Carica Pubescens Research Articles

The Effect of Carica pubescens Seeds Ethanol Extract on Lymphocyte Count and Paw Edema in Male White Swiss Webster Mice

Inflammation is a natural tissue response to infection in the body. The potential anti-inflammatory effect of secondary metabolites in carica seeds has been overlooked. This study aimed to investigate and develop the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of carica seeds (Carica pubescens) against foot edema and lymphocyte count in male white mice. Bioactive carica seeds were extracted using the maceration method with 70 % ethanol solvent. The identification of secondary metabolites was conducted using the thin-layer chromatography method. Treatments were administered to six groups: the negative control group (sick), solvent control, positive control with Diclofenac Sodium, and three doses of the ethanol extract of carica seeds (cS) at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). Edema was induced using intraplantar 1 % carrageenan on the soles of mice, and lymphocyte count was determined by blood sampling from the lateral tail vein using a hematology analyzer. Carica seeds doses of 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the positive control Diclofenac Sodium (p 0.05). Variations in CS doses influenced the lymphocyte count at the 3rd and 6th hours. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of carica seeds exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in male white mice induced by 1 % carrageenan, reducing edema thickness and affecting leukocyte count.

Land management and factors influencing agroforestry adoption on potato farmlands in the Dieng Plateau, Indonesia

Abstract. Pujiwinarko A, Soeprobowati TR, Kismartini. 2024. Land management and factors influencing agroforestry adoption on potato farmlands in the Dieng Plateau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2623-2641. The Dieng area in Indonesia has long experienced agricultural land degradation, and intensive potato monoculture farming is one of the leading causes. Vegetative-based programs such as agroforestry have been implemented, but the level of adoption still needs to improve. This research aims to evaluate land management systems and analyze practices and the factors influencing agroforestry adoption of potato farming land in Dieng. We surveyed 260 potato farmers and interviewed 12 Key Informant Interviews (KII). Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression, descriptive statistics, and narrative approaches. Our research found changes in how potato farmers manage land regarding planting frequency and mulch use. The combination of potatoes and MPTS (Multi-Purpose Tree Species) is the plant composition most commonly found in agroforestry practices. Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are the vegetables that farmers most often plant when rotating potato crops. Mountain pine (Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.) and Carica (Carica pubescens (A.DC.) Lenne & K.Koch) are the species of trees and MPTS most commonly found in the fields of potato farmers who adopt agroforestry. Farmers maintain MPTS and trees on their land due to their suitability with main food crops and economic considerations. Several factors, including the species of energy source, use of mulch, frequency of potato planting, perception of disasters, farmer interest, prices, markets, the experience of vegetative activities, and government policy, significantly influence agroforestry adoption. Considering local agricultural systems, including the presence of principal crops and their management on the land, socio-economic and farmers' perspectives are essential to further increase agroforestry adoption in Dieng.

Effectiveness of Carica (Carica pubescens) marinade on buffalo meat physicochemical

Abstract Carica (Carica pubescens) is a type of mountain papaya that contains the enzyme papain and is proteolytic. Carica fruit also contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins that have antibacterial properties. Buffalo meat has a rough texture, is tough, dark red, and has a distinctive flavour. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Carica marination on the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. This study used a completely randomised design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. The treatments in the study consisted of C0: without Carica marination, C1: buffalo meat marination using 15% Carica, C2: buffalo meat marination using 30% Carica, and C3: buffalo meat marination using 45% Carica. The results showed that marinating buffalo meat using Carica had a very significant effect (P˂0.01) on pH and tenderness and a significant effect (P˂0.05) on protein content, moisture content and cooking shrinkage. The best treatment was sample C2 with pH 5.65, cooking loss 26.3%, moisture content 69.3%, protein content 20.8% and tenderness 0.0560 mm/g/s. This study concluded that 30% Carica marinade effectively improves the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. Carica can potentially develop as a tenderiser in the meat product industry in a sustainable manner.

