Caries In Permanent Teeth Research Articles

Oral hygiene as the dominat determinat of health

Background: Scientific and health foundations in caries prevention are based on the view that in order to meet modern principles that already exist within the profession it is too late if the caries is detected in the cavitation stage. However, there is not enough awareness of the importance of oral health to the overall health of an individual and even less about the importance of practicing oral hygiene. Material and Methods: The research was carried out as a cross-sectional study from May to September 2009 in dentist offices at the Medical Center Tivat. It was conducted with patients under the age of 15 by dental teams. The research instruments were the questionnaire and dental examination of the mouth and teeth. The examination was done in accordance with the WHO methodology and criteria. The answers obtained from the questionnaire were correlated with the clinical data. Results: The obtained results showed that the most respondents brushed their teeth twice a day and that they usually visited a dentist once in six months. Clinical data also showed that 57% of respondents had carious deciduous teeth, more than 63% of respondents had carious permanent teeth, 14% had gingivitis and 44.7% of them had orthodontic anomalies. Half of the respondents who rarely brushed their teeth suffered from gingivitis. There was a high statistically significant difference between the occurrence of gingivitis and the frequency of tooth brushing. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the maintenance of oral hygiene according to gender as well as other socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The study showed that there was a correlation between the occurrence of caries and gingivitis and the frequency of tooth brushing and visits to a dentist.

Relationship between Untreated Dental Caries and Weight and Height of 6- to 12-Year-Old Primary School Children in Bangladesh

Background. Children in low-income developing countries are likely to suffer from undergrowth. Dental caries is another common problem in these countries. Aim. To examine the association between untreated dental caries in primary and permanent teeth with age-adjusted height and weight among 6–12-year-old children in Bangladesh. Design. Social, behavioural, and clinical data were collected from 1699 children in nine different randomly selected primary schools in socially deprived areas of Bangladesh. The associations of age-adjusted weight and height and being underweight with dental caries were examined adjusting for sex, area of residence, socioeconomic position, skipping meals, tooth cleaning, and doctor visits. Results. 26% of the children were underweight and 55% had untreated dental caries. Children with at least one decayed tooth were significantly underweight with odds ratios 1.6 (95% CI 1.1, 2.3) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.0) for 6–8-years and 9–12-year-old children, respectively, in the adjusted model. The number of decayed teeth was inversely and significantly associated with the standardized age-adjusted weight. Conclusions. The findings highlight the association between untreated dental caries and being underweight in primary school children in socially deprived areas in low-income developing countries and emphasize the need to integrate oral and general health policies with social policies.

도시와 농어촌지역 중·고등학생의 구강건강인식 및 구강보건 의식행태 비교연구

A comparative study of the dental health perception and dental health behaviors among 12,325 middle and high school students in urban and rural areas was conducted by using "2010 National Dental Health Investigation". The results of this study are as follows. For the dental health perception and the utilization of dental service, all middle and high school students had a low perception of the their dental health status toward the farming and fishing regions from the urban. For the time of tooth-brushing among the dental health behaviors, most middle and high school students brushed their teeth after lunch. In connection with the frequency of cariogenic snack intake, high school students had a greater percentage toward the farming and fishing regions from the urban. For the dental health status, middle school students in big cities had a high average of carious permanent teeth, but high school students had a high average of carious permanent teeth toward the farming and fishing regions from the urban. In other words, there was no significant difference in missing permanent teeth, filling permanent teeth and decay permanent teeth between middle school students by region, but high school students had a greater percentage of the dental health perception and dental health behaviors toward the farming and fishing regions from the urban, showing a little difference. Consequently, there was a relationship between middle and high school students' perception of dental health and their behaviors of dental health.

