Career Status Research Articles

The Impact of Psychological Empowerment on Career Satisfaction: A Review

Psychological empowerment is the inner experience that an organization allows employees to gain through empowerment. In the context of rapid economic and social development and people-oriented management concepts, organizations and enterprises are paying more and more attention to employees' feelings at work. Psychological empowerment has become an important management measure. It has an essential impact on employees' career satisfaction, which is an individual's overall satisfaction with their career status and development. This paper adopts the literature research method to review and summarize the relevant literature on psychological empowerment and career satisfaction, define and explain the concepts and connotations of psychological empowerment and career satisfaction, explore the impact of psychological empowerment and its four dimensions on career satisfaction, and summarize the current research status and emphasize the importance of psychological empowerment for managers to enhance employees' career satisfaction.

Osteosynthesis for mandibular reconstruction with fibula free flap: Which type and why? A French national survey

We explored the most suitable osteosynthesis type for mandibular reconstruction using fibula free flap (FFF) given the lack of robust data available. For this, an anonymous survey was e-mailed to 853 head-and-neck surgeons (France) asking about their practices and criteria guiding their osteosynthesis material and method choices. Questions assessed: (1) the most frequently used osteosynthesis type, (2) the explanatory variables related to surgeon career status/surgical specialty, and (3) justifications for osteosynthesis type (scientific, technical, "misuse"). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to test for associations of explanatory variables with plate type or misuse. Overall, 118 (13.8%) surgeons responded, among which flexible non-locking osteosynthesis was preferred (59%). Career status and surgical specialty were significantly associated with material choice. University professors/senior lecturers (OR 5.96 vs academic clinical associates; p = 0.02), but not ear-nose-throat/reconstructive plastic surgeons (OR 0.22 vs maxillofacial surgeons; p = 0.04), were more likely to opt for rigid locking osteosynthesis. Private practitioners preferred flexible non-locking osteosynthesis (OR = 5.03; p = 0.04). Only 18% of surgeons scientifically justified their choices. We considered misuse among 65% of surgeons and this was significantly associated with irregular practice of FFF surgery (OR 2.28 vs > 10 surgeries/year; p = 0.04). Overall, >50% of surgeons mainly rely on habits without scientific arguments assisting in decision-making.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Productivity in Oncology: A Journal-, Conference- and Author-Level Analysis.

This study assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on academic productivity in oncology, measured by conference abstracts, journal publications and individual authorship trends, using a reference time frame of 2018 to 2022. To assess overall academic productivity, data was obtained on the number of abstracts and articles submitted and published from a selection of oncology conferences and journals. To assess individual authorship patterns, 200 articles were randomly selected from 2018, and for the first or last authors, publications were tracked over subsequent years. Factors assessed included gender, continent, specialty, MD vs. non-MD and career status (early vs. late). The number of submitted and published conference abstracts trended downward over time between 2018 and 2022 (p=0.11 and p=0.16 respectively). Journal submissions increased to a peak in 2020 and then declined thereafter, but this did not translate into changes in the number of papers published. For the author-level analysis, factors significantly predictive of increasing publication rates in multivariable analysis were late career status (vs. early), clinician status (vs. non-clinician), surgery or public health/epidemiology specialty, and author located in Asia. Further research is needed to help ameliorate the impact of these disparities.

진로체험지원센터의 운영 개선을 위한 탐색적 연구

Objectives This study analyzed the current status of career exploring support centers nationwide and aimed to derive implications and recommendations for the activation of these centers based on an exploratory analysis. Methods The survey was conducted targeting employees (administrators, practitioners) of all 218 career exploring support centers nationwide. To reflect the diverse staffing and operational situations of the career exploring support centers, we utilized the stratified cluster sampling method among probabilistic sampling methods. Managers were categorized as either center directors or operational managers, while practitioners were categorized as operational staff. One individual from each category was selected to respond to the survey autonomously within the career exploring support centers. Frequency analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0 software to analyze the operational status of the centers. Results The survey revealed a high proportion of difficulties related to human resources at career exploring support centers, indicating that challenges in staffing and resources, beyond personnel and physical resources, significantly impact the centers' effectiveness. National-level training emphasized macroscopic elements such as systems, policies, and societal changes, while regional-level training focused on tailored integration within local communities. Conclusions Through this study, it is necessary to discuss the establishment of a task management and collaboration system for rationalizing manpower at the career exploring support centers, as well as to discuss the institutional support for the status of the career experience center at a systemic level. Furthermore, there is a need for training and consulting tailored to the requirements of career exploring support centers, as well as active support from external entities such as local governments and provincial education offices to establish networks between career exploring support centers and relevant organizations.