Characteristics of Fruit Leather with Proportion of Carica Puree (Carica pubescens) : Lime Juice (Citrus aurantifolia) and Carrageenan and Their Shelf Life Estimation

Fruit leather is a delectable treat crafted from pureed and dehydrated fruit. Carica fruit (Carica pubescens) contains fiber and pectin, which are requirements for making fruit leather. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) was added as an acid in the gel formation. The addition of carrageenan is expected to improve the plasticity of fruit leather. One of the qualities of fruit leather is determined by its shelf life. This study seeks to assess the physicochemical and organoleptic attributes of carica and lime fruit leather, as well as to analyze the estimation of shelf life resulting from the optimal treatment. Factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was utilized in the study. Factor I involved the ratio of carica puree to lime juice (95:5, 90:10, 85:15), while factor II consisted of different carrageenan concentrations (0,3%, 0,6%, 0,9%) with two replications. The results were documented in English. The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a significance level of 5%. The most effective treatment was found to be a blend of 95% carica puree to 5% lime juice, combined with 0.9% carrageenan. The test results revealed a moisture content of 15,33%, crude fiber content of 2,55%, pH level of 4.65, tensile strength of 4,45 N, vitamin C concentration of 12,20 mg/100g, antioxidant activity of 25,23%, color intensity of 3,24 (neutral), aroma profile of 3,04 (neutral), taste rating of 4,00 (like), texture score of 3,12 (neutral), total dietary fiber content of 4,45%, and an estimated shelf life of 70 days at 10⁰C (under refrigeration), 10 days at 30⁰C (at room temperature), and 3 days at 50⁰C.

Physicochemical characterization of andean papaya in southern Peru

The Andean papaya (Carica pubescens) is an underexplored fruit with significant agro-industrial potential due to its unique characteristics and non-seasonal production. This study aimed to characterize Andean papaya produced by the “Asociación de Productores de Papaya Andina Orgánica de la Provincia de Sandia” (ASPPAO) in Peru. Random samples were analyzed one-day post-harvest to assess weight distribution, physicochemical properties, and color. Results indicated an average fruit weight of 192.26 ± 19.86 g, with a distribution of 56.62% mesocarp, 26.73% endocarp (including 5.61% seeds and 21.12% mucilage), and 16.65% peel. The endocarp, which is the most used part for processing, had a favorable proportion and high value compared to other fruits. The fruit had an average width of 93.18 ± 9.36 mm, height of 69.61 ± 9.55 mm, and volume of 220.50 ± 35.39 cm³, showing variation due to size differences between fruits. Each fruit contained an average of 150.10 ± 19.93 seeds, with a texture of 9.52 ± 2.28 kg/cm², a mesocarp thickness of 11.57 ± 1.30 mm, and a pH of 4.75 ± 0.71. The color analysis revealed that the peel was yellow, the pulp slightly yellow, the mucilage values close to white, and the seeds light brown. The fruit had a low total solids content and titratable acidity expressed in vitamin C with a maturity index of 14.37 ± 3.29. Additionally, chemical differences were observed between the pulp and mucilage, with the latter having higher values of total solids and titratable acidity and slightly more acidic pH values. Further studies are necessary to investigate the chemical content of this product and its potential health effects.

Productivity, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Local Lambs Fed with Carica pubescens Seeds Meal

Productivity, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Local Lambs Fed with Carica pubescens Seeds Meal

CHARACTERISTICS OF NATA FROM CARICA (Carica Pubescens) EXTRACT WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUM AND FERMENTATION TIME

Nata de carica is a product of the innovation of fermentation of carica fruit (Carica pubescens) with the use of Acetobacter xylinum as a culture. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of Acetobacter xylinum starter concentrations and fermentation time on the physical characteristics (chewiness, color, thickness, yield), chemical (crude fiber content, water content) and organoleptic (descriptive test) of nata de carica. The experimental design was used factorial design with two factors, Acetobacter xylinum starter concentration (10%, 15% and 20%) and fermentation time (7 days and 14 days). The results showed that there was a relationship between thickness, yield, chewiness and crude fiber, the thicker the nata, the greater the yield, chewiness and crude fiber. The best results of nata de carica treatment was treatment with 20% Acetobacter xylinum concentration and 14 days of fermentation time with a thickness value of 6.29 mm, a yield value of 41.04%, a texture value (efficiency) of 521.27 g/mm, crude fiber value of 1.05%, a color value of L* 50.36, a value of a*-1.87, a b* -3.93 and water content of 98.86%. The results of the research can be concluded that the starter concentration and the fermentation time influence the physical and chemical properties of the nata de carica produced.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles with Bioreductor Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) Seed Extract

Secondary metabolite compounds in plants act as bioreductors in the metal reduction process and complement inorganic reductants. This study studied the characteristics of copper nanoparticles using Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) seed extract. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was carried out using the green synthesis method by reducing CuSO4 10 mM with distilled water extract from Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) seeds. The Synthesis was carried out with the ratio of the composition of the extract and CuSO4 solution 1:3 at pH 10. Nanoparticles were then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) instruments. The characterization results using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer showed a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength of 535 nm; the wavelength is included in the wavelength range of copper nanoparticles, which ranges from 500-700 nm. The particle size distribution analyzed using PSA shows an average size of 14.49 nm; this size is included in the range of nanoparticle sizes, which is between 1-100 nm, thus proving that nanoparticles have been successfully formed, the Poly Dispersity Index (PDI) value obtained is 0.1943 which indicates that the nanoparticle sample is categorized as homogeneous so that it has uniform size uniformity.