Assessment of dental caries predictors in 6-year-old school children - results from 5-year retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThis was a retrospective cohort study undertaken to assess the rate and pattern of dental caries development in 6-year-old school children followed-up for a period of 5 years, and to identify baseline risk factors that were associated with 5 years caries experience in Malaysian children.MethodsThis 5-years retrospective cohort study comprised primary school children initially aged 6 years in 2004. Caries experience of each child was recorded annually using World Health Organization criteria. The rates of dental caries were recorded in prevalence and incidence density of carious lesions from baseline to final examination. Risk assessment was done to assess relative risk for caries after 5 years in children with baseline caries status. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify significant independent risk factors for caries.ResultsThe sample consisted of 1830 school children. All components of DMFT showed significant differences between baseline and final examination. Filled teeth (FT) component of the DMFT showed the greatest increases. Results revealed the initial baseline caries level in permanent dentition was a strong predictor for future caries after 5 years (RR=3.78, 95% CI=3.48-4.10, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed significant association between caries occurrence and residence (urban/rural) (OR=1.80, P<0.001). However, it was not significantly associated with gender and ethnicity. The incidence density of caries, affected persons (IDp) observed from baseline and after 5 years was 5.80 persons/100 person-year of observation. The rate of new caries-affected tooth (IDt) in the period from baseline and after 5-years was 0.76 teeth/100 teeth-year of observation.ConclusionThe majority of 12-year-old school children (70%) were caries-free and most of the caries were concentrated in only a small proportion (30%) of them. We found that the presence of caries in permanent teeth at the age of 6 years was a strong predictor of future caries development in this population. The strong evidence of early permanent teeth caries at six years old to predict future caries incidence at 12-year-olds, which could be obtained at almost no cost, questions the need for and cost-effectiveness of expensive technology-based commercial caries predictions kits.

Cariously exposed pulps may benefit from vital pulp therapies: A critical summary of Aguilar P, Linsuwanont P. Vital pulp therapy in vital permanent teeth with cariously exposed pulp: a systematic review (published online ahead of print March 5, 2011). J Endod 2011;37(5):581–587. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.12.004.

Cariously exposed pulps may benefit from vital pulp therapies: A critical summary of Aguilar P, Linsuwanont P. Vital pulp therapy in vital permanent teeth with cariously exposed pulp: a systematic review (published online ahead of print March 5, 2011). J Endod 2011;37(5):581–587. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.12.004.

Preventing Dental Caries in Children : Indian Scenario

The prevalence of dental caries in developing countries like India is increasing to an alarming level in contrast to developed countries where it has decreased because of variety of preventive measures at the community and individual level. There is no State or Centre funded programs for prevention of dental diseases in India. The present review enlists the targeted prevention of dental caries in permanent teeth of 6 to 16 years old children presenting for dental care.

Reproducibility of caries diagnosis in permanent teeth according to WHO, ICDAS-II and Nyvad criteria

Aim: To assess inter-examiner reproducibility in the detection of 20 occlusal caries in permanent teeth using three diagnostic codes and criteria: WHO (1997), Nyvad and ICDAS-II. Methods: Three graduate students (G) and two undergraduate dental students (UG) without previous experience in the use of Nyvad and ICDAS-II were trained by a reference examiner. Examiner validity was assessed by consensus agreement between the investigators. Two cutoff points were used for ICDAS-II and Nyvad to represent reproducibility values: the A- lesion, B- cavity lesion. Results: According to the examiners consensus, the kappa values ranged from 0.71 to 0.85 for G group and from 0.85 to 0.95 for UG group (ICDAS-II). For the Nyvad index values varied from of 0.77 to 1.00 (G) and from 0.65 to 0.74 (UG), for the WHO index, values obtained ranged from 0.66 to 1.00 (UG) and 1.00 (G). Using a cutoff A, interexaminers reproducibility (ICDAS-II) ranged from 0.73 to 0.87 (G) and 1.00 (UG). According to Nyvad criteria, the kappa value ranged from 0.78 to 1.00 (G) and from 0.70 and 0.90 (UG) when compared to the consensus. The kappa values using the cutoff point B ranged from 0.66 to 1.00 (G), 0.76-0.89 (UG) in ICDAS-II and the in Nyvad criteria varied from 0.87 to 1.00 (G) and from 0.65 to 0.88 (UG). Conclusions: Reproducibility values ranged from good to perfect. The reproducibility revealed precise answers in the occlusal caries lesions diagnosis according to the criteria used. The best use of reliability tools for examiner training was important regardless of the examiners being undergraduate or graduate students.

Commentary on the startegis of management of caries in permanent molar and primary teeth in children on the basis of the Scottish “Dental clinical guidance”.