The Role of the Teacher: Function, Missions and Timeless Purposes

Objective: The aim of this study is to reflect on the profile and challenges of the teaching profession in a technologically and humanly challenging educational context, with the aim of understanding the relevance and status of the teaching career, as well as assessing and contextualizing the appeal and social commitment of this profession. Theoretical Framework: We brought together leading theorists, methodologists, pedagogues and thinkers related to the world of education and pedagogy, with special emphasis on Portuguese-Brazilian, European and Spanish-American authors. Method: Narrative literature review, seeking to describe or discuss the current state of the research topic. Results and Discussion: The relational triad between the function, the missions and the designs of the teaching function throughout the ages, whose conceptual-reflexive intersection embraces, exposes difficulties and, essentially, points to paths to be trodden in the future by those who (still) respond to the call to embrace a sick career. Implications of the research: In the future, there are certain considerations that can be reflected on and improved, based on the structure and conceptual basis emanating from the reference authors (and works) that deal with the subject under debate and reflection. Originality/Value: This review uniquely promotes reflection on the past (more or less recent) and the present and, above all, identifies some issues to be worked on for the future in this context and in the face of the real and current challenges of the teaching profession, in a socio-economic and socio-political context that is constantly changing, which is largely based on the assumption of the conjectural function of technical-technological conciliation with the interaction and social responsibility of the teacher towards society.

Is the Calgary-Cambridge Model of consultation a suitable communication tool for students and newly qualified paramedics? A qualitative study.

The Calgary-Cambridge Model (C-CM), developed by Kurtz and Silverman in 1996, is a communication tool developed for doctors. Since its publication, it has been adopted by various healthcare professionals; however, no previous research has been identified that evaluates its use in paramedic practice. This study aims to explore the experience of students and newly qualified paramedics (NQPs) applying the C-CM in practice, and establish their experiences and perceptions of its suitability as a communication tool in the pre-hospital environment. This MSc research project, conducted in April-May 2021, applied qualitative methods with thematic analysis to written reflections and semi-structured interview transcripts discussing the implementation of C-CM in paramedic practice. A convenience-quota sample of 11 participants, consisting of third-year paramedic students and recent NQPs, were recruited. This research is reported using Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) reporting guidelines. Eleven participants were recruited in total; nine consented to reflective writing analysis and interviews, two consented to writing analysis only. Analysis of the writing samples allowed for a deductive approach to the interview plan. Participants consisted of seven males and four females. All eleven participants (ten British and one Indian) spoke English as a first language. Ages ranged from 18 to 59 years. Career status was 46.2% third-year students and 53.8% NQPs. Four major themes were identified: barriers to implementation of the C-CM in practice; impact of C-CM on paramedic practice; C-CM as a teaching and learning tool in paramedic practice; and adaptation of C-CM for paramedic practice. Participants suggested that implementation of C-CM leads to improved structure and shared decision-making; however, adaptions to make it more paramedic-focused would be welcomed. The diversity of patients and their preferences can make its implementation challenging, and the negative feedback received from experienced ambulance staff was a significant concern to participants.

Career path discovery through bipartite graphs

ABSTRACT To address the complexity of career decision-making limitations, we propose a novel framework for calculating occupation similarity measures based on bipartite graphs constructed from public occupation-skills ontologies. The proposed occupation similarity measures were constructed exclusively utilising knowledge from the European standard classification of occupations (ESCO) ontology. The resulting occupation similarity measures are fully explainable and computationally efficient. Furthermore, they are are effortlessly transferable across regions and countries. This approach allows us to tailor the similarity measures to the specific needs, preferences, and career status of job seekers, providing a more personalised and comprehensive view of potential career paths. Our validation using an extensive dataset of over 450,000 job transitions in Slovenia confirms the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating the value of employing multiple occupation similarity measures over a single measure.

