Caries-free Group Research Articles

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with caries risk in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundTo investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism with caries risk in children(< 18 years).MethodsThe electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI, Cqvip, and Wanfang were searched for observational studies on the relationship between VDR single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) and caries, including cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies. Quality assessment of selected studies was conducted using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) values for associations of individual VDR SNP with dental caries were calculated based on four genetic models: allelic, recessive, dominant, and over-dominant.ResultsOf 79 studies considered, 10 (nine case–control and one cross-sectional) were selected for analysis; the studies involved seven VDR SNPs: ApaI(rs7975232),BsmI(rs1544410),FokI(rs2228570),TaqI(rs731236), TaqI/BglI(rs739837), FokI(rs10735810) and Cdx-2(rs11568820). Alleles C and T of FokI(rs10735810) were significantly differently distributed in the caries and caries-free groups (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.30–2.30, P = 0.03), with CC + CT genotypes at this locus associated with greater risk of developing caries than the TT genotype (OR = 1.87, 95%CI: 1.15–3.04, P = 0.01). Further, TT + CC genotype at TaqI(rs731236) was associated with a 1.33-fold higher risk of caries development than the TC genotype (OR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06–1.67, P = 0.02). On subgroup analysis, the association between TaqI(rs731236) and caries risk was affected by dentition type, and ethnicity (permanent dentition: OR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.07–2.03, P = 0.02; Asian: OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.02–1.87, P = 0.03;). Genotype distributions at BsmI(rs1544410), TaqI/BglI(rs739837), FokI(rs2228570), and ApaI(rs7975232) did not differ significantly between the caries and caries-free groups.ConclusionsCaries risk could be associated with TaqI(rs731236) and FokI(rs10735810) genotypes, and TaqI(rs731236) may be a risk factor for permanent teeth caries among Asian people.

Role of Salivary Protease Enzymatic Activity in Saliva of Children with and without Early Childhood Caries: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide. Early childhood caries is driven by a dysbiotic state of oral microorganisms, mainly caused by a sugar-rich diet. Additionally, poor oral hygiene or insufficient dental plaque removal leads to the rapid progression of ECC. Early childhood caries leads not only to dental destruction and pain in children but also affects the quality of life of the caregivers.Additionally, upon neutrophil activation at inflammatory locations, these proteases are externalized in an active state, aiding in the control of inflammatory and immunological responses. Any enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis reactions is known as a protease. Proteases are produced by human glands or derived from microbes in the oral cavity. Additionally, the oropharyngeal mucosae and crevicular fluids are sources of protease. This study is aimed at the estimation and correlation of salivary protease enzymatic activity in the saliva of children with and without ECC. A total of 50 children were included in the study, which was divided into two groups: group I (caries-active) and group II (caries-free)-each consisting of 25 children. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and subjected to a spectrophotometer for analysis. Salivary protease levels were estimated and correlated between caries-active and caries-free children. The correlation between caries score and salivary protease activity was statistically significant with a moderate correlation. The comparison of mean salivary protease activity between caries-active and caries-free groups was statistically significant. However, the comparison of salivary protease activity based on different age-groups was not statistically significant, whereas gender and caries scores in group A were statistically significant. In conclusion, there is a substantial correlation between salivary protease enzyme levels and the severity of dental caries, and an increase in salivary protease enzyme levels is linked to a considerable rise in caries severity. As a result, prevention may be possible with early detection. Thimmegowda U, Kuri PN, Dhamnekar P. Role of Salivary Protease Enzymatic Activity in Saliva of Children with and without Early Childhood Caries: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):877-880.

