Prevalence Of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Research Articles

Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence among police officials: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Kerala, India.

Police officials' stressful and physically demanding activities were reported with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study explored the prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and overweight among police officials in Kerala, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 police officials in selected police stations in the Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. The World Health Organization STEPs questionnaire for non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance was used to collect information. We collected STEP 1(demographics, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and STEP 2 (weight, height, and blood pressure) data. Multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with hypertension. The mean age of participants was 42 years (range:30-55 years) and the majority were men (83.5%). Current use of tobacco or alcohol was reported by 22.7% of the participants. The prevalence of overweight was 64.7% and physical inactivity was 35.1%. Self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 7.5% and hyperlipidemia was 11.4%. Hypertension prevalence was 40.4%. Among hypertensives, 35.9% were aware, 20.4% were treated, and 5.8% had controlled blood pressure. The control rate was 28.6% among treated hypertensives. When controlling for age, diabetic [Odds Ratio (OR): 3.57, 95% CI:1.16-10.90] and overweight (OR:1.88, CI:1.06-3.35) participants were more likely to have hypertension compared to their counterparts. Police officers have a high prevalence of significant CVD risk factors such as hypertension, physical inactivity, and being overweight. These findings reinforce the need for interventions addressing the above risk factors to prevent CVD in this population.

Cardiovascular risk profile in two cohorts of young apparently healthy South Asian descendants in the Netherlands: still a long way to go!

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) imposes a major healthcare burden on young descendants of South Asian migrants living in the western world. In comparison to the native population, the prevalence is significantly higher and the prevalence of CVD risk factors is increasing rapidly. The cardiovascular risk profile and 10-year risk scores of South Asian descendants were evaluated in two cohorts with a 10-year time difference. Two cross-sectional studies, conducted in 2004 and 2014, focused on asymptomatic South Asian descendants aged 18-59 years were performed. A short questionnaire, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, and nonfasting blood tests were obtained. The cohort of 2014 was matched with the cohort of 2004, based on age, gender, and family history of CVD. In 2014, 674 South Asians (44% men, age 38.2 ± 12.0 years) were matched with 674 South Asians (44% men, age 38.3 ± 12.1 years) included in 2004. Notably, hypertension prevalence decreased significantly in 2014 (10.6% vs 23.1% in 2004, P < 0.001), while mean BMI increased (26.1 vs 24.9, P < 0.001). The mean Framingham risk score was lower in 2014 (5.31 ± 6.19%) than in 2004 (6.45 ± 8.02%, P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that South Asian descendants in 2014 have a lower but still high absolute risk for coronary events compared to 2004. Important differences in cardiovascular risk profile exist. Despite improvements, South Asian descendants in 2014 still face a high absolute risk for coronary events compared to 2004, indicating the necessity for continued primary prevention and lifestyle interventions.

Therapy-naïve malignancy causes cardiovascular disease: A state-of-the-art cardio-oncology perspective.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Although generally thought of as distinct diseases, the intersectional overlap between CVD and cancer is increasingly evident in both causal and mechanistic relationships. The field of cardio-oncology is largely focused on cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation). Further, the cumulative effects of cardiotoxic therapy exposure and the prevalence of CVD risk factors in cancer patients leads to long-term morbidity and poor quality of life in this patient population-even when patients are cancer-free. Evidence from cancer patients and animal models demonstrates that the presence of malignancy itself, independent of cardiotoxic therapy exposure or CVD risk factors, negatively impacts cardiac structure and function. As such, the primary focus of this review is the cardiac pathophysiologic and molecular features of therapy-naïve cancer. We also summarize the strengths and limitations of preclinical cancer models for cardio-oncology research and discuss therapeutic strategies that have been tested experimentally for the treatment of cancer-induced cardiac atrophy and dysfunction. Finally, we explore an adjacent area of interest, called 'reverse cardio-oncology', where the sequelae of heart failure augment cancer progression. Here, we emphasize the cross-disease communication between malignancy and the injured heart, and discuss the importance of chronic low-grade inflammation and endocrine factors in the progression of both diseases.