Financial toxicity, family resilience and negative emotions among young and middle-aged breast cancer patients: A multicentre cross-sectional study

PurposeTo determine financial toxicity in young and middle-aged women with breast cancer and examine the associations between family resilience and negative emotions. MethodsA multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted, 538 women with breast cancer were recruited from four hospitals. FT, family resilience, and negative emotions were collected using the Comprehensive Score for FT, the Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment in Breast Cancer Patients, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. This study adhered to the STROBE guidelines. ResultsThe valid response rate was 96.8 % (N = 521). Overall, the score for FT was 19.63 ± 10.13. FT was significantly correlated with family resilience (r = 0.30, p < 0.010) and depression (r = −0.11, p < 0.050). The hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that career status, monthly income, religion, and family resilience were the main factors influencing FT in patients with breast cancer (R2 = 0.37; F = 6.83; p < 0.001). ConclusionsFT was more prevalent among women from low-income career. Women with poor family resilience, no religious also suffer greater financial toxicity. It is necessary to pay more attention of the financial toxicity of female’ low-income career, no religious belief and poor family resilience. Developing effective interventions based on family resilience might be helpful in promoting their well-being.

Prediction of English Teacher Career Development Based on Data Mining and Time Series Model

With the gradual growth of the teaching profession, the teaching profession is facing new trends in reform and development, and the same dilemma exists for English teachers’ career development and planning. To this end, the study first uses a modified K-means clustering method to cluster and analyse the factors affecting English teachers’ professional development, forming a system of indicators on English teachers’ professional development. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network employed the time-series features to create a time-series model, and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used to forecast the course of English teachers’ career development. To assess the current career status of English teachers and their impact on people and organizations, this study proposes a career prediction model for English teachers. This model utilizes data mining and time series modeling to provide accurate predictions. In accordance with the experimental findings, the precision of the upgraded K-Means model was 98.58%, and the error between the projected sample data and the actual sample data for the training of the trend prediction model for English teachers’ career growth was 0.032. It was able to accurately predict teachers’ career development and explore the specific factors affecting English teachers’ career development, so as to solve the problems in teachers’ career development.

Birth Advantages in Male Italian Soccer: How They Influence Players Youth Career and Their Future Career Status.

Soccer organizations generally adopt deterministic models within their talent pathways. In this framework, early ability and results are emphasized, leading to selection biases, such as birth advantages (i.e., relative age effects and birthplace effects), which research has shown affect both early developmental experiences and continued sporting involvement. Accordingly, this study aimed to (a) provide further test of birth advantages in Italian youth soccer by exploring the birth quarter (BQ) and birthplace (BP) distribution of 1050 male Italian players born between 1999 and 2001 who competed in the national U17 championship throughout the 2015-16 season and (b) investigate how birth advantages influenced selected players' future career status. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests revealed early born players, and players born in North Italy were overrepresented at the youth level (p-values < 0.0001). Successive prospective analysis revealed only 18% of players developed into professional-level soccer players. Chi-square tests of independence indicated that players' BP was associated with their future career status (p < 0.0001), whereas their BQ was not (p = 0.459). Odds ratios showed players born in North Italy were five times more likely to complete the youth-to-senior transition than those born in South Italy. These findings highlighted environmental factors influence Italian players' early developmental experiences and their future career status.

Research on the Impact and Countermeasures of the Three Child Policy on the Career Planning of Nurses who Have Given Birth to One Child

To understand the current status of nursing career planning and explore the influencing factors of the three child policy on the career planning of nurses who have given birth to one child, in order to provide a basis for the management of nursing human resources. Method: Cluster sampling was used to select 515 clinical nurses from a tertiary hospital in Xi'an from August 2021 to September 2022 as the research subjects. A general information questionnaire and a career status evaluation scale were used for the questionnaire survey. The result of the nurse career status evaluation scale was (81.84 ± 15.16) points. There were differences in scores for education level, hospital attributes, job position, nursing years, per capita annual income of the family, whether they had given birth, age of the first child, working time during pregnancy, and planned years of continuing nursing work after giving birth to three children (all P&lt;0.05).The age of the first child and the planned duration of nursing work after giving birth to a third child are the main influencing factors for the career planning of nurses. Conclusion: The three child policy has had a significant impact on the career status of nurses and the allocation of nursing human resources. It is recommended that nursing managers take targeted intervention measures to promote the development of nursing teams.

