Sports Career Research Articles

Experience of Orofacial Injuries and Use of Mouthguards - A Survey in German Elite Sport.

This study aimed to assess the experience of orofacial injuries and sports mouthguard use in German elite athletes. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The data were collected at the Institute of Applied Training Science (IAT, Leipzig, Germany) that provides regular primary care for elite athletes. German elite athletes (18-35 years) from different disciplines with completed questionnaire on oral health in sports between May 2020 and April 2021 were included. N/A. Number of dental, oral, and facial injuries during sports career and mouthguard use (received information, ownership, frequency) were assessed and compared between disciplines with different risks for orofacial trauma. In total, questionnaires of 337 athletes (23 ± 4 years, 50% female) were included. Disciplines were classified into high (HT, n = 20), medium (MT, n = 48), and low (LT, n = 269) risk for orofacial trauma. Substantial rates of injuries were identified; especially a lot of HT athletes reported orofacial injuries (HT: 55%, MT: 31%, LT: 17%; P ≤ 0.076) and dental injuries (HT: 30%, MT: 10%, LT: 7%; P ≤ 0.028). Mouthguards were rare (HT: 25%, MT: 0%, LT: 3%). There is a need for more prevention of orofacial injuries in German elite sports for both HT and MT.

THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL

The role of physiotherapists in professional football is critical for both the physical recovery of athletes and the implementation of strategies that promote injury prevention and enhance performance. With a comprehensive understanding of biomechanics and movement principles, physiotherapists can assess players’ performance and work closely with coaching staff to devise effective game tactics. Their expertise enables them to identify movement patterns and areas of stress that can lead to injuries, ultimately helping to minimize these risks. Education plays a vital part in the physiotherapist's responsibilities, as they teach athletes about health maintenance and the significance of injury prevention. This educational component is essential for ensuring that players can sustain a long and successful sports career. Despite progress in prevention and rehabilitation practices, studies reveal persistent gaps between clinical practice and scientific evidence. Increased regulation of the profession, coupled with a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates psychological support, emphasizes the growing importance of physiotherapy within football. Moreover, recognizing the psychological factors that influence recovery and utilizing evidence-based protocols are vital for optimizing rehabilitation outcomes. The physiotherapist’s influence extends beyond physical recovery; they are integral in fostering the overall health and well-being of athletes, which significantly impacts team performance. Moving forward, the field of physiotherapy in football must prioritize continuous professional development, the adoption of innovative practices, and the establishment of an environment that values both the physical and mental health of players.

Balancing act: how family identity orientation impacts careers of NCAA women coaches

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the career experiences of the NCAA women coaches integrating the Kaleidoscope careers model with Family Identity theory.Design/methodology/approachWe employ qualitative methodology with the use of semi-structured interviews with 18 NCAA women coaches. Using interpretive lens, we offer nuanced descriptions of women career experiences from care and career orientation perspectives.FindingsOur findings shed light on experience, perceptions and strategies employed by female NCAA coaches while trying to fulfill work and life responsibilities. Care- or Career- orientation impacts the way women coaches deal with different aspects of maintaining careers in sports coaching.Originality/valueWe refine the KCM framework by showing that authenticity, balance and challenge can manifest in different ways, which is particularly important as organizations often struggle with retention of women coaches.

In shade of Olympic glory: what should we know about female athletes triad? – a review

introduction and purpose: The numerous advantages of sport are widely known. Millions of children worldwide are encouraged to start training and significant part of them decide to start professional training. However, there are also certain health risk connected with intensive physical activity. One of them is female athletes triad – a syndrome consisting of three components: low energy availability (LEA), dysregulation of menstrual cycle and impaired bone mineral density (BMD). description of the state of knowledge: The intensive physical activity, especially in adolescent women may have deleterious influence on their health and, in consequence, on further sports career. Female athletes triad often co-occurs with eating disorders, especially in sports where slim shape is desirable. Inadequate energy availability results in menstrual cycle dysfunction, meanwhile insufficient level of female sex hormones (estrogens) is detrimental for bones health leading to frequent injuries and stress fractures. In result the vicious cycle of female athletes triad is closed and general condition of athlete deteriorates. summary: This paper aims to briefly review current state of knowledge on female athletes triad. It is vital to raise awareness of female athlete triad symptoms among medical professionals as well as sportswomen and members of coaching team to facilitate early diagnosis and proper treatment to avoid further complications.