Relationship of dietary nutrients with early childhood caries and caries activity among children aged 3–5 years—a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) is a challenge for pediatric dentists all over the world, and dietary factor is an important factor affecting the occurrence of ECC. Currently, there is limited research on the impact of dietary nutrient intake from Chinese diets on ECC. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation of dietary nutrients intake with ECC and caries activity (CA) among children aged 3–5 years, and to provide dietary guidance to slow down the occurrence and development of ECC.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. A total of 155 children were divided into three groups: caries-free group, ECC group and Severe early childhood caries (SECC) group according to the caries statues. And according to the caries activity test (CAT) value, they were also divided into three group: low CA group (L-CA), middle CA group (M-CA) and high CA group (H-CA). The 24-hour dietary intake information was collected by mobile phone application (APP). The intake of children’s daily dietary nutrients were calculated referring to “China Food Composition Tables”.ResultsIn this study, 17, 39,and 99 children were diagnosed with caries-free, ECC, and SECC. There were 33, 36, and 86 children diagnosed with L-CA, M-CA, and H-CA. The risk of ECC was increased with the intake of cholesterol(OR = 1.005) and magnesium (OR = 1.026) and decreased with the intake of iron (OR = 0.770). The risk of SECC was increased with the intake of cholesterol (OR = 1.003). The risk of high CA was increased with the intake of cholesterol (OR = 1.002). The combined application of dietary total calories, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, magnesium and selenium in the diagnosis of ECC had an area under ROC curve of 0.741.ConclusionsThe increased dietary cholesterol intake may be a common risk factor for ECC and high CA in children aged 3–5. The combined application of dietary intake of total calories, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, magnesium and selenium has a higher predictive value for the occurrence of ECC.

Salivary Proteins and Metabolites as Caries Biomarkers in Adolescents.

The identification of salivary molecules that can be associated to dental caries could provide insights about caries risk and offer valuable information to develop caries prediction models. However, the search for a universal caries biomarker has proven elusive due to the multifactorial nature of this oral disease. We have therefore performed a systematic effort to identify caries-associated metabolites and proteins in saliva samples from adolescents that had a caries experience and those that were caries-free. Quantification of approximately 100 molecules was performed by the use of a wide range of techniques, ranging from nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics to ELISA, Luminex or colorimetric assays, as well as clinical features like plaque accumulation and gingival index. In addition, simplified dietary and oral hygiene habits questionnaires were also obtained. The caries-free group had significantly lower consumption of sweetened beverages and higher tooth brushing frequency. Surprisingly, very few compounds were found to individually provide discriminatory power between caries-experienced and caries-free individuals. The data analysis revealed several potential reasons that could underly this lack of association value with caries, including differences in metabolite concentrations throughout the day, a lack of correlation between metabolite concentrations in plaque and saliva, or sex-related differences, among others. However, when multiple compounds were combined by multivariate analysis and random forest modeling, a combination of 3-5 compounds were found to provide good prediction models for morning (with an AUC accuracy of 0.87) and especially afternoon samples (AUC = 0.93). While few salivary biomarkers could differentiate between caries-free and caries-experienced adolescents, a combination of markers proved effective, particularly in afternoon samples. To predict caries risk, these biomarkers should be validated in larger cohorts and longitudinal settings, considering factors such as gender differences, and variations in oral hygiene and diet.

The Prevalence of Candida albicans and Malassezia globosa in Preschool Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries: A Case-Control Study.

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the prevalence of Candida albicans and Malassezia globosa in children with severe early childhood caries and caries-free children in Hong Kong. Methods: This study first recruited a total of 80 children aged between 48 and 72 months old, 40 children with severe early childhood caries, and 40 caries-free children. The children were then further divided into four groups, with 20 children in each group: Group 1: Severe early childhood caries-C. albicans, Group 2: Severe early childhood caries-M. globosa, Group 3: Caries-free-C. albicans and Group 4: Caries-free-M. globosa. Saliva, plaque, and caries lesion samples were collected from participants with severe early childhood caries, while only saliva and plaque samples were collected from caries-free participants. Caries status of the primary molars was assessed using WHO's decayed, missing, and filled tooth index, and the severity of cavitated lesions was determined based on International Caries Diagnosis and Assessment System criteria as caries code 5 or 6. The samples were analyzed using an Internal Transcribed Space and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results:C. albicans was more prevalent in saliva and plaque samples of severe early childhood caries than in the caries-free group. Proportion of C. albicans in both saliva and plaque samples differed significantly between severe early childhood caries and caries-free groups (p < 0.05). Within the severe early childhood caries group, the proportion of children with C. albicans varied between 6 and 46%. No significant difference in M. globosa load was found between plaque samples of the severe early childhood caries and caries-free groups (p = 0.159). Conversely, no significant difference in M. globosa load was observed between saliva samples of severe early childhood caries and caries-free groups (p = 0.051). Conclusions: This study demonstrated a strong association between C. albicans and severe early childhood caries. M. globosa was detected in both the caries-free and severe early childhood caries groups, albeit at low levels.