Growth and Yield of Intercropping between Carica (Carica pubescens) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) and Leeks (Allium fistulosum L.)

Carica pubescens needs a climate and edapic environment similar to that of its native Dieng plains in order to thrive. Due to these circumstances, measures must be taken to facilitate its diffusion. Another option is transplanting to regions with nearly identical edaphic and climatic characteristics. The growth of C. pubescens planted in monoculture and intercropping, as well as the degree of crop competition in intercropping and the effectiveness of the land used, the slopes of Mount Lawu are advised for transplant. The study's planting treatments were as follows: (1) C. pubescens monoculture; (2) Sweet Potato Monoculture; (3) C. pubescens and Sweet Potato Combination; (4) Leek Monoculture; and (5) C. pubescens and Scallions Combination. The study was set up in a randomized block design (RBD) with five replications. The ANOVA analysis of the growth characteristics, which comprised planting height, leaf area, and the number of leaves, was then proceeded using Duncan's test at the 5% level. Utilize the competition ratio (CR) formula to determine plant competition and the land equivalent ratio (LER) formula to determine productivity. The number of leaves parameter in the C. pubescens and sweet potato combination indicated a significant difference in the results. When grown alongside sweet potatoes, C. pubescens tends to be less competitive, with plant height values of 0.86: 1.27, 0.83: 1.72 for leaves, and 0.94: 1.10 for leaf area. The intercropping system is more lucrative with a value of plant height: 1.84, number of leaves: 1.89, and leaf area: 1.99 compared to plant height: 2, number of leaves: 2, and leaf area: 2, 25.

Hepatoprotective effect of Carica pubescens juice and rutin through improving the Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) pathway in type 2 diabetes Mellitus Wistar Rats

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) results in disturbing glucose transport into the cells and increases glucose production in the liver and exacerbates hyperglycemia. It is also correlated with a decrease of adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase (AMPK) expression that has effects on insulin resistance aggravation, antioxidant capacity impairment, and glucose-lipid homeostasis disturbance indicates AMPK as a significant target for type 2 DM prevention and treatment. The flavonoid content of Carica pubescens (CP) fruit contains anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties, however, there is no study about its effect on AMPK expression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CP fruit juice and rutin on preventing liver damage in type 2 DM through the pathway of AMPK, superoxide dismutase (SOD), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG). The experimental design was a post-test only control group. The immunohistochemical method was used to examine AMPK expression in 25 liver paraffin blocks from five groups of male Wistar rats: C1 = negative control; C2 = type 2 DM; C3 and C4 = type 2 DM given fruit juice at a dosage of 4 g CP/200 g BW/day and 8 g CP/200 g BW/day, respectively; and C5 = type 2 DM given rutin 10 mg/200 g BW/day, for 30 days treatment. AMPK expression in the liver significantly increased in the C3, C4, and C5 compared to the C2 group (p<0.05). There was no significant variation in AMPK expression among C3, C4, or C5, showing that C1 possesses the same capabilities as C4 and C5 groups. The increase in AMPK expression was followed by SOD and HDL levels and lower TG levels. However, a significant correlation was shown in the TG level only. This indicates CP fruit juice and rutin can act as a hepatoprotective to prevent liver damage through the AMPK pathway due to type 2 DM conditions.

Effect of Roasting Process on Antioxidant Activity of Carica Seeds Coffee (Carica pubescens)

Carica seeds (Carica pubescens), one of the diversification of coffee drinks, served as antioxidants. The roasting process generated degradation of secondary metabolic compounds but produced Maillard reactions products (MRPs). The study aimed to determine the effect of the roasting process on the antioxidant activity of Carica coffee beans and its correlation to the Maillard reaction. The samples roasting temperatures were 100–115, 150–165, and 200–215 °C. The samples were analyzed for proximate, total phenolic, antioxidant, and FTIR. The moisture and ash content of dry seeds were according to SNI 01-2907-2008. The total phenolic content was 3.21–8.99 µgGAE/g, with the highest contents at 200–215 °C. The antioxidant activity was 83–459.67 ppm AEAC. The high phenolic content and antioxidant at 200–215 °C were thought to come from MRPs compounds. The FTIR spectra showed stretching of OH, C=C (aromatic), C=N, C=O, and C-OH (phenol). The spectrum intensity weakened at higher temperatures. However, only the nC–H stretching at 200–215 °C became stronger. The Cluster Ward analysis showed resemblance spectra at roasting temperature levels of 100–115 and 150–165 °C. The roasting process affected the antioxidant activity of Carica coffee beans, thereby increasing the roasting temperature level. This condition resulted in higher levels of antioxidants.