Psychological Burden of Doctors Aspiring for Postgraduate Training in India

Abstract Background: Doctors were under a tremendous amount of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The uncertainty regarding the future is compounded by lack of clarity about the postgraduate (PG) entrance examination. We assessed aspirants of PG National Eligibility cum Entrance Test postgraduate (NEET PG) for psychological burden in domains of depression, anxiety, stress COVID-19-related stress, and attitudes toward situation affecting doctors and explored the association between psychological burden and other variables. Methodology: Google form was used to collect data from aspirants who appeared for NEET PG 2021. The variables included age, gender, career status, marital status, number of attempts, and medical environment-related stress. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and COVID-19 Student Stress Scale Questionnaire (CSSQ) scales were used to measure psychological burden. Analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Of 289 participants, two-thirds had very severe depression and anxiety while two-fifths had very severe stress. Most of them were distressed by NEET examination, the postponed Supreme Court verdict, mental health of PG aspirants, and violence against health-care workers. There is low satisfaction with having chosen the medical profession. The distress from the above medical environment was associated with depression and anxiety. Gender and COVID-19-related stress were associated with severe depression, anxiety, and stress. Multivariate logistic regression showed female gender and CSSQ score were associated with the risk of severe stress and happiness with medical profession was protective. Conclusion: PG aspirants are undergoing severe psychological burden. Prompt action should be taken to address this crisis.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan terhadap Kesejahteraan Karyawan di PT. Mohtra Agung Persada

This research aims to determine the relationship between co-worker relationships, supervision, working conditions and changes in career status on employee satisfaction, as well as knowing the relationship between job satisfaction and employee welfare at PT. Mohtra Agung Persada. The sample for this quantitative research is employees of PT. Mohtra Agung Persada numbered 150 respondents. Data was obtained from distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale, then analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results of this research found that co-worker relationships and career development were proven to have a positive and significant effect on employee job satisfaction, and supervision and working conditions were proven to have no significant effect on employee job satisfaction. Moreover, the results show that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee job satisfaction.&#x0D;

Disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on early career researchers and disabled researchers in volcanology

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to researchers worldwide, and extensive studies have demonstrated that its impacts since March 2020 have been unequal, including across research discipline, gender, and career status. In 2023, as we navigate the post-pandemic times, questions persist regarding potential disparities and enduring effects faced by volcanology researchers, whose activities range from field work in remote areas to laboratory experiments and numerical modelling. In this study, we explore the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic on volcanology researchers through an online survey distributed globally from January to March 2023. Our survey findings reveal that a considerable fraction of volcanology researchers (44%–62%) face longer-term challenges from the pandemic that continue to impact their research, with a notably higher proportion among early career researchers (62%) and researchers with disabilities (76%). In addition, over half (52%) of all surveyed researchers indicated that they had left or considered leaving academia due to pandemic-related factors. A significantly higher proportion of disabled researchers (56%–70%) had left or considered leaving academia compared to researchers without disabilities (42%). Our findings underscore the pandemic’s long-lasting and disproportionate impacts on early career and disabled volcanology researchers. We emphasis the need for concerted efforts by research organisations and funding bodies to mitigate the pandemic’s enduring impacts, and stress the importance of making conferences accessible to support disabled researchers’ participation. As the pandemic’s long-lasting impacts ripple across the broader scientific community, the insights from this research can be used for fostering equitable practices and shaping policies beyond volcanology to other research disciplines.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Productivity in Oncology: A Journal-, Conference- and Author-level Analysis

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academic productivity in oncology as measured by conference abstracts, journal publications and individual authorship trends. Using a reference time frame of 2018 to 2022, we obtained data on the number of abstracts and articles submitted and published from a selection of oncology conferences and journals. To assess individual authorship patterns, we randomly selected 200 articles from 2018 (i.e., the 'index paper') and tracked publications over subsequent years for the first or last authors. Linear time-trend analyses and independent two-sample t-tests were used to assess changes in academic productivity over time, and univariable and multivariable linear regression were used to analyze individual factors predictive of publication rates, including gender, continent, specialty, MD vs. non-MD, and career status (early if within 5 years of training completion vs. late for all others). Data on submitted and published abstracts were available from 5 and 7 conferences, respectively. Both abstract categories demonstrated decreasing values over time but not statistically significant: conference submissions decreased from 15,308 in 2018 to 13,623 in 2022, (p = 0.11), and published abstracts decreased from 13,111 to 11,848, respectively (p = 0.16). Journal submissions were available from 6 journals and increased from 14,142 in 2018 to a peak of 20,241 in 2020 (2018 vs. 2020: p<0.001), and then declined to 15,650 in 2021. Journal publications from 10 journals showed no clear trends over time (p = 0.64). For the author-level analysis, of the 200 authors randomly selected, the majority were male (66.5%), from North America (55.5%), with an MD degree (80.9%, 131/162) and late career (86.6%, 129/149). Most common specialties included surgery (29%), radiation oncology (18.5%), epidemiology/public health (11%) and medical oncology (10%). For articles authored per year, there was no linear trend detected (p = 0.51), although mean number of publications per author peaked in 2020/2021 (papers/year for 2018-2022: 18.1, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 19.6). On univariable analysis, factors significantly associated with increasing publication rates were male gender, last author position on index paper, late career status, MDs, speciality of surgery or public/health epidemiology, and authors from Asia (all p<0.01). On multivariable analysis, factors remaining significantly predictive were late career status, MDs, specialty of surgeons or public health/epidemiologists, and authors from Asia (all p<0.01). Conference submissions and publications trended downward from 2018 to 2022. Journal submissions peaked overall in 2020, but did not translate to increases in journal publication rates. Disparities in publication trends were found, based on speciality and geographic regions, including a negative impact on early-career researchers.