Quantitative Analysis of Bifidobacterium and Scardovia wiggsiae in Dental Plaque from Children in Northern Thailand and Their Association with Caries Factors

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study were to measurably detect Bifidobacterium and Scardovia wiggsiae in plaque from severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and caries-free children and to analyze the interrelation between these bacteria and clinical caries presentation and caries-related factors assessed by questionnaire. Materials and Methods One-hundred forty supra gingiva plaque samples from children aged between 2 and 5 years were used in this study. There were 70 children in each group. Recorded plaque index, modified gingival index, and decay, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) scores. Parents' attitudes, child's oral hygiene, and diet were assessed by questionnaire. DNA was extracted from plaque samples and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using fluorescent dye was performed. Results Plaque (p &lt; 0.001) and modified gingival indices (p &lt; 0.001) in the S-ECC group were higher than in the caries-free group. Prevalence of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.004) and S. wiggsiae (p &lt; 0.001) in the S-ECC group was higher than in the caries-free group. The numbers of total bacteria (p = 0.003), Bifidobacterium (p &lt; 0.001), and proportion of Bifidobacterium to total bacteria (p &lt; 0.001) were higher in the S-ECC group. Detections of both bacteria, Bifidobacterium + S. wiggsiae (p &lt; 0.001), were higher in the S-ECC group than in the caries-free group. In the S-ECC group, dmft scores (p &lt; 0.001; p = 0.024) and the modified gingiva index (p = 0.004; p = 0.002) were higher in the presence of Bifidobacterium and S. wiggsiae, respectively. In the S-ECC group, the dmft scores (p = 0.005) and modified gingiva index (p = 0.004) were higher in the presence of both Bifidobacterium + S. wiggsiae. There were positive correlations between the Bifidobacterium level (p = 0.003), the proportion of Bifidobacterium to total bacteria (p = 0.017), and S-ECC. The level of Bifidobacterium (p &lt; 0.001) and ratio of Bifidobacterium to total bacteria (p &lt; 0.001) were correlated with the dmft score and modified gingival index in the S-ECC group. From the questionnaire, S-ECC were associated with major caregiver (p = 0.002), parent education levels (p = 0.02), prolonged bottle-feeding (&gt;18 months) (p = 0.015), night-time feeding (p &lt; 0.001), eating cariogenic snacks (p = 0.019), and frequency of dental visits (p = 0.003). Conclusions Levels of total bacteria, Bifidobacterium, S. wiggsiae and plaque, and the modified gingival indices were higher in the S-ECC group. Factors associated with S-ECC included the major caregiver, parent education levels, feeding patterns, cariogenic snacks consumption, and frequency of dental visits.

Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major common problem seen in children and is the most prevalent chronic disease that leads to discomfort, pain, and poor quality of life, affecting the health of children. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a nonspecific phosphomonoesterase that functions through a phosphoery 1 intermediate to produce free inorganic phosphate. It has different isoenzymes produced by different cell types such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages, and fibroblasts within alveolar bone and/or salivary glands. Various studies show that higher ALP activity is related to periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aims to estimate and correlate salivary Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme activity in the saliva of children with and without ECC. A total of 50 children were included in the study, divided into two groups-caries-active and caries-free, each consisting of 25 participants. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and subjected to a spectrophotometer for analysis. ALP enzyme activity levels were estimated and correlated between caries-active and caries-free children. The correlation between caries score and ALP activity was statistically significant, with a moderate correlation. The comparison of mean ALP activity between caries-active and caries-free groups was statistically significant. However, the comparison of ALP based on different age-groups and gender was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between caries scores and the caries-active group. In conclusion, there is a substantial correlation between ALP enzyme levels and the severity of dental caries. An increase in ALP enzyme level is linked to a considerable rise in caries severity. Therefore, prevention may be possible with early detection. Thimmegowda U, Kuri PN. Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):528-531.