Cardiovascular risk factors among nurses: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nurses as the largest group of health workers have a very stressful job which can cause number of diseases specially increase cardiovascular risk factors. This study aims to investigate the overall epidemiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among nurses. We searched all four main databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Web of Sciences from the beginning of 2000 to March 2022 with appropriate Mesh Terms. We also searched Google scholar. Then we applied inclusion and exclusion criteria and after selection the studies the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Comprehensive Meta-analysis and R software was used for analysis. Finally, 22 articles with a total number of 117922 nurses were included. Among all risk factors, sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular physical activity with a prevalence of 46.3% (CI 95%, 26.6-67.2) was regarded as the main prevalent risk factor among nurses. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured in the study population was 121.31 (CI 95%, 114.73-127.90) and the mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 78.08 (CI 95%, 74.90-81.25). Also family history of cardiovascular disease (41.9%; 95% IC: 29.8-55.1%), being overweight (33.3%; 95% IC: 24.7-43.2%), and alcohol consumption (24.6%; 95% IC: 16.4-35.2%) was found among the participants. Study results revealed that sedentary lifestyle was the main prevalent CVD risk factor among nurses followed by family history of cardiovascular disease, being overweight and alcohol consumption. Furthermore, among nurses with shift works almost all risk factors got higher score representing the worse condition in comparison with day workers' nurses. This study enables learning the associated risk factors of CVD among nurses to facilitate interventional programs with a view to reduce the exposure of nursing staff particularly those who work in shifts to cardiovascular risk factors. In general, many studies have emphasized the impact of the nursing profession on the incidence of some cardiovascular patients. Also, different shifts of nurses can have a double effect. In this study, the mean for sedentary lifestyle was reported to be 46.3% which represented the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular risk factors among study population. This study enables learning the associated risk factors of CVD among nurses to facilitate interventional programs with a view to reduce the exposure of nursing staff particularly those who work in shifts to cardiovascular risk factors. This information can comprise essential tools for health human resource management contributing to advance nursing.

Abstract P517: Age-Stratified Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Asian American Subgroups

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US. The prevalence of CVD risk factors and CVD mortality are heterogeneous among disaggregated Asian American subgroups; but little is known about when in the life course these differences arise. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that there are age-specific differences in the prevalence of CVD risk factors across Asian American subgroups that may predispose some subgroups to developing CVD at younger ages. Methods: We analyzed data from 78,559 Asian American adults enrolled in the National Health Interview Survey (2000-2018). CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, high BMI, nicotine exposure, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity, and suboptimal sleep) and age were self-reported. We estimated the age-stratified prevalence of each CVD risk factor among Asian American subgroups (Filipino, Indian, Chinese, and “Other Asian”). Analyses accounted for the complex survey design. Results: The study population included 20.3% Chinese, 23.6% Filipino, 18.4% Indian, and 37.7% Other Asian groups. Filipinos had the highest prevalence of hypertension (6.4%, 95% CI: 5.1, 8.1), obesity (24.8%, 95% CI: 22.1, 27.7), alcohol consumption (67%, 95% CI: 63.7, 70.1), and suboptimal sleep (37.3%, 95% CI: 34.3, 40.4) at younger ages (18 - 34). The highest prevalence of diabetes was found in the Indian subgroup starting at ages 35 - 44 years. The Other Asian subgroup had highest prevalence of nicotine exposure (16.1%, 95% CI: 14.6, 17.7) at younger ages (18 - 34). The Chinese subgroup consistently had the lowest prevalence of CVD risk factors across age strata. Conclusions: Our findings show that Indian, Filipino, and Other Asian subgroups have a higher prevalence of most CVD risk factors at earlier ages compared to Chinese subgroup. This may explain why CVD prevalence among Chinese Americans is lower than other Asian subgroups. Our study demonstrates the importance of targeting CVD risk factors among susceptible Asian subgroups earlier in the life course.

Cytokines, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Incident Hypertension in the REGARDS Study.

Hypertension is a highly prevalent cardiovascular disease risk factor that may be related to inflammation. Whether adverse levels of specific inflammatory cytokines relate to hypertension is unknown. The present study sought to determine whether higher levels of IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, IFN (interferon)-γ, IL-17A, and CRP (C-reactive protein) are associated with a greater risk of incident hypertension. The REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Difference in Stroke) is a prospective cohort study that recruited 30 239 community-dwelling Black and White adults from the contiguous United States in 2003 to 2007 (visit 1), with follow-up 9 years later in 2013 to 2016 (visit 2). We included participants without prevalent hypertension who attended follow-up 9 years later and had available laboratory measures and covariates of interest. Poisson regression estimated the risk ratio of incident hypertension by level of inflammatory biomarkers. Among 1866 included participants (mean [SD] aged of 62 [8] years, 25% Black participants, 55% women), 36% developed hypertension. In fully adjusted models comparing the third to first tertile of each biomarker, there was a greater risk of incident hypertension for higher IL-1β among White (1.24 [95% CI, 1.01-1.53]) but not Black participants (1.01 [95% CI, 0.83-1.23]) and higher TNF-α (1.20 [95% CI, 1.02-1.41]) and IFN-γ (1.22 [95% CI, 1.04-1.42]) among all participants. There was no increased risk with IL-6, IL-17A, or CRP. Higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, representing distinct inflammatory pathways, are elevated in advance of hypertension development. Whether modifying these cytokines will reduce incident hypertension is unknown.

Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality in women, necessitating innovative primary prevention strategies. Contemporary guidelines on primary prevention of CVD highlight the increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors and emphasize the significance of female-specific risk enhancers that substantially augment the future risk of CVD. These risk factors occur throughout a woman's life cycle, such as hormonal contraception, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and menopause, all of which confer an added layer of risk in women beyond the conventional risk factors. Despite this, current methods may not fully capture the nuanced vulnerabilities in women that increase their risk of CVD. In this review, we highlight gender-specific risk enhancers and subsequent prevention as well as strategies to improve primary prevention of CVD in women.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults living in extreme poverty.

Evidence on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor prevalence among adults living below the World Bank's international line for extreme poverty (those with income <$1.90 per day) globally is sparse. Here we pooled individual-level data from 105 nationally representative household surveys across 78 countries, representing 85% of people living in extreme poverty globally, and sorted individuals by country-specific measures of household income or wealth to identify those in extreme poverty. CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity and dyslipidaemia) were present among 17.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.7-18.3%), 4.0% (95% CI 3.6-4.5%), 10.6% (95% CI 9.0-12.3%), 3.1% (95% CI 2.8-3.3%) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.9-1.9%) of adults in extreme poverty, respectively. Most were not treated for CVD-related conditions (for example, among those with hypertension earning <$1.90 per day, 15.2% (95% CI 13.3-17.1%) reported taking blood pressure-lowering medication). The main limitation of the study is likely measurement error of poverty level and CVD risk factors that could have led to an overestimation of CVD risk factor prevalence among adults in extreme poverty. Nonetheless, our results could inform equity discussions for resource allocation and design of effective interventions.

Heterogeneity in the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Ethnicity and Birthplace Among Asian Subgroups: Evidence From the 2010 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey.

Asian people in the United States have different sociodemographic and health-related characteristics that might affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by ethnicity and birthplace. However, they are often studied as a monolithic group in health care research. This study aimed to examine heterogeneity in CVD risk factors on the basis of birthplace among the 3 largest Asian subgroups (Chinese, Asian Indian, and Filipino) compared with US-born non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2010 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey data from 125 008 US-born and foreign-born Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, and US-born NHW adults. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution were used to examine the prevalence and prevalence ratios of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, smoking, and overweight/obesity among Asian subgroups compared with US-born NHW adults. The study included 118 979 US-born NHW and 6029 Asian adults who self-identified as Chinese (29%), Asian Indian (33%), and Filipino (38%). Participants' mean (±SD) age was 49±0.1 years, and 53% were females. In an adjusted analysis, foreign-born Asian Indians had significantly higher prevalence of diabetes, physical inactivity, and overweight/obesity; foreign-born Chinese had higher prevalence of physical inactivity, and foreign-born Filipinos had higher prevalence of all 5 CVD risk factors except smoking compared with NHW adults. This study revealed significant heterogeneity in the prevalence of CVD risk factors among Asian subgroups by ethnicity and birthplace, stressing the necessity of disaggregating Asian subgroup data. Providers should consider this heterogeneity in CVD risk factors and establish tailored CVD prevention plans for Asian subgroups.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality in Colombia: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study.

Controversies exist on whether the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and their association with major cardiovascular events (MACE) is different between men and women. Most of the evidence comes from high-income countries, hindering extrapolation of sociocultural and demographic factors of other regions. To evaluate sex differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the incidence of MACE and diabetes in Colombian adults. We performed a survival analysis from women and men aged 35-70 belonging to the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology-Colombia prospective study. Incidence rates for MACE composite (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, death) and each outcome and diabetes were calculated. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were performed. The association between demographic, behavioral, and metabolic variables with MACE and diabetes were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards models. 7,552 participants (50±9.7 years) were included; 64% were women. Women had higher hypertension prevalence, body mass index, levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, and HDL-c but lower triglycerides levels. Women were more sedentary but fewer smokers or active alcohol consumers and had higher educational levels. After 12-year mean follow-up (SD 2.3), the incidence rate of MACE composite was higher in men [4.2 (3.6-4.9) vs. 3.2 (2.8-3.7) cases per 1000 person-years]. Diabetes had the greatest association with MACE (HR = 2.63 95%CI:1.85;3.76), followed by hypertension (HR = 1.75 95%CI:1.30;2.35), low relative grip strength (HR = 1.53 95%CI:1.15;2.02), smoking (HR = 1.47 95%CI: 1.11;1.93), low physical activity (HR = 1.42 95%CI: 1.03;1.96). When evaluating risk factors by sex, only an increased waist-to-hip ratio was more strongly associated with MACE in men (p-interaction <0.05). The composite MACE outcome was higher in men despite having a lower overall burden of risk factors. The risk factors contribution was similar, leading us to reconsider the need to carrying out differentiated cardiovascular risk prevention and management campaigns, at least in our region.