The Significance of U23 Competitions in Wrestling Career

Background. Designing the training of athletes should be based on specific goals and objectives at each stage of the long-term development. Each age stage in the development of an elite athlete has its own significance. The U23 competitions are organized to facilitate a smoother and more effective transition of wrestlers from junior to senior levels. The aim of the study is to determine the significance of performances in the U23 competitions for the subsequent development process of wrestlers. Materials and Methods. The following research methods have been used in the paper: the analysis of the scientific and methodological literature, the analysis of the official results, and methods of mathematical statistics. We have studied the sports careers of participants in the 2017, 2018, and 2019 World Championships in freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling. A total of 1277 wrestlers’ sporting biographies have been analyzed. Results. The majority of participants (73.7 %) in the U23 age category competitions previously competed at the junior level. Moreover, more than half of the athletes (58.4 %) had prior experience of participating in cadet competitions. It is worth noting that 63.7 % of all wrestlers participated in senior-level competitions, and 31.5 % of them achieved podium finishes. Among women, a higher percentage of athletes continue their careers (46.3 %) and achieve success (20.1 %) on the international stage after the U23 competitions. For male freestyle wrestlers, the figures are lower, with only 38.2 % continuing their careers. Conclusion. The analysis demonstrated that the U23 competitions, which serve as a continuation of the cadet and junior age groups, are part of the overall sequence of competitions in the development of wrestlers at the international level. However, the importance of the U23 competitions varies depending on the level of athletes, and they serve both as preparatory and main competitions within the athletes' training system.

Міграція в спортивній боротьбі: аналіз виступів на Олімпійських Іграх 2024 в Парижі

Purpose: to analyze the achievements of migrant wrestlers at the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris. Material and methods.The following methods are used in the research: analysis of scientific and methodical sources, analysis of the results of sportsmen's performances and methods of mathematical statistics. The study was conducted to analyze the number of migrant athletes, their results in competitions, as well as age and weight characteristics in each style of wrestling (women's wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling). The data is taken from the official website «United World of Wrestling» (https://unitedworldwrestling.org). The percentage of migrants, their average age, weight categories and places they occupied were analyzed, with further processing of statistical indicators to identify patterns in their performance. Results: the results of the study showed that 34 migrant athletes participated in the 2024 Olympic Games, with the largest number (24,0 %) observed in freestyle wrestling, while the figure was the lowest in women's wrestling at 2,1 %. The analysis also found that migrant athletes have an average age of 29,5 years, indicating their experience.Almost a third of them won prizes, in particular, 8,8 % became winners, and 29,4 % won prizes. Despite the high achievements, 35,3 % of the athletes ranked 10 and below, which indicates a wide variety of results among migrants. A comparison with previous studies confirmed the tendency of athletes to change their citizenship after the peak of their career. Migrant athletes aged 24-27 make up the largest group, indicating their strategy to achieve international success after achieving the best results in their careers. Conclusions. Migrant athletes participating in the 2024 Olympic Games showed a high level of results, especially in freestyle wrestling. Their participation and success confirm that changing citizenship is an important strategy for further achievements in international competitions, especially after the peak period of a sports career.

Investigation of Career Decision Regrets Among Students in the Faculty of Sport Sciences: A Case Study of Bartın University

Education at the university level shapes one‘s professional career. A career in sports is more complex than in other professional fields. At times, individuals may experience career regret when faced with challenging situations, which can lead to negative emotions such as depression and loss of self-confidence. Therefore, this paper focuses on investigating the career decision regrets of students in the Faculty of Sports Sciences. The most common technique in descriptive research models, the survey method, was employed in the study. The study group consisted of 400 students from four different departments at Bartın University‘s Faculty of Sport Sciences. The researchers developed a personal information form, and the 'Career Decision Regret Scale' was utilized. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA tests were applied to analyze the data. The results indicated that students in the Department of Sports Sciences at Bartın University experienced career decision regrets (mean = 38.05). The scale scores differed significantly based on students' age, department, year of study, place of birth, academic average, place of residence, part-time work, father's employment status, and educational level.

