matters, stress, time management, acceptance of emotions and thoughts. In conclusion, the six factors of psychological well-being were able to support and balance the threats, at the same time helping the students to achieve Sejahtera.

Psychodrama & eudaimonic well-being – potentials in playful and aesthetic experiences

This article explores how psychodrama might contribute to promote well-being and thus support goal nr. 3 in UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The study utilises a case-study design, examining the individual case study of “Fiona” who was a participant in a non-clinical psychodrama group. Fiona’s experiences from participating in this group are investigated through a thematic based analysis to address the following question: How might engagement in psychodrama practice promote eudaimonic well-being? In this study we broadly define eudaimonic well-being as human flourishing and as a movement towards growth, self-realization, development of one’s best self and meaningful purpose in one’s life. Our inquiry uses the theory-guided dimensions of eudaimonic well-being developed by Carol Ryff as an analytical lens. The results reveal that participating in the psychodrama group supported Fiona’s eudaimonic well-being mostly according to the following dimensions: autonomy, personal growth, positive relations with others, and self-acceptance. When analysing how dimensions of eudaimonic well-being were promoted, we found three main themes: playfulness, visual symbolism and psychodramatic role-playing techniques. The study thus shows that engagement in psychodrama is well suited to nurture human growth and development as an element of promoting good health and well-being. Cover image: Drawing by "Fiona" (anonymous). Published with permission.

Analysis of Psychological Well-Being from a Compositional Data Analysis Perspective: A New Approach.

Well-being is a widely studied construct in psychology. In 1989, Carol Ryff proposed the "Scale of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB)", which has been validated in multiple languages. The instrument assesses six dimensions of psychological well-being: Self-acceptance, Positive Relationships with Others, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Purpose in Life, and Personal Growth. In this article, we propose to enrich the traditional approach of directly interpreting the raw scores in each dimension by incorporating Compositional Data Analysis. This new approach aims to identify "what proportion" of each dimension constitutes well-being, which will allow us to analyze the interactions between the different dimensions of well-being and balance among them. To achieve this, we introduce two position ratios (PR1 and PR2) and a general adjustment indicator called the General Indicator of Subjective Psychological Well-Being (GISPW), which characterizes individuals in a compositional manner, providing a fresh perspective in the interpretation of psychological test results, specifically those related to PWB. The proposal is illustrated with three cases taken from a study involving 628 university students who completed the psychological well-being scale questionnaire. The results show that the GISPW, PR1, and PR2 obtained offer relevant information about the overall balance of each case in the different dimensions.

A Descriptive Study on Psychological Well-Being in Relation to Demographic Variables in Adolescent Orphans of Kashmir Valley

Background: The United Nations Children’s Fund and global partners define an orphan as a child who has lost one or both parents. Orphanages, children’s villages, or other group residential facilities generally fail to meet young people’s emotional and psychological needs. Research indicates that orphaned youth face more negative psychosocial challenges than their younger counterparts do. This study was carried out to find out the association of the psychological well-being of adolescent orphans with the selected demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among 115 adolescent orphans in orphanage of the Srinagar district between July 2020 and February 2021 using standardized psychological well-being scale given by Carol Ryff. Association of psychological well-being, with its dimensions, and selected demographic variables were assessed. Results: Group mean difference on psychological well-being revealed that double-orphan adolescents have significantly lower psychological well-being as compared to the half-orphan adolescents. The study also revealed that habitat was significantly associated with overall psychological well-being and one of the dimensions of psychological well-being, i.e., positive relations with others. Educational status was found to have a significant association with the autonomy dimension of psychological well-being only, where as the type of orphan shows a significant association with overall psychological well-being and self-acceptance dimension of psychological well-being. Time spent in orphanage also shows significant association with purpose in life and self-acceptance dimension of psychological well-being. Conclusions: There is a need for organized social support to improve the physical and psychological health of orphans.