Nematodes associated with andean papaya (Carica pubescens L.) in Sandia, Puno, Peru

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause 14 % of annual losses in different crops in the world and there are more than 35 genera of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with the rhizosphere of the papaya crop (Carica spp.), being the most important the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp). The present study aimed to carry out the morphological identification of the genera of nematodes associated with the cultivation of Andean papaya (Carica pubescens), in Sandia district, Puno, Perú. One-hundred and fifty-five soil and roots samples from eight communities were evaluated. The samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution and subsequent identification of the nematodes at the genus level, using the dichotomous key of Mai and Mullin. We found the genus Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema, Apelenchus, Dorilaymus, Tylenchus, Xiphinema, Mononchus, Discocriconemella, Trichodorus and other unidentified free-living nematodes. This information may allow the design of an integrated nematode management plan in Andean papaya crops.

Optimasi Formula Dan Uji Deskriptif Kuantitatif Minuman Jeli Carica Rendah Kalori

Carica fruit (Carica pubescens, Lenne) which is a unique-typical fruit and well listed as a geographical indication product of Wonosobo region Indonesia has high content of vitamin C and potassium (50-100 mg / 100g; 125 ppm). The basic formula (control) consisted of puree and filtrate carica 22.88%, kappa-carrageenan 0.11%, agar 0.08%, konjak glukomanan 0.11%, citric acid 0.08%, sucrose 15.26% and water up to 100%, respectively. The results showed that: 1) the formula with desirability value 0.91 consisting of puree: filtrate = 10,85: 14,5% and sucrose: low-calorie sugar brand X = 7,13: 1.4% resulted in maximum sensory response (sensory score range 1-9) of preference (score 5.5), in range response of elasticity and sweetness (score 5.9 and 5.4); 2) Compared to control, the optimum formula has higher sensory score of fruity flavor, sour aroma, acid taste, and softness (mouthfeel), while texture (springinss and rigidity), sweetness aroma and taste has no different; 3) The optimum formula has similar in hedonic preference with control; 4) Carica jelly drinks with optimum formula has lower carbohydrate, sugar, and energy values (13.59 and 7.4%wb; 40.52Kcal/100g, respectively) than controls (20.37 and 17.42 % wb; 83,16Kcal/100g, respectively).

MARKETING CHANNELS ANALYSIS OF CARICA (Carica Pubescens) FARMING IN KEJAJAR DISTRICT, WONOSOBO REGENCY

The main problem of Carica farming in Kejajar District was the differences in farmers' prices in the collection and processing Carica fruit industry. The product marketed by the farmers was fresh Carica fruit and information about the minimum selling price caused them to be unable to determine the right institution. These problems affected Carica's marketing channel, leading to market inefficiencies. This study's place was selected purposively in Kejajar District, Wonosobo Regency, with the consideration that Kejajar Subdistrict is a Carica center with a production of 4,589 tons (68%) of the total Carica production in Wonosobo Regency. The research was conducted from October - November 2020. The Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) method was used to analyze the marketing channels. The results of the marketing channel analysis show that the market structure formed at the farm level was in the form of a purely competitive market, and at the trader level, the market structure was formed by oligopoly. There were six Carica-marketing channels with cash payment systems, and the merchant determined the purchase price. The highest farmer’s share and profit to cost ratio was channel I (farmer → processing industry) and VI (farmer → village collector → processing industry). The marketing efficiency analysis results show that the marketing of Carica was inefficient because the farmer's share at four marketing channels received by farmers was still less than 40%. Keywords: Carica (Carica pubescens), farming, marketing channels, marketing efficiency, SCP

Carica pubescens fruit juice reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus Wistar rats

Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can cause several complications due to organ dysfunctions. Carica pubescens (CP) is a typical fruit from Dieng Plateau, Indonesia which contains some rutin that is kind of flavonoid. It is well known that flavonoid acts as anti-inflammation and anti-hyperglycemic which is useful for T2DM conditions. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of CP fruit juice on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in rats induced by HFD-STZ, with rutin as a control. The design of this study was a randomized post-test only control group design. A total of twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: K- = normal group; K+ = diabetic group; X1 and X2 = diabetic groups that received CP fruit juice 4 mL/200 g BW/day and 8 mL/200 g BW/day; X3 = diabetic group that received rutin 10 mL/200 g BW/day. The treatments were administered orally for 30 days. TNF-α and FBG levels were measured using ELISA and GOD-PAP method respectively. The results showed that TNF-α and FBG levels were significantly decreased in the treatment groups (X1, X2, X3) compared with the K+ group (p<0,05). Also, there was no significant difference in TNF-α and FBG levels between group X2 and X3, indicating that CP fruit juice 8 mL/200 g BW/day has a similar ability with rutin 10 mg/200 g BW/day. It can be concluded that CP fruit juice can be a recommended fruit juice for a diabetic condition by reducing TNF-α and FBG levels.

In vitro embryogenic callus induction of Carica pubescens Lenne and K.Koch using 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid) and BAP (6-Benzylaminopurin)

Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch has benefits as a producer of medicinal compounds. Propagation of C. pubescens is important to be done through in vitro embryogenic callus culture. This research aimed to determine the effect of 2,4-D growth regulators, 2,4-D and BAP interactions on the induction of embryogenic callus C. pubescens Lenne & K. Koch. This research is experimental, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 25 treatments and 5 replications. Embryonic callus was induced by various concentration of 2,4 D (0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7.5 mg/L, and 1 mg/L) in combination with BAP (0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 7.5 mg/L, and 1 mg/L). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (p>0.05). The result showed that the addition of 2,4 D and BAP as a growth regulator gave an effect on embryonic callus. Concentration of 7.5 mg/L 2,4 D and 0.5 mg/L BAP in callus 19 days after planting showed the most effective interaction of both inductors. The combination produced callus fresh weight at 1.09 g and 99% in percentage of explant callus area. Morphological and anatomical observations showed the characteristic of embryogenic callus as indicated by yellowish, textured callus friable, having a large core and containing starch grains also plastids.

Formulasi sabun karika (Carica pubescens) sebagai sabun kecantikan dan kesehatan

Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids that are used as a body cleansing agent, in the form of solid, foam, with or without other additives and does not cause irritation to the skin. To improve quality, bath soap can be given additional ingredients that contain vitamins and various nutrients needed by the skin such as the addition of extracts of karika fruit (Carica pubescens). The purpose of this research is to find out the right formulation in making karika soap. This research used an experimental method with randomized block design (RCBD), consisting of two factorial variations in the concentration of karika juice (0%, 100%, 80%, 60%) and variations in the concentration of NaOH (30%, 35%, and 40% ) so that 12 treatments were obtained each with 3 replications. The process of making soap uses the hot process method. Soap quality analysis is carried out by comparing the results of chemical tests for karika soap with SNI 06-3532-1994 (SNI for solid bath soap), foam stability test, soap hardness, and organoleptic test. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 5%. If an effect is found on one of the variebel, a further Tukey test is performed. The results showed that the water content, pH, and free alkali did not meet SNI, while the amount of fatty acids and mineral oil was in accordance with SNI, the significant difference between treatments was only in the water content. Karika soap has abundant and stable foam. The higher concentration of karika juice make the lower hardness of the soap. Organoleptic test results showed a low level of preference for panelists on karika soap products. The suggestion from this research is that karika juice can be tried to applied it in the liquid bath.

The potency of carica (Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch) seed extract as repellent agent against mosquito vector of dengue (Aedes aegypti Linn.)

The spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in some countries around the world is related to the presence of its primary vector, Aedes aegypti. Prevention is generally carried out with the use of chemical insecticides but due to its negative impact, research in bio-insecticides needs to be done. One is in the form of mosquito repellent. This study aimed to determine the percentage repellency from carica (Carica pubescens) seed extract from the value of ED50 and ED99 as a repellent against Ae. aegypti and to identify the content of the compounds by using GC-MS analysis. Carica seed was collected from Dieng Plateu, Wonosobo District, Indonesia. Carica seed extract was made using maceration method with methanol solvents. The doses of extract given to the volunteer’s arm were 0.3, 1, 1.67, 2.33, and 3 mg/cm2, according to the standard set by WHO. Data were processed using IBM SPSS 23 application with a 95% confidence value. The result showed that carica seed extracts have percentage repellency with 48 ± 0.24, 51 ± 0.34%, 60 ± 0.16%, 68 ± 0.21%, respectively, from the smallest dose given. Statistically, there were no significant differences between all doses tested. Carica seed extract had an ED50 value of 5.241 mg/cm2 and ED99 value of 99.042 mg/cm2. The GC-MS test results showed that carica seed extract predominantly contained oleic acid and palmitic acid which were suspected to act as repellent agents against Ae. aegypti, and some other important compounds.