Current Status and Family Factors Influencing Caries in the Deciduous Teeth of Children 3-6 Years of Age in Families Residing in Rural Heishanzui Township.

To determine the caries status in children's deciduous teeth and examine the influence of family oral health behaviours on the caries status. This cross-sectional study included 329 children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township, Hebei Province, China, and used a completely random sampling method. These children underwent physical and oral health examinations. The questionnaires were given to the parents and caregivers of the examined children. The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition among children aged 3-6 years was 80.55%, with a dmft index of 4.93. Children in the caries group ate sweets, chocolates, and carbonated drinks more frequently than did children in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). Children in the caries-free group brushed their teeth more frequently, with parents helping their children brush, more often than did those in the caries-affected group (p < 0.05). The level of parental education and annual household income also had statistically significant effects on the prevalence of caries in the two groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of eating sweets was a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth (odds ratio = 2.20; p < 0.05). The prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth among children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township was high. Compared to children in the caries-affected group, the families and children in the caries-free group had better oral hygiene behaviours. Moreover, the frequency of eating sweets was shown to be a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth in children aged 3-6 years.

Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans in adults with and without dental caries.

Dental caries is a multistep process which initiates the development of plaque' defined as a structured biofilm containing microbial communities. Teeth provide unique surfaces for bacterial colonization. Serotypes of Streptococcus mutans implicate the development of dental caries. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and association of serotypes of S. mutans in groups with and without dental caries. One hundred and fifty adults aged between 18 and 35 years were included in the study. Supragingival plaque samples were collected, followed by deoxyribonucleic acid extraction. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify S. mutans and its serotypes. Proportions of S. mutans and its serotypes were correlated with caries-active (CA) and caries-free (CF) groups. CA group showed 66.7% positivity for S. mutans and CF group showed only 42.7% of positivity. Serotype C showed a higher proportion followed by E' F, and K in the CA group, whereas in the CF group, higher proportion was observed with K followed by C' E, and F. 70.8% cases showed single serotype in the CA group and 83.3% in CF group. Multiple serotypes were seen in 29.2% in the CA group and 16.7% in the CF group. The study clearly established variation in proportions of S. mutans and its serotypes between CA and CF groups. Positive correlation was observed in the CA group for S. mutans and its serotypes.

Evaluation of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Level and Its Correlation with Severity of Early Childhood Caries: An Original Research.

Early childhood caries (ECC) remains one of the most prevalent diseases mutilating the primary dentition. It is a multifactorial disease that severely affects the quality of life of affected children. One of the risk indicators reported in the literature is the presence of viable mutans streptococci (MS) and protective factors such as salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Hence, it is important to identify such risks and protective factors associated with ECC using simple yet reliable methods supported by advanced technology and a fully automated platform to improve the results. A retrospective analysis was done on 40 children who were divided into two groups: group I (experimental) and group II (control). Group I comprised 30 healthy children who were further divided into three subgroups of 10 children each. Group IA with decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, extracted, filled teeth (dmft/deft) = 1-2, group IB with dmft/deft = 3-4, group IC with dmft/deft ≥5, and group II, comprising 10 healthy children having no caries by using World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 Oral Health Survey criteria. Unstimulated saliva was collected by drooling saliva into a sterile container. The samples were transported to the central research laboratory for SIgA by the immunoturbidimetry method by a fully automated Abbott Architect c system. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. On comparison of SIgA in between varying severities of dental caries and caries-free children between age-group of 3 and 6 years, it was found to be below the grand median 0.20 mg/mL for subgroups IA and control group II. A significant negative statistical correlation (r = -0.948) was present between the SIgA and varying severities of ECC and the control group. The low dmft/deft group was found to be relatively closer to the caries-free groups as their mean dmft was 1.50, standard deviation (SD) ± 0.53. A slight change in dmft/deft score and SIgA could be used as a potential biomarker for assessing the severity of ECC in children between age-group of 3 and 6 years. Sharma V, Bagchi A, Dutta B, et al. Evaluation of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Level and Its Correlation with Severity of Early Childhood Caries: An Original Research. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):316-320.