Commentary on the startegis of management of caries in permanent molar and primary teeth in children on the basis of the Scottish “Dental clinical guidance”.

Conventional caries removal and sealed caries in permanent teeth: A microbiological evaluation

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare microbiological infection after conventional carious dentine removal with incomplete carious dentine removal and sealing. MethodsEighty-seven patients (12–50 years of age) under treatment at the Dental Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, participated in the study. The patients presented 90 posterior permanent teeth with primary caries. The lesions were coronal, active, and reached at least the middle third of the dentine. None of the teeth exhibited spontaneous pain, sensitivity to percussion or apical pathology (detected through radiographic exams). Pulp sensibility was confirmed by the cold test. The lesions were divided into 2 experimental groups: complete caries removal (CCR) based on hardness criteria (n=60 lesions) and incomplete caries removal (ICR) and sealing (n=32 lesions). Microbiological samples were obtained from the initial demineralized dentine, after CCR and after ICR-Seal. ResultsThe number of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, lactobacilli, and mutans streptococci decreased at the end of treatment (p<0.05). Significantly less anaerobic bacteria (p<0.01), aerobic bacteria (p=0.02), and mutans streptococci (p<0.01) growth was observed after ICR-Seal compared to CCR. The difference in lactobacilli was insignificant (p=0.08). The amount of bacteria detected after conventional caries removal was higher than that which remained in sealed caries lesions. ConclusionsThe results suggest it is not necessary to remove all carious dentine before the restoration is placed because over time, sealing of carious dentine results in lower levels of infection than traditional dentine caries removal. Clinical significanceThe results of this study indicate that sealed carious dentine was less infected than the remaining dentine left after conventional caries removal and sealing. Our results support treatment of deep carious lesions in one session with incomplete removal of carious dentine.

Monitoring time-related trends in dental caries in permanent teeth in Japanese national surveys

According to dental examinations of 3- and 12-year-old children conducted throughout Japan, the prevalence of dental caries in children is decreasing. However, little is known about changes in the prevalence of dental caries in adults. This study analysed past and present prevalences of dental caries in permanent teeth and predicted future trends in dental caries in adults. Data were sourced from nine national dental surveys conducted in Japan at 6-year intervals from 1957 to 2005. Data from oral examinations were recorded as indices of decayed, missing and filled teeth. The mean number of filled teeth increased markedly, whereas mean numbers of decayed teeth and missing teeth decreased substantially in people aged ≥ 40 years. By contrast, the mean number of filled teeth first increased and then decreased in groups aged 5-39 years. Among Japanese respondents sampled in a series of cross-sectional studies between 1957 and 2005, the incidence of dental caries in young adults decreased, suggesting a decrease in prevalences of dental caries in future generations. However, this tendency was not observed in respondents aged ≥ 40 years. The results suggest adults will experience less dental caries in the near future.

The performance of conventional and fluorescence-based methods for occlusal caries detection: An in vivo study with histologic validation

The authors conducted an in vivo study to determine clinical cutoffs for a laser fluorescence (LF) device, an LF pen and a fluorescence camera (FC), as well as to evaluate the clinical performance of these methods and conventional methods in detecting occlusal caries in permanent teeth by using the histologic gold standard for total validation of the sample.One trained examiner assessed 105 occlusal surfaces by using the LF device, LF pen, FC, International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria and bitewing (BW) radiographic methods. After tooth extraction, the authors assessed the teeth histologically. They determined the optimal clinical cutoffs by means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.The specificities and sensitivities for enamel and dentin caries detection versus only dentin caries detection thresholds were 0.60 and 0.93 and 0.77 and 0.52 (ICDAS), 1.00 and 0.29 and 0.97 and 0.44 (BW radiography), 1.00 and 0.85 and 0.77 and 0.81 (LF device), 0.80 and 0.89 and 0.71 and 0.85 (LF pen) and 0.80 and 0.74 and 0.49 and 0.85 (FC), respectively. The accuracy values were higher for ICDAS, the LF device and the LF pen than they were for BW radiography and the FC.The clinical cutoffs for sound teeth, enamel carious lesions and dentin carious lesions were, respectively, 0 through 4, 5 through 27 and 28 through 99 (LF device); 0 through 4, 5 through 32 and 33 through 99 (LF pen); and 0 through 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 through 5.0 (FC). The ICDAS, the LF device and the LF pen demonstrated good performance in helping detect occlusal caries in vivo. The ICDAS did not seem to perform as well at the D(3) threshold (histologic scores 3 and 4) as at the D(1) threshold (histologic scores 1-4). BW radiography and the FC had the lowest performances in helping detect lesions at the D(1) and D(3) thresholds, respectively.Occlusal caries detection should be based primarily on visual inspection. Fluorescence-based methods may be used to provide a second opinion in clinical practice.