Emotional intelligence and its association with psychological well-being: an empirical study concerning B-school students in and around Hyderabad Metro

This paper presents the results of General Linear Model on the association between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-being in B-school students in and around Hyderabad Metro, India. The study was carried out using two standardized questionnaires – a 30-item modified version of Emotional Intelligence scale developed by Kalpana Sri et al., and 18-item Psychological Well-being Scale developed by Carol Ryff. The General Linear Model multivariate analysis was used to study the effect of emotional intelligence variables – self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating oneself, empathy and social skill on psychological well-being variables self-acceptance, environmental mastery, autonomy, personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose life. Survey Instrument was developed and circulated online across various channels like emails, Whatsapp, LinkedIn to collected data. The questionnaire link was shared to more than 300 B-School students in and around Hyderabad Metro. One hundred and ninety eight valid responses were subjected to data analysis to measure the association between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. The instrument's reliability was assessed by measuring Cronbach’s alpha values which ranged from 0.65-0.81. The General Linear Model results indicate statistically significant effect of emotional intelligence factors on total on psychological well-being; managing emotions (p<0.05), motivating oneself (p<0.05), Empathy (p<0.001), social skill (p<0.001. There were statistically significant age differences observed (p<0.05) with the whole model. Further, the General Linear Model analysis carried out a distinct analysis of variance for each of the dependable variables with each independent variable. The emotional intelligence factors self-awareness, empathy and social skills are statistically significant and influencing the psychological well-being of B-school students. There were no statistically significant gender differences observed, however, the age is statistically significant and influencing, psychological well-being factors, purpose of life, personal relations with others and autonomy (p<0.05). The multivariate statistic Partial Eta Squared with a multivariate variance of the dependent variables and associated group factors are reported. The findings of this study indicate a statistically significant positive association between and psychological well-being, suggesting that emotional intelligence is a predictor of psychological well-being among B-school students round Hyderabad Metro.

Psychological Well-being and the relationship with Nursing Competence in an Intensive Care Unit

Objective: To determine the relationship between the psychological Bienestar (BP) and the nursing competence of nursing staff in a Unidad de Cidados Intensivos (ICU). Methodology: Quantitative, relational, cross-sectional and prospective, a census was conducted among 31 ICU nurses at the ISSSTE (Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers), Aguascalientes. Carol Ryff’s “Psychological Well-Being Scale" and Ritta Meretoja's "Nursing Competence Scale" were used. Results: 67.7% of nurses working in the ICU have a high level of BP, and 83.9% have a very good level of nursing competence. Through a correlation test by Rho Spearman, he obtained that there is no relationship between the level of nursing competence of those who work in the ICU with their level of BP. Conclusion: There is not enough statistical evidence to say that there is a relationship between nursing competence and BP. The BP does not affect nursing competence, despite being a service of high demand for care and adequate attention and care is provided to the critical patient.

A study on mental health and psychological well-being among cancer patients

The aim of the present investigation has been to know about “A study on mental health and psychological well-being among cancer patients.” objectives of studies are to identify the differences in cancer and non-cancer patient mental health and Psychological well-being in male and female. Sample: The sample comprised of total Two hundred (N=200)Cancer patients (100) non-cancer patients (100) and male ( 100 in cancer and non-cancer) female (100,cancer and non-cancer patients). Tool: Mental health questionnaire by Jagadish and Psychological well-being scale by carol Ryff (1998). Statistical method: Statistical method has been applied but greater reliance has been placed on statistical methods. These regarded as we used the test-mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA.Results: As a result, it is found that there is significant difference in cancer and non-cancer patient but there is no significant difference in male and female mental health and psychological well-being.

POVEZANOST STRATEGIJA PREVLADAVANJA STRESA SA PSIHOLOŠKIM BLAGOSTANJEM U KASNOJ ADOLESCENCIJI

The goal of this research was to examine possible connections between coping strategies and dimensions of psychological well-being in the period of adolescence. In transactional stress theories, coping is defined as all effort that a person undertakes to cope with the external and internal demands of a stressful situation. This research used the Endler and Parker classification of coping strategies: problem-focused, emotionfocused coping strategies, and avoidance. The dimensions of psychological well-being were included from the Carol Ryff model: autonomy, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, and personal development. The sample of the research consisted of 216 participants, aged from 18 to 25 years, with the average age being 21.73 years. Most participants were female, 81.40%. The results of the canonical correlation analysis point to a positive relationship between problem-focused coping and all dimensions of well-being, as well as a negative relationship between emotion-focused coping and all dimensions. Avoidance was positively connected with positive relationships with others. These analyses suggest that experiences in which adolescents successfully face controllable developmental stressors via problem-focused coping are essential for a healthy sense of well-being. Adolescents build key developmental capacities such as positive relations with others, autonomy, feelings of meaning, and purpose exactly through facing problems and mastering new capabilities and experiences. Excessive use of emotion-focused coping may bring short-term relief, but at the price of long-term well-being and maturity. One area of possible interventions is preventive adviser work with young people for them to develop optimal problem-focused strategies, such as situation analysis, searching for possible alternatives, careful preparation of actions, etc. Keywords: coping strategies, psychological well-being, adolescence, developmental crises