I wish I had a paid job or a business: a moderated effect of entrepreneurial potential on career choice regret

PurposeDespite the merit of extant studies on career decision regrets, they are not well integrated, are developed at different speeds and differ in focus. Specifically, they do not address an important question about the levels and antecedents of regret arising from choosing entrepreneurship instead of paid employment and vice versa. The authors adopted the regret regulation theory as foundation to examining the moderated effect of entrepreneurial potential (EP) on career choice regret (CCR) among employees and entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachThe authors surveyed 721 employees and 724 entrepreneurs from a developing country and applied partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypotheses.FindingsEmployees regretted their career choice three times more when compared with entrepreneurs. However, the authors failed to conclude that the latter had three times better living conditions when compared with the former. EP negatively influenced the regret of being an entrepreneur in lieu of an employee while it positively influenced the regret of being an employee in lieu of an entrepreneur. The perceived opportunity cost of being a higher EP employee was three times greater when compared with that of being a lower EP entrepreneur. The effect of EP on CCR was mitigated or amplified by duration in the career, former career status, decision justifiability, and perceived environment's supportiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThe design was cross-sectional, thus, the findings cannot be interpreted in the strict sense of causality.Originality/valueThe authors rely on an important yet often overlooked context of the choice between entrepreneurship and paid employment to test, clarify, and extend the regret regulation theory. The findings have novel human resource management and entrepreneurship policy implications.

Science Communication Training Imparts Confidence and Influences Public Engagement Activity.

The impacts of science are felt across all socio-ecological levels, ranging from the individual to societal. In order to adapt or respond to scientific discoveries, novel technologies, or biomedical or environmental challenges, a fundamental understanding of science is necessary. However, antiscientific rhetoric, mistrust in science, and the dissemination of misinformation hinder the promotion of science as a necessary and beneficial component of our world. Scientists can promote scientific literacy by establishing dialogues with nonexperts, but they may find a lack of formal training as a barrier to public engagement. To address this, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) launched the Art of Science Communication course in 2015 in order to provide scientists at all career stages with introductory science communication training. In 2020, we conducted a retrospective survey of former participants to evaluate how the course had impacted participants' science communication behaviors and their confidence engaging with nonexperts, as well as other benefits to their professional development. We found that scientists were significantly more likely to communicate with nonexpert audiences following the course compared to before (77% versus 51%; P < 0.0001). In addition, quantitative and qualitative data suggested that scientists were more confident in their ability to communicate science after completing the course (median of 8, standard deviation [SD] of 0.98 versus median of 5, SD of 1.57; P < 0.0001). Qualitative responses from participants supported quantitative findings. This suggested that the Art of Science Communication course is highly effective at improving the confidence of scientists to engage with the public and other nonexpert audiences regardless of career status. These data-driven perspectives provide a rationale for the implementation of broadly accessible science communication training programs that promote public engagement with science.