The Association Between Vitamin D and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous surveys have reported that children with vitamin D deficiency were likely to suffer from early childhood caries (ECC). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine 1. whether the status of vitamin D is intrinsically related to the occurrence of ECC and 2. the optimal level of vitamin D for the prevention of ECC. The database of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase and Google scholar were searched for targeted literature. The eligibility criteria were observational studies in which children with ECC were compared to children without ECC in terms of their vitamin D status. Applying the Newcastle-Ottawa tool, study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by 2 reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Review Manager 5.4 software. 501 articles were retrieved from the electronic databases; 11 studies were finally included in systematic review, 10 studies of which were submitted to meta-analysis. The 25(OH)D levels in the ECC group were statistically significantly lower compared with that in the caries-free group (WMD = -13.96, 95% CI: [-19.88,-8.03], p < 0.001), especially in regard to the association between S-ECC and vitamin D (WMD = -18.64, 95% CI: [-20.06,-17.22], p < 0.001). The subgroup analyses in terms of geographical region demonstrated that children with a level of 25(OH)D of 50-75 nmol/l were more likely to have ECC than those with over 75 nmol/l (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: [1.26,1.60], p < 0.001), with data from Asia and Europe combined for analysis Conclusions: The level of vitamin D was lower in children with ECC than in caries-free children, and the correlation between S-ECC and vitamin D was even stronger. The optimal 25(OH)D level for preventing occurrence and development of ECC was ≥ 75 nmol/l. Thus, clinicians should view the development of early caries also from a systemic perspective.

The Effect of Salivary Zinc Concentration in Dental Caries Experience

This study was aimed to investigated the relationship between caries experience and Zinc concentration in salivary supernatant. Materials and methods: This study was done on Forty healthy-looking dental students in Tikrit University, with age range between 19-24 years, stimulated mixed saliva were collected from them and the supernatant part of it were subjected to analysis by Atomic Spectrophotometer in analytical center of chemical engineering college/ Tikrit University, to estimate Zinc concentration. Assessment of caries prevalence was carried out by clinical examination using DMFT and DMFS indices. Zinc concentration and dental caries experience took place in relation to gender.The result showed that the Zinc level in saliva of caries experience group was 76.6±20.6 ng/ml, while that of caries free group was 72.6±32.3 ng/ml. The total mean of saliva Zinc concentration in saliva of males in both gr oups was higher than females.Saliva zinc concentrati on was higher in individuals with caries free when compared with individuals having caries experience. The severity of dental ca ries was associated with the increasing salivary zinc concentrat ion. There was significant differences between the salivary zinc concentration in both sexes. Males in both groups having higher salivary zinc concentration than that in females.

Potential role of salivary vitamin D antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and interleukins in severity of dental caries: an exvivo study

IntroductionVitamin D performs various functions as a hormone by promoting calcium absorption but plays a major role in innate immunity,cell differentiation, cell maturation through its genomic effects via vitamin D receptor. The immune response also plays a major role in tooth surface and supporting structure destruction and playing a major factor in high caries formation. The inflammatory cytokines are released has proinflammatory cytokines and stimulate cells in disease process. Therefore, in the present study we have evaluated the association of salivary vitamin D, LL-37, interleukins 6 and 17A in various levels of severity of dental caries.MethodEthical approval was obtained (NU/CEC/2020/0339), 377 individuals reporting to department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, AB Shetty memorial institute of dental sciences were included based on inclusion criteria. The individuals were further divided into caries free(N = 105) and caries active(N = 272) based on their caries prevalence. The salivary were collected and evaluated for vitamin D, LL-37,IL-17A and IL-6.Results were statistically analysed with SPSS vs 22 (IBM Corp, USA). Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± SD. Skewed data were expressed as median and interquartile range. To compare (mean) outcome measures between the two groups unpaired independent t-test was applied and for values in median IQR, Mann Whitney U test was used. All statistical analysis for P value were two-sided and significance was set to P ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe study showed that, the salivary vitamin D statistically decreased with increasing severity of caries which showed that vitamin D plays an important role in prevention of caries. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was higher in caries free group but was not statistically significant, salivary IL-6 level was higher in caries active group but intergroup comparison did not show significant difference. Salivary IL-17A did not show statistically significant between caries active and caries free group.ConclusionThe salivary levels of vitamin D may play a vital role in prevalence of dental caries and its severity which can be a underlying cause in presence of other etiological factors.