A Study on Nutritional Status and Dental Caries in Permanent Teeth among School Going Girl of Bengalee Population, India

Variations in tooth eruption patterns are supposed to have multifactorial reasons and etiologic factors to explain variation in caries are unsatisfactory. Prevalence of caries is comparatively higher in the children of developing countries than that of the children of same age in developed countries. Indian studies on the dental caries mostly in children related to prevalence and treatment. However, nutritional effect on dental caries on Indian school going children is yet to be carried out in eastern India. This study investigated the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth and nutritional status among the 544 School going children (girls) of 6 - 19 years age group of Bengalee ethnicity of West Bengal, India. Caries was recorded based on DMFT index following basic guidelines for Oral Health Surveys guideline (WHO). Nutritional status was obtained using BMI and classification of nutritional status was achieved using the standards of WHO and CDC growth charts include an age- and sex-specific BMI reference for children aged 2 - 20 year. The overall prevalence of dental caries was 44.5% and mean DMFT was 0.45 ? 1.57. Nutritional status demonstrated, about 30% and 6.69% of schools going girls were underweight and overweight respectively. Occurrence of dental caries was found in all permanent teeth among the girls of underweight and normal according to their BMI-for age status. Furthermore, a significant association (p < 0.05) with occurrence of dental caries among the underweight girls has been found compared to that of the overweight and normal. This study indicates a close relationship between nutritional status and dental caries in this region.

In vivo comparison between measurement from two fluorescence-based devices of occlusal and smooth surface caries in primary and permanent teeth

Fluorescence-based devices are adjunct tools for caries detection. Both DIAGNOdent 2095 (LF) and DIAGNOdent 2190 (LF pen) were developed for this application. The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the relationship between the measurements obtained using the LF and LF pen devices in primary and permanent teeth. The same sample of occlusal and smooth surfaces caries were evaluated by one examiner using both LF and LF pen devices in children. For occlusal caries, measurements were made at 51 sites in primary teeth, and at 83 sites in permanent teeth. For smooth surface caries, measurements were made at 63 sites in primary teeth, and 163 sites in permanent teeth. The values obtained with the LF pen for occlusal caries in primary and permanent teeth (17.6 ± 2.14, 20.6 ± 1.40, respectively) were significantly higher than those obtained with the LF (9.7 ± 1.24, 11.3 ± 0.78). For caries on smooth surfaces, the values obtained with the LF pen for primary and permanent teeth (8.2 ± 1.22, 7.2 ± 0.45) were higher than those obtained with the LF (4.5 ± 0.57, 3.3 ± 0.23). For both occlusal and smooth surface caries, the values were significantly different between the two devices ( P < 0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficients comparing the LF and LF pen values for primary and permanent teeth were Rs = 0.87 and 0.86 for occlusal caries and 0.80 and 0.74 for smooth surface caries, respectively. Values from both devices showed high correlation coefficients, indicating similar principle of function. However, the actual values were significantly different, which indicated that the values obtained with the two devices did not agree. The LF pen should be used with caution in patients for whom the LF is already being used to manage caries.

In vivo comparison between measurement from two fluorescence-based devices of occlusal and smooth surface caries in primary and permanent teeth

<I>In vivo</I> comparison between measurement from two fluorescence-based devices of occlusal and smooth surface caries in primary and permanent teeth

Use of Laser Fluorescence Device for Detection of Approximal Caries in Primary and Immature Permanent teeth

Use of Laser Fluorescence Device for Detection of Approximal Caries in Primary and Immature Permanent teeth

Investigation of clinical effectiveness of fluorine-containing filling materials for treatment of secondary caries of permanent teeth

There is comparative characteristic of effectiveness of use of fluorine-containing filling materials on the base of results of clinical investigation of treatment of tooth with secondary caries of 120 patient at the age of 18-55 years. There is found dependence of secondary caries from filling materials. There are good results of adaptation and safety of fillings afber fillings of carious cavities with fluorine containing materials. The least percent of complications in these groups is caused by containing of fluorides in its composition, which help in remineralization of hard dental tissues.