A high-performance sports career as a signal in the job application process

AbstractThe decision to pursue a career in sports often has far-reaching consequences in the professional career planning of high-performance athletes. Therefore, it is highly relevant to examine how the high-performance sports career is perceived as a signal in terms of the signaling theory (Spence, 1973) during a job application. To this end, an experiment was conducted to investigate how recruiters evaluate job applications from former high-performance athletes (both single and team sports), considering social, motivational, and cognitive competencies. In total, 303 subjects participated in this study. It is shown that the same person as a team athlete was considered significantly more capable for a professional entry than as an individual athlete or someone without a high-performance sports background. Although careers in high-performance sports can be considered a risky way to earn a living, our findings indicate that this is not necessarily the case: athletes who manage to complete an apprenticeship alongside their sport reduce their risk enormously, as their high-performance sports career is interpreted as a positive signal when applying.

Transferability of the competences acquired in the elite athlete career to the project manager role analysis

What personal competences of successful project managers are determined by their former career as an elite athlete? To answer the question, comprehensive research is carried out, implemented as part of the EEIG-EU/P-Kr/06.12/23 project. The primary aim is to establish conclusively which particular personality traits, identified and analysed using the Big Five Inventory-2 and supplemented by structured interviews, directly contribute to the success of former elite athletes transitioning into roles as effective project managers. We found that successful project managers who were also elite athletes possess personality traits that can be identified as positive determinants of success in either sport or professional careers. Among these personality traits, we can include a low level of neuroticism and a high level of conscientiousness, then extraversion and agreeableness. This paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of how the realms of sports and management intersect and overlap. The presented paper can serve as a basis for further research in the field of personality psychology and management studies.

Shoulder girdle injuries in volleyball players: structure, symptoms, cause and prevention. A narrative review

Shoulder joint injuries are a major concern in volleyball, particularly among elite athletes who undergo rigorous training sessions and frequently participate in competitions. Given that volleyball is a polystructured sport that requires volleyball players to constantly change the amplitude of movement in the shoulder joint, frequent injuries such as subacromial impact syndrome, compression of the suprascapular nerve, bursitis and tendinitis of the rotator cuff occur. In order to prevent injuries, prevention programs are increasingly introduced today. Consequently, the aim of this research was to describe the structure and prevention of shoulder girdle injuries in volleyball players. Prevention programs developed by researchers have been shown to be effective in reducing the prevalence of shoulder injuries. Prevention programs include adequate warming up, strengthening and stretching of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, as well as correct execution of technical elements. The development and implementation of individualized prevention and rehabilitation programs can significantly contribute to reducing the risk of injuries and prolonging the sports career of volleyball players.

Unveiling the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between burnout and engagement among adolescent athletes in sport schools.

Burnout and engagement are pivotal for adolescents' well-being and have received extensive attention in the educational literature. However, less is known about how these factors develop and interact within and between school and sport when adolescent athletes follow dual (school and sport) careers. The aim of this study was to examine the reciprocal relationship between engagement and burnout in school and sport through a cross-lagged analysis of longitudinal associations. A sample of 165 Finnish adolescent athletes (aged 14.5 years, 48.9% girls) enrolled in lower secondary sport schools (i.e., junior high schools) participated in a survey in spring 2019 (i.e., in Grade 8) and 1 year later, in spring 2020 (i.e., in Grade 9). Engagement and burnout had significant autoregressive relationships within school and sport. Furthermore, low levels of sport engagement in Grade 8 predicted sport burnout in Grade 9, and low levels of school burnout in Grade 8 predicted school engagement in Grade 9. Regarding cross-domain effects, high levels of school engagement in Grade 8 predicted low levels of sport engagement in Grade 9. The study shows that school and sport are distinct domains with unique associations between engagement and burnout in each domain. It also shows that adolescent athletes may maintain high school engagement by reducing their sport engagement. These findings highlight the need for sport school practitioners to develop intervention programs to address adolescents' school and sport needs and to support their holistic well-being.