Association between Serum Iron, Serum Ferritin Levels, and Severe Early Childhood Caries: A Case-Control Study.

The presence of extensive dental caries leads to pain, inflammation, and discomfort and hence interferes with their nutritional intake, which includes iron deficiency anemia. This study was undertaken to determine whether any correlation exists between severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), serum iron, and serum ferritin levels in children. A total of 688 children were examined in the age-group of 2-6 years, and 82 children who fulfilled the selection criteria were equally divided into group I, that is, case group (carious group n = 41) and group II, that is, control group (caries-free group n = 41), on the basis of decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) scores. All the selected children in both groups underwent blood investigations through phlebotomy for assessment of serum iron and serum ferritin levels. The mean values of variables, that is, hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), are lower in the case group when compared to control group. The differences observed were statistically significant in case of dmft and UIBC values at p < 0.05 but not significant in cases of other variables like Hb, serum iron, serum ferritin, and TIBC values. An inverse relationship was found between S-ECC, serum iron, and serum ferritin levels, but the evidence is still inconclusive. Atri Y, Garg N, Pathivada L, et al. Association between Serum Iron, Serum Ferritin Levels, and Severe Early Childhood Caries: A Case-Control Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S288-S292.

Salivary antioxidents in relation to caries severity among a group of young adults

Background: Saliva represents the body's stages of toxicological, hormonal, immunological, and markers of many infectious disease and disorders, so that it's an ideal tool for monitoring oral and systemic health.&#x0D; Antioxidants help the body's defensive system by reducing oxidative stress.&#x0D; &#x0D; Aims of the study: The study was directed to estimate the carious lesion experience (DMFS) in relation to salivary superoxide dismutase and total protein among adults by age and gender.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and methods: Caries experiences was assessed according to DMFS index, after investigation eighty peoples of an age 19-22 years for both genders. Stimulated salivary samples were together and chemically assessed to detect selected salivary antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, total protein), under standardized condition. Total protein and superoxide dismutase were measured by spectrophotometric examination.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: With not-significant differences, total protein was found to be higher in the caries active group than in the caries free group, but salivary superoxide dismutase was the opposite. with statistically not-significant differences, females had a greater average of the salivary total protein than men, whereas men had a greater average of salivary superoxide dismutase than females. the first group (19-20 years) had a not-significant greater average salivary total protein and salivary superoxide dismutase than the second group (21-22 years).&#x0D; Conclusion: Salivary superoxide dismutase is the important factor in dental caries prevention. As a result, alterations in salivary content are crucial in the development and progression of dental caries.

Association between Candida albicans and childhood dental caries in Japanese children

IntroductionThe possible association between Candida carriage in children and childhood caries has not been elucidated in the Japanese population. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, maternal relatedness, and genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in this population. Materials and methodsWe collected dental plaque samples from 55 mother-child pairs in the Caries group and 25 pairs in the caries-free (CF) group to analyze microbial data (carriage and viable counts), focusing on Streptococcus mutans and C. albicans. Clinically isolated 118 Candida strains were further evaluated using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. ResultsA higher C. albicans carriage rate was observed in the Caries pairs (25.5 % in children, 47.3 % in mothers) than in CF pairs (0 % in children, 24.0 % in mothers). The viable counts of S. mutans were significantly higher in the Caries group than in the CF group (p < 0.05). In addition, S. mutans counts positively correlated with C. albicans counts in the dental plaque of caries-affected children (r = 0.549). Almost all Candida-positive children (92.9 %) were diagnosed with severe early childhood caries, and 79.7 % of Candida isolates from the mother-child pairs were similar at the strain level. C. albicans genotype A was the most predominant (70.6 %) strain, followed by genotype D (17.6 %) in dental plaques from children in the Caries group. ConclusionsThe presence of C. albicans is a risk factor for childhood caries in a Japanese population. Our findings provide new insights into maternal-child oral health instructions based on microbial factors associated with dental caries.

Relationship between the salivary concentrations of proteinase-3 and interleukin-8 and severe early childhood caries.

Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a multifactorial transmissible infectious disease continuing to affect infants and toddlers worldwide. Saliva plays a modulatory role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. The present study aimed to assess the salivary levels of proteinase-3 (PR3) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) as pro-inflammatory cytokines related to the function of neutrophils in association with S-ECC and its treatment. Fifty children aged 36-60 months were recruited (25 caries-free controls and 25 S-ECC patients). Saliva sampling was performed in all participants. In the S-ECC group, sampling was repeated 6-8 weeks after restorative treatment. The salivary concentrations of PR3 and IL-8 were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, the independent t test, and the paired t test were applied at p < 0.05. The baseline salivary concentrations of PR3 and IL-8 in the S-ECC group were significantly higher than in the caries-free group (p < 0.001). A significant reduction occurred in the levels of these cytokines following restorative treatment in the S-ECC group (p < 0.001), although they were still significantly higher than in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). The salivary levels of PR3 and IL-8 were significantly affected by the presence of dental caries in children, implying their potential efficiency as non-invasive indicators in the determination of the caries risk and treatment effectiveness.

Use of oral nutritional supplements in irradiated patients with head and neck cancer.

Malnutrition is common among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and associated with poorer outcomes. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are often prescribed, with concerns raised about their cariogenicity. This study examined ONS use and caries experience in patients with HNC 12 months post-diagnosis. Fifty-four patients with HNC referred for pre-radiotherapy dental assessment were recruited. Data collected included: age, gender, residential postcode, smoking, alcohol use, HNC characteristics, dental history, oral hygiene habits, dietary advice and ONS use. Data was collected at diagnosis, during radiotherapy and 6 weeks, three, six- and 12-monthspost-treatment completion. Fifty-one subjects completed the study. 76.5% of the participants used ONS for an average of 13.8 weeks. Caries developed in 22.9% of ONS users and 11.1% of non-users (p = 0.6585). The mean overall duration of ONS use was 18.7 weeks for the caries group and 8.5 weeks for the caries-free group (p = 0.1507). Lack of collaboration and disconnection was noted between dietary advice given by dieticians and dentists. ONS use is common among patients with HNC. Larger studies are needed to establish the reasons for caries development and impacts of ONS use on oral health. Importance of multidisciplinary management of malnutrition is highlighted.

Association between dermatoglyphics and dental caries among children aged 6 to 12 years old

Background: There is a relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and oral diseases. This study aimed to compare the rate of dermatoglyphic patterns between the caries-active group and the caries-free group. Method: The study was performed on 371 children aged 6 - 12 years at Khe Tre Town primary school, Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province. The children were examined and assessed for the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. The fingerprints of both the caries-active group and the caries-free group were recorded and then classified and compared between the two groups. Results: The frequency of whorls was found to be more in the caries-active group and the frequency of loops was more in the caries-free group. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphic patterns may be used as a non-invasive tool for screening of early dental caries and guiding future research Key words: dermatoglyphics; the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index; dental caries.

Multiomics analysis reveals the genetic and metabolic characteristics associated with the low prevalence of dental caries

ABSTRACT Background Despite poor oral hygiene, the Baiku Yao (BKY) ethnic group in China presents a low prevalence of dental caries, which may be related to genetic susceptibility. Due to strict intra-ethnic marriage rule, this ethnic has an advantage in studying the interaction between genetic factors and other regulatory factors related to dental caries. Methods Peripheral blood from a caries-free adult male was used for whole genome sequencing, and the BKY assembled genome was compared to the Han Chinese genome. Oral saliva samples were collected from 51 subjects for metabolomic and metagenomic analysis. Multiomics data were integrated for combined analysis using bioinformatics approaches. Results Comparative genomic analysis revealed the presence of structural variations in several genes associated with dental caries. Metabolomic and metagenomic sequencing demonstrated the caries-free group had significantly higher concentration of antimicrobials and higher abundance of core oral health-related microbiota. The functional analysis indicated that cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway were enriched in the caries-free group. Conclusions Our study provided new insights into the specific regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the low prevalence of dental caries in the specific population and may provide new evidence for the genetic diagnosis and control of dental caries.