Scale for assessing the psychological well-being of students: verification and validation

This article presents a theoretical review of models of the psychological well-being of an individual, as well as the main tools for measuring it. On the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical studies of the team of authors, a structural-functional model of the psychological well-being of students has been developed. The results of a statistical analysis of the “Scale of psychological well-being of students” created on its basis (Anna Samokhvalova, Elena Tikhomirova, Natalia Shipova, Oksana Vishnevskaya, 2022) are presented. The article presents the results of testing the methodology for reliability and validity, as well as data on the correlations of its subscales with the scales of the psychological well-being methodology by Carol Ryff. The article also presents instructions and empirical norms of the methodology. The data of the psychometric test of the methodology “Scale of psychological well-being of students” presented in the article testify to the differentiated assessment by subscales of the methodology of the declared construct. The authors indicate that the technique can be used in further research to determine the psychological well-being of students. Its results may be useful for developing targeted methods of providing psychological assistance; as well as in the practical work of consultant psychologists.

The role of family emotional communication in psychological well-being: intergenerational effects

The article is devoted to the analysis of family emotional communication and their contribution to the psychological well-being of young people in a single intergenerational sample. The study involved 188 pairs student-parent, all of whom are residents of St. Petersburg. The age of students is 17 to 24; parents, 37 to 58. Methods include: questionnaire ‟Family emotional communication”; Scales of Psychological Well-Being by Carol Ryff. The results of the study showed the complex mechanism of family emotional communications and the influence of the Family Emotional Communication parameters on the psychological well-being of young people and their parents. Intergenerational continuity was revealed according to the parameters of family emotional communications ‟parental criticism”, ‟fixation on negative feelings”, ‟parental perfectionism”, the general index of Family Emotional Communication and the parameter of psychological well-being ‟personal growth”. Structural analysis showed a positive influence of family perfectionism on psychological well-being in both samples (student, parent).

RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING WITH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF DIABETIC TYPE II PATIENTS

The study was analysed to nd out the relationship of psychological well being with blood glucose levels of diabetic type II subjects. Only aged male patients (N=30) were selected as subjects for this study and age ranged from 45 to 55 years. The fasting blood glucose level was measured for the measurement of these glucose levels to the nearest mg/dl. Carol Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire was used for measuring the psychological well-being. Co- efcient correlation method was applied to investigate the relationship of depression with blood glucose levels. The results of this study suggest that there is a negative relationship between blood glucose level and the psychological well-being at 0.05 level of condence.

Impact of Occupational Stress on Job Satisfaction and Psychological Wellbeing

The teachers of self-finance colleges have the same responsibility while comparing with the aided and government college teachers but the environment is entirely different. They are not getting proper salary and denying PF, ESI and many other benefits also. These teachers community has been ignored by the management. So the occupational stress of self-finance college teachers is more while comparing with the other teachers. This study attempts to investigate the impact of occupational stress on psychological wellbeing and job satisfaction. The study also identifies the various factors influencing the occupational stress among teachers of self-finance colleges. Descriptive research design used for this study and data are collected through structured questionnaire.Simple random sampling method is used to select sample of 103 teachers from different self-financing colleges in Kozhikode district, Kerala. To measure the psychological well-being of teachers 18 items were used utilizing six components (Self-Acceptance, Positive Relations with Others, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Purpose in Life, and Personal Growth) developed by carol Ryff. This study reveals that the occupational stress (work context, job content and organisational climate) has significant negative impact on job satisfaction and psychological wellbeing among teachers of self-finance colleges.

Theoretical Assumptions of Transformational Leadership Styles on Psychological Empowerment and Psychological Well-Being in Leaders Vs. Subordinates