Professional Sports Event Attendance and Construction Workers’ Job Burnout: The Mediating Role of Leisure Spillover

In recent years, with the increase in work intensity and the more complex working environment in the construction industry, the problem of job burnout among construction workers has become increasingly prominent. Job burnout not only affects workers’ physical health and work efficiency, leading to more serious safety hazards, but also deeply affects the well-being of construction workers. This study adopts an alternative perspective to explore the impact of professional sports event attendance on construction workers’ job burnout and to analyze the mediating role of leisure spillover in this process. Through a questionnaire survey of construction workers, 641 data points were collected for empirical statistical analysis. The results of the study show that the attention of construction workers’ sports career events can effectively reduce job burnout, and that leisure spillover plays a partial mediating role in this process. This study verifies the positive role of sports career events in promoting construction workers’ mental health through empirical analysis and provides practical references for occupational health management and the mental health development of construction worker groups.

Right knee ACL, PCL and MCL reconstruction with sports-related anxiety

Introduction: JM, a 20-year-old male professional ice hockey player, presented with a 2-week history of lack of range of motion, weakness, and pain in his right knee, after a 2-year post-medical collateral ligament repair of the right knee and 3 year-post anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament reconstruction of the right knee. Case Description: In the course of history taken, it was revealed that 5 months prior to admission the patient had been informed by a psychiatrist that he had sport-related anxiety. With an unremarkable psychiatric history prior to age 18, the competitive nature of his sports career in addition to financial pressure may have contributed to his sports-related anxiety. His examination findings were consistent with a diagnosis of complete tears of the right anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament along with grade III medial collateral ligament injury. Discussion: The biopsychosocial model was used to explicate JM's case. JM's current injuries prompted reconstruction of the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and medial collateral ligaments. Psychologically, JM's sports-related anxiety is not a rare phenomenon as recent studies have discovered an increased risk of sports-related anxiety amongst young professional athletes. Sports-related anxiety, along with competitive trait anxiety, may be factors that contribute to sports injury occurrence. Other psychological stressors can add to sports-related or competitive trait anxiety, further increasing the risk of sports injury reoccurrence. Summary: JM was admitted for a right knee open medial collateral ligament repair with internal bracing, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and platelet rich plasma injection. As part of a holistic patient-centered treatment plan, a referral to psychiatry was made to address JM's sports-related anxiety with the goal of decreasing future risk of sports injury. Patient's Consent Obtained: Yes

Training Model for Extended Career Athletes: A Narrative Review.

Today's elite and professional sports tend to feature older, more seasoned athletes, who have longer sporting careers. As advancing age can potentially limit peak performance, balancing training load is necessary to maintain an optimal state of performance and extend their sports career. To describe an appropriate training model for extended career athletes. Medline (PubMed), SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A search of the literature between January 1, 2015 and November 22, 2023 was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Narrative review. Level 4. Data were extracted from studies related to the management of training and performance of athletes with extended and long careers. A total of 21 articles related to extended careers were found. Key themes from these papers included: expertise, biological maturation, and specificity; epidemiology and health; athlete monitoring; strength training; load management and detraining; success management. A training model for extended career athletes should balance the deleterious effects of age with the athletes' knowledge of, and expertise within, the sport. Designing specific training that accommodates previous injuries, training load intolerances, and caters for quality of life after retirement should be key considerations. Load management strategies for athletes with extended careers should include strength training adaptations to minimize pain, load-response monitoring, a broad range of movement, recovery and intensity activities, and the avoidance of large training load peaks and periods of inactivity.