Validation of a Korean version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) among 8‐ to 15‐year‐old school children

The purpose of this study was to assess reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) Korean version in a representative community sample of 8- to 15-year-old Korean children. A Korean version of COHIP was developed according to the standard procedure of cross-cultural adaptation of self-reported instruments. A representative community sample of 2236 schoolchildren was selected by cluster sampling method. Mean age of the participants was 11.8 years. Mean and median of the overall COHIP score were 103.3 (SD 13.3) and 106, respectively. Internal reliability and retest reliability were excellent with Chronbach's alpha 0.88 and intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88. Face validity was confirmed with 98% of participants reporting the COHIP questionnaire was easy to answer. Nonclinical factors such as self-rated oral health or satisfaction with oral health were significantly related with overall COHIP score and five subscale scores (P < 0.001) in a consistent manner. Children with carious permanent teeth and with orthodontic treatment need had highly significantly lower overall COHIP score (P < 0.01). The Korean version of the COHIP was successfully developed. The internal reliability, retest reliability, face validity, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of the COHIP Korean version were confirmed.

Clinical guidelines for treating caries in adults following a minimal intervention policy—Evidence and consensus based report

Objectives In 2002, FDI (World Dental Federation) published a policy advocating that caries be treated by minimal intervention (MI). This MI policy has been accepted worldwide and is taught in universities. But acceptance in general dental practice has been slower, especially in Japan where healthcare payment and practice favour drilling and filling. To help disseminate this MI policy into general practice, the Japanese Society of Conservative Dentistry developed an evidence-based clinical guideline for restoring carious permanent teeth in adult patients. Methods The guideline was developed by a committee of nine university clinicians and a librarian. The committee selected the most frequent clinical questions in treating caries and used electronic databases to search and assess the best scientific evidence for each. Members then added their clinical experience and discussed to reach consensus on each question on treating caries with MI policy. Graded recommendations and guidance were made for each clinical question. The provisional guideline was strengthened after review and discussion with university researchers and general practitioners. Results The guideline addresses the 16 most frequent clinical questions in treating adult caries, including restorative methods and how to tackle root caries. Recommendations for treatment using MI policy were developed using the best scientific evidence and consensus of experienced clinicians. Clinical significance The guideline offers a practical expert view of treating caries with the MI policy that incorporates the best scientific evidence, the latest techniques, the most preferable materials and the general consensus of expert clinicians.

Effects of orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance on the caries experience of patients with high and low risk of caries

Background/purpose We tested the hypothesis that there are no differences between changes in the caries experience in a group of orthodontic patients at high and low risk for caries. Materials and methods Data were obtained from clinical and radiographic examinations of 186 orthodontic patients being treated with a fixed appliance in both arches. Patients were divided into two groups based on their prebonding decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) scores and caries risk susceptibility. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results Changes in DMFT values were 0.39 ± 0.66 and 1.46 ± 1.24 for the low- and high-caries risk groups, respectively. Changes in each group were significant (P < 0.001). Differences in DMFT scores between groups were also significant (P < 0.001). Additionally, males were found to have higher DMFT values than females. This difference was significant for the low-risk group (P < 0.001), but was not significant for the high-risk group (P > 0.05). Conclusion The hypothesis was rejected; the difference in DMFT scores between the caries risk groups was statistically significant. Although patients in both groups cared for their teeth during treatment, oral hygiene after treatment was worse than that before treatment. These results suggest that conventional oral hygiene procedures, especially for patients in the high-caries risk group, are less useful in preventing carious lesions during orthodontic treatment, and thus such patients must follow a very rigid oral hygiene protocol during orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance.

P2-488 Dental caries in a Portuguese sample of schoolchildren

BackgroundDental caries is the most prevalent disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the mean of decayed/missing/filled in permanent teeth (DMF-T index) and in primary teeth (dmf-t...