Formula optimization of functional beverage made from Carica seeds

Cheese Carica fruit (Carica pubescens, Lenne) is a geographical indication product of Wonosobo District. Usually, Carica fruit is processed into cocktails before consumption. Carica seeds are one of the wastes produced from the processing of cocktails. Research on processing Carica seeds has never been done. Carica seeds can be processed into ready-to-drink beverages through the fermentation process of seeds with commercial inoculums containing microorganisms and mixing with other ingredients such as jackfruit (in the form of dried jackfruit powder). This study was aimed to 1) determine the appropriate fermentation method to produce Carica seeds with high content of phenol and antioxidants; 2) optimizing the fermentation time of Carica seeds and the proportion between Carica seeds and jackfruit to produce a beverage that has a sensory responses, i.e. overall acceptability (maximum), fruity flavor (maximum), bitter taste (minimum) and after taste (minimum); 3) examine the sensory characteristics of product with optimum formula by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) used 15 cm unstructured scale; 4) examine the physicochemical properties of product with optimum formula. The study of determination of Carica seed fermentation methods and the physicochemical properties of the product was carried out 2 times and the data were analyzed by Ms. Excel 2010. Formula optimization was done by surface response methodology with a central composite design using Design Expert V.7 software (for trial). The sensory responses were tested by 10 trained panelists with rating method using 9 intensity scales. The results showed that: 1) Solid-state fermentation method with a proportion of 0.2% commercial inoculum resulted in Carica seed powder which had the highest phenol and antioxidant content compared to other methods (0.27 and 86.17%, respectively); 2) Formula with 0.9 of desirability value consisting of 75 hours of fermentation time, 72% of Carica seeds powder and 28% of jackfruit powder produce beverage with actual rating score (range = 1–9) of overall acceptability, fruity flavor, bitter taste, and after taste i.e 8.23, 7.76, 4.41, 3.79, respectively. Compared to control (a beverage made from 100% Carica seeds without fermentation), the optimum product has a stronger fruity flavor and sweet taste and a weaker in a bitter taste. Products with optimum formula preferred by 25 semi-trained panelists and have a higher content of antioxidant, phenol, vitamin C, sugar, potassium than control, i.e 89.21% db, 0.35% db, 135.25 mg/100 g db, 10.94% db, 90.65 ppm, and 51.66 ppm, respectively. (slightly favourable).

PENGARUH BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BIJI KARIKA (Carica pubescens) TERHADAP KEMATIAN LARVA NYAMUK Culex sp

Filariasis transmitted by vector mosquito Culex sp is one health problem in Bandung. Prevention efforts need to be done either by controlling mosquito larvae Culex sp using nabati larvicides such as karika seed extract (Carica pubescens). Karika chemical content in seeds consisting of saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids which cytotoxic effect against mosquito larvae Culex sp. This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of karika seed extract (Carica pubescens) on the death of the mosquito larvae Culexsp.The research is a field-scale experiments. The population in this study are all the larvae of Culex sp were bred at the Laboratory School of Biological Sciences and Technology ITB and the sample in this study the majority of mosquito larvae Culex sp with a sample size of 475 individuals. The sampling technique in this research is purposive sampling. This research data collection techniques are observation and measurement. Data collected include the number of larva Culex sp mortality,the results of measurements of air temperature, air humidity, water temperature and pH of the water. The data obtained and analyzed using univariate and bivariate using test, Kruskal-Wallis t test andtest. Mann Whitney Results showed the number of larvae of death Culex sp at a concentration of 0.2% on average 14 individuals (54%), at a concentration of 0.3%, an average of 19 individuals (76%) and at a concentration of 0.4% on average 25 tail (98%). The results of the bivariate analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) obtained result p <α (0.001 <0.05), so there is the effect of varying concentrations of affixing karika seed extract (Carica pubescens)on the death of larvae of Culexsp.This research could be useful in the implementation of vector control programs and vermin, especially larvae of Culex sp and suggested using environmentally friendly natural larvicidal from karika seed extract (Carica pubescens).