Commodifying Race: The Portrayal of Bernardo Mikixi, an Angolan Mixed Martial Artist, in the Extreme Fighting Championship’s Advertising Materials in South Africa, 2009–2015

The Extreme Fighting Championship (EFC) is a mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion that was first held in 2009 in Johannesburg. Many of its participating professional fighters are African nationals who migrated to South Africa to pursue careers in combat sports. This study examines the depiction of Bernardo Mikixi, an Angolan fighter, in EFC’s advertising materials from 2009 to 2015. Applying the concept of racial capitalism reveals that the EFC crafts distinct narratives for white and black fighters. A close analysis of two promotional videos demonstrates that the EFC portrays Mikixi as the ‘dangerous other’ that must be contained by the technically superior white South African fighters. A detailed profile video is analyzed to reveal how the EFC portrays Mikixi as a self-made fighter who overcomes significant obstacles, framing the adversities he faces and his ascent in MMA within a neoliberal narrative. The study discusses how the EFC leverages these portrayals to maximize profits in the context of post-apartheid neoliberal South Africa and examines how Mikixi strategically uses his racial identity to enhance his marketability within the MMA economy. The study concludes by exploring the implications of these narratives, particularly how they contribute to perpetuating systemic inequalities.

Why don’t former female athletes have kids? Exploring career and post-career paths in elite sport in Switzerland

Female elite athletes are less likely than male elite athletes to have children during their careers, in part because of the difficulty of balancing motherhood and elite sports. Does this childlessness gap disappear or persist in the post-career period? What factors determine the childlessness of former athletes? The article presents the results of a quantitative cross-sectional study of 1255 former elite athletes who participated in at least one national competition in their discipline and reside in Switzerland. The results indicate that women are more likely than men to remain childless in the post-career years, and that they are also more likely than women in the general population to remain childless. The analyses point to the importance of the gendered orientation of sport socialization (for instance, essentialist representations, valorization of masculinity) in understanding ex-athletes’ relationship to parenthood and in explaining their childlessness. Examining the phenomenon of childlessness reveals that socialization of athletes in gendered sport leaves traces on their representations and practices that are visible even after their careers have ended. In particular, women who have experienced the most inverted gender socialization by playing a male sport have the highest rate of childlessness.

Dual career in the workplace: co-creation of a conceptual framework by employers and employee-sportspersons incorporating corporate social responsibility and brand alignment.

The purpose of this study was to provide an evidence base and conceptual framework to inform new guidelines for achieving a balance between sports and employment commitments (i.e., dual career, DC) of the employee-sportspersons. To shape a DC discourse in the workplace, the distinct and combined views of the employee-sportspersons (i.e., the Employee), the managers (i.e., the Employer) were considered. Following a concept mapping methodology, 257 international participants (25% employers and 75% employee-sportspersons) sorted and rated 50 potential statements associated with DC circumstances and supports in the workplace. Six distinct clusters emerged, with the combined employers-employee co-creation scenario assigning 6 statements to the micro dimension (Cluster 1 = Workplace Benefits), 4 statements to the meso dimension (Cluster 2 = Role of National Sports Governing Bodies), 19 statements to the macro dimension (Cluster 3 = Dual Career Policy Development), 4 and 5 statements to the organizational dimensions (Cluster 4 = Employee-Employer Collaboration and Responsibility; Cluster 5 = Sport Career Integration), and 12 statements to the policy (Cluster 6 = Workplace Strategies for Dual Career Support) dimension. With respect to the employers, the employee-sportspersons showed higher scores (p < 0.05) for importance of clusters 2, 4, and 6, and for feasibility of clusters 2 and 6. These findings suggest priorities for changes within the DC dimensions identified, and envisage flexible models for aligning corporate brand values and corporate social responsibility strategies through meaningful and proactive DC support of the employee-sportspersons in the workplace. The findings provide a rigorously derived evidence base to inform the formulation of new DC workplace guidelines.

Brazilian student-athletes' perceived possession of dual career competencies

Dual career is defined as a career with the major foci on sport and studies or work. Dual career competencies are all the skills and attitudes that allow athletes to balance their educational development to their sports careers. This study aimed to investigate the differences in perceived possession of competencies (Dual Career Management; Career Plan; Emotional Awareness; Social Intelligence and Adaptability) between Brazilian student-athletes of both sexes, types of educational institutions (TEI) – private and public, and educational level (EL) – secondary and higher education. 745 Brazilian student-athletes (Mage = 17.3 ± 5.4; 54% female; 8% student-athletes with disabilities) completed the Brazilian version of the Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes. The results showed statistically significant outcomes in the main effect for sex and EL. Female student-athletes from public TEI (M = 4.23 + 0.38) presented higher perceived possession for Dual Career Management when compared to male student-athletes from the same categorization of TEI (M = 4.03 + 0.04). Female student-athletes from private TEI reported lower perceived possession for Emotional Awareness (M = 3.73 + 0.04). The results of this investigation can support (1) coaches, family, stakeholders in general and the student-athletes themselves in better grasping and optimizing their attitudes towards dual career and (2) researchers advance knowledge in this very recent area in Brazil. Keywords: dual career, student-athlete, competencies, education, sports training