Poster 368: Effects of Early Sports Specialization on NCAA Basketball Players: Injury, Career Outcomes, and Gender Differences

Objectives: There has been a trend towards single-sport specialization at increasingly younger ages amongst youth athletes. Early specialization has been associated with increased injury rates and reduced career longevity in professional basketball players. However, the effects of early specialization on injury and longevity in college basketball have not been studied. Further, the effects on other important career markers such as recruitment and scholarship attainment are not well understood. The purpose of this study is to determine whether associations exist between early specialization and injury risk, recruitment, scholarship attainment, and career longevity in college basketball athletes. Methods: This study represents a sub-analysis of basketball players from a larger study which surveyed former student athletes from multiple National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) institutions. Former student-athletes from three large Division I institutions as well as other collaborating Division I- III institutions who graduated between 1960 and 2018 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Current basketball athletes were also eligible for participation if they had participated in at least one season of basketball. Athletes were surveyed regarding demographics, age of specialization, time-loss injury history, scholarship attainment, recruitment status, and longevity of college basketball career. Early specialization was defined as narrowing participation to a single sport (basketball) before age 15. For injury history, athletes were specifically queried for sports-related injuries that resulted in greater than 30 days out of sport or were season-ending. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were performed to identify significant differences. Results: One hundred and eight basketball players completed the survey, including 6 current athletes and 102 former athletes. There were 54 males and 54 females. Fourteen athletes were classified as early specializers (before age 15) and 94 athletes were classified as late specializers (age 15 and older). There were no significant differences between early and late specializers in terms of rate of time-loss injury (14.3% vs. 31.5%; p = 0.23), rate of surgery for a sports injury (14.3% vs. 18.5%; p = 1.0), or mean college basketball career length (3.21 years vs. 3.09 years; p = 0.4) (Table 1). There was also no significant difference in scholarship attainment (69.2% vs. 66.3%; p = 1.0) or recruitment status (71.4% vs. 71.2%; p = 0.76) (Table 1). Between females and males, there was no significant difference in rate of early specialization (9.3% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.38). There were no significant differences in rates of injury (30.2% vs. 30.2%; p = 1.0), surgery (23.0% vs 13.0%; p = 0.17), scholarship attainment (72.2% vs. 62.8%; p=0.3), or recruitment (72.2% vs. 79.3%; p=0.4) (Table 2). Females on average had a longer collegiate career length than males (3.95 years vs. 2.89 years; p=0.03) (Table 2). Conclusions: Early specializing college basketball players did not experience increased rates of injury, surgery, or decreased collegiate basketball career longevity. Early specializers were also not more likely to be recruited or to receive a scholarship. These findings suggest that early specialization may not be a risk factor for injury, need for surgery, or attrition in the collegiate basketball population. These findings also suggest that early specialization may not be necessary for recruitment or scholarship attainment in college basketball. Further prospective study evaluating all injury types, including overuse injuries, is warranted to better understand the effects of early sport specialization in this population. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Nurses' Knowledge with Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in Postoperative Patients at Labuang Baji Hospital Makassar

Nosocomial infections can be defined as infections that are acquired or that occur in hospitals. Nosocomial infections can occur in patients, health workers, and also everyone who comes to the hospital. Infections that exist in this health care center can be transmitted or obtained through health workers, sick people, visitors who have career status or due to hospital conditions. In general, in nosocomial infections, patients who enter the hospital and cause symptoms of infection after 3 times 24 hours after the patient is hospitalized. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nurse knowledge and prevention of nosocomial infections in postoperative patients at Labuang Baji Makassar Regional General Hospital. This type of research is descriptive analytic with a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 26 nurses who served in the surgical room at the Makassar Labuang Baji Regional General Hospital. Data analysis through a computerized program  = 0.05. The research variables consisted of independent variables; knowledge, education, length of work. The results showed that: the level of knowledge P value = 0.000, the level of education p value = 0.000, and the length of work p value = 0.107. The conclusions in this study are: There is a relationship between the level of knowledge and education with the prevention of nosocomial infections in postoperative patients and there is no relationship between length of work with the prevention of nosocomial infections in postoperative patients.

Bias against parents in science hits women harder

Worldwide, parenthood remains a major driver for the reduced participation of women in the job market, where discrimination stems from people’s biases against mothers, based on stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding the vision of motherhood in our society. In academia, parenthood may be perceived as negatively affecting scientists’ commitment and dedication, especially women’s. We conducted a survey amongst Brazilian scientists and found that mothers self-reported a higher prevalence of negative bias in their workplace when compared to fathers. The perception of a negative bias was influenced by gender and career status, but not by race, scientific field or number of children. Regarding intersections, mothers with less than 15 years of hiring reported having suffered a higher rate of negative bias against themselves. We discuss implications of these results and suggest how this negative bias should be addressed in order to promote an equitable environment that does not harm women in science.