Transformational leadership style is the most studied concept of business psychology. The primary goal of the present research was to investigate the theoretical assumptions of transformational leadership style on psychological empowerment and psychological well-being in leaders vs. subordinates working in telecommunication sectors. The Sample comprised N=250 (Leaders=100; Subordinates=150) employees of the leading Telecommunication sectors with the age range of (25-60). The Sample was selected from different telecom organizations of Pakistan through a Purposive sampling strategy, and Sample was divided into two groups Leaders and subordinates. Impact of Transformational leadership style on Psychological empowerment and Psychological well-being was operationalized through Transformational leadership scale by Podsakoff (1990), Psychological Empowerment scale by Spreitzer (1995), and Psychological Wellbeing scale by Carol Ryff (1989), and a demographic information sheet was used to collect data. Prior to addressing the relationship between present study variables, the psychometric validity of measurement tools was analyzed, and internal consistency levels for all variables were evaluated. Correlational analysis of the study variables demonstrated a correlation between Transformational leadership style, psychological empowerment, and psychological well-being in employees. In addition, Regression analysis revealed that the Transformational Leadership style significantly predicted psychological empowerment and psychological well-being in employees. However, the effect of demographic variables such as gender indicated no significant gender differences on study variables; however, significant differences were found between family system groups regarding transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and psychological well-being. From a theoretical perspective, present research contributes to the present form of facts in the field of leadership studies; the research endorses a theoretical model that incorporates different characteristics of psychological empowerment. The research recommends that the leaders should develop aware of the role of their empowerment level in creating a healthy environment that encourages psychological well-being among the subordinates. The research provides guidelines useful for leaders to enhance subordinates' psychological empowerment and psychological well-being.

Relational quality and improvement of Life Skills (No technical Skills)

The provision of health services implicitly involves an emotional load linked to the specific task / service, which, if extended for long periods of time, falls on the operators, placing them in a burn-out risk.Various theories and empirical studies (Mayo, 1933; Maslow, 1943; Herzberg, 1959; Vroom, 1964; Alderfer, 1969; Fontana, 1997; McClellant, 1985) reveal how “motivated” work performances generate a sense of personal fulfillment which can be translated into a positive result for performance in general. Therefore, Healthcare Companies must improve the quality of assistance provided by the operators through motivational, wellness and health promotion’s activities for the staff.In this study we want to demonstrate that psycho-body empowerment training supported by group psychodynamic proposals with expressive techniques, allows the acquisition of the necessary life skills to support the health worker’s perception of well-being.These activities are aimed at developing a healthy and safe work environment, which also considers the psychological, social and relational implications of the organizational context related to the gender gap.In the present study, we wanted to explore whether the experiential methodology presented here, aimed at psychocorporeal awareness in the relationship with the other, could support a path of psychological well-being perceived by the operators, as imagined and measured by Carol Ryff (1989).In particular, an attempt was made to highlight the difference in the acquisition of skills between male and female health workers, showing that some of them can be more easily acquired by one gender than another.The action research in this presented study, adapted in web mode in compliance with the safety standards imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, has been supported by e-learning technologies and the results of this further study will be the subject of subsequent publication.

Relational quality and improvement of Life Skills (No technical Skills)

The provision of health services implicitly involves an emotional load linked to the specific task / service, which, if extended for long periods of time, falls on the operators, placing them in a burn-out risk. Various theories and empirical studies (Mayo, 1933; Maslow, 1943; Herzberg, 1959; Vroom, 1964; Alderfer, 1969; Fontana, 1997; McClellant, 1985) reveal how "motivated" work performances generate a sense of personal fulfillment which can be translated into a positive result for performance in general. Therefore, Healthcare Companies must improve the quality of assistance provided by the operators through motivational, wellness and health promotion’s activities for the staff. In this study we want to demonstrate that psycho-body empowerment © training supported by group psychodynamic proposals with expressive techniques, allows the acquisition of the necessary life skills to support the health worker's perception of well-being. These activities are aimed at developing a healthy and safe work environment, which also considers the psychological, social and relational implications of the organizational context related to the gender gap. In the present study, we wanted to explore whether the experiential methodology presented here, aimed at psycho- corporeal awareness in the relationship with the other, could support a path of psychological well-being perceived by the operators, as imagined and measured by Carol Ryff (1989). In particular, an attempt was made to highlight the difference in the acquisition of skills between male and female health workers, showing that some of them can be more easily acquired by one gender than another. The action research in this presented study, adapted in web mode in compliance with the safety standards imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, has been supported by e-learning technologies and the results of this further study will be the subject of subsequent publication.

Psychological Well-Being of Youth: The Role of Gratitude and Hope

The present study has been conducted on the youth (N=200) of age group 18-24 years to find the role of the character strengths of gratitude and hope in their psychological well-being. Gratitude and hope have been assessed using the Value in Action Inventory of Strengths (Peterson and Seligman, 2004), and psychological well-being has been assessed using the Psychological Well-Being Scale by Carol Ryff (1989). The data has been analyzed by using Pearson correlation and linear regression. The findings depict a significant positive correlation of gratitude and hope with the psychological well-being of youth. Also, the regression analysis establishes the significant and positive role of gratitude and hope in predicting the psychological well-being of youth.