Dropout in elite sport: What stressors and resilience factors are perceived in youth sport climbing?

Introduction &amp; Purpose Psychosocial stress is a major risk factor for the development of a wide range of psychiatric and somatic illnesses (Hughes et al., 2017). Social factors such as perceived autonomy and competence, relatedness and task climate appear to be related to people dropping out of a sport (Balish et al., 2014). To this point in time, the developmental aspects in youth sports are insufficiently described in the literature. Previous studies dealing with dropout have indicated critical aspects on a personal, contextual, chronological, and procedural level (Moulds et al., 2024). The perception of these aspects seems to determine the individual stress experience. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify stressors and resources in youth sport climbing and to gain a deeper understanding of how these relate to dropout. Methods Guided by the theoretical framework of the bioecological system theory (Bronfenbrenner &amp; Morris, 2006), two active and six non-active climbers between the ages of 18 and 25 were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. The non-active climbers were dropouts, defined here as an athlete ending their competitive sport career before reaching their individual performance peak. In this case they were asked about the related circumstances. Active athletes started the interview from their current perspective. Each development-relevant factor (person, process, context, time; Bronfenbrenner &amp; Morris, 2006) was then reflected on in terms of resources and stressors. The inclusion criterion was the qualification for the national team. A qualitative content analysis was carried out according to Mayring and Fenzl (2022). The data was analyzed using MAXQDA 24 software. Results The interviewed climbers addressed the context of family, school, social environment, training, and personal factors. A high level of social interaction was experienced. The topics of bodyweight and nutrition were often reported with negative connotations, particularly impacted by external factors. Communication skills were a consistently mentioned factor as a resource and potential stressor. A lack of individualisation and opportunities for personal development were reported as long-term stress factors. Feelings of responsibility and self-inflicted pressure were described as additional loads. Professional attachment was reported as a personal resource when positively evaluated. Reflection skills were recognised as a helpful stress management tool. As illustrated in Figure 1, the mindset of individuals appears to be shaped by the internal and external interplay of available resources, aspects of motivation and beliefs that are internalised. Discussion &amp; Conclusion Several factors seem to interact modifying an individual’s experience of stress. The perception of stress at a certain point in time must be seen as a combination of the load experienced and the individual available resources. Sport-specific requirements should be considered. Dropout can be one of the consequences of overall stress in competitive sports and should be analysed systemically. The intention was to identify starting points for reducing dropout rates in sports and support health-promoting participation. These are the first results of this project, in which further athletes from climbing and other sports will be interviewed.

The use of functional training methods to increase speed and strength training-karate news

Relevance. Nowadays, successes in the sports training of martial artists play a decisive role, and without systematic physical training from an early age it becomes difficult to count on outstanding results in a sports career. The importance of issues related to the physical training of young athletes cannot be overestimated, since not only the development of physical qualities of athletes, but also their future success in technique and tactics depends on how effectively they will be solved.The purpose of the research: is to develop and test an effective functional training program adapted to increase the speed and strength training of karate students at the stage of in-depth specialization.Research methods and organization: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, method of pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.Conclusions. Training programs aimed at developing physical abilities at a young age should take into account not only the aspects of strength and endurance, but also focus on the development of coordination, flexibility and reaction, which play an important role in karate. It is these fundamental qualities that determine further technical progress and the overall skill level of athletes. Consequently, scientific research aimed at developing optimal physical training techniques for young karate players is an important stage in improving the educational and training process and contributes to the formation of highly qualified athletes capable of achieving outstanding results in the international arena.