No Evidence for an Association of HIV and Antiviral Treatment With Changes in Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score in the Ndlovu Cohort Study.

HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in high-income countries. The authors studied the longitudinal association between HIV and ART and nonlaboratory Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in a middle-income country. This longitudinal analysis of the NCS (Ndlovu Cohort Study), South Africa used baseline to 36-month follow-up data. Demographics, HIV, ART status, and cardiometabolic measures were obtained. FRS was used as a CVD risk measure. Through linear mixed models, FRS trends over time and the association with HIV were studied. Analysis included 1136 participants, with 609 (54%) having HIV, and 495 (81%) taking ART. At baseline, 9.8% of participants had a high FRS. People living with HIV (PLHIV) had a 3.2% lower FRS than HIV-negative participants (P<0.001). FRS increased similarly for both groups over time. Other factors associated with FRS were secondary and higher education (ß value: -0.075, P<0.001; ß value: -0.084, P<0.001) and alcohol consumption (ß value: 0.011, P<0.001). CVD risk increased for all participants over 36 months, suggesting classic risk factors rather than HIV status or ART to be drivers of CVD risk. People living with HIV had a significantly lower FRS than their HIV-negative counterparts, possibly related to HIV itself or a more frequent interaction with healthcare services. No association of HIV and ART with changes in FRS over 36 months was observed, suggesting the need for research using clinical endpoints to elucidate the effects of HIV and ART on CVD risk. Population-based prevention of CVD risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa is warranted, regardless of HIV status.

Prevalence of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease among school-going children and adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence in Kenya is rising. Overweight, pre-hypertension and physical inactivity at younger ages is contributory. These risk factors are inadequately documented among Kenyan children and adolescents, hampering CVD prevention. this cross-sectional study randomly sampled 384 participants from Eldoret, Kenya. After ethical considerations, physical activity was assessed. Body mass index (BMI), Waist-Hip-Ratio (WHR) and Waist-Height-Ratio (WHtR) were determined, and blood pressure (BP) was measured. participants were 14.6±2.7 years, and 62.6% were female. Eight percent had BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2. Of these, 87% were in secondary schools. Using SBP, 27.9% had CVD risk (42.5% and 20% for males and females ≥13 years and 26.5% and 27% for those <13 years, respectively). For DBP, 12.8% had elevated-to-hypertensive BP (13.2% and 8.3% for males and females ≥13 years and 11.8% and 25.4% for those <13 years, respectively). Combining SBP and DBP, 8.1%, mostly males, had elevated-to-hypertensive BP. Using respective WHR cutoffs of 0.90 and 0.85, 31% (boys) and 15.6% (girls) were at CVD risk. For WHtR, 39.6% of boys were >0.463 cut-off (0.493±0.02) against 32.4% for girls >0.469 cut-off (0.517±0.05). Of these, 52.6% (boys) and 69.7% (girls) were in secondary schools. Overall, 45% of participants were sports-inactive and 77.2% did minimal physical activities. among school-going children and adolescents in Eldoret, Kenya, the prevalence of CVD risk factors was high, especially among boys and in high schools. Large proportions had elevated BP, BMI, WHR and WHtR, and, further, were sedentary, posing a high CVD risk. Lifestyle interventions to mitigate this are urgently needed.

Multicenter Descriptive Study of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in Patients with Heart Failure

Introduction: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin without concurrent lymphoproliferative disease. It is found in about 5% of people aged 50 and older in the general population. Prevalence rates of MGUS increase with age, especially in men and individuals of Black ethnicity compared to women and White individuals, respectively. The diagnostic criteria for MGUS includes a serum M-protein level &amp;lt;3 g/dL, &amp;lt;10% clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, and the absence of a myeloma-defining event. Though historically considered benign, emerging evidence suggests that MGUS patients, even without lymphoproliferative disorders, face increased risks of various diseases like bone diseases, recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders, peripheral neuropathy, renal complications, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of individuals with both MGUS and heart failure (HF) and examine potential racial disparities between Black patients and non-Black patients with MGUS and HF. Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter study that includes patients diagnosed with both MGUS and New York Heart Association grade II or higher HF from January 2010 to January 2023. Patients with potential confounding conditions of MGUS were excluded, such as non-MGUS plasma cell dyscrasias, hematologic malignancies, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and viral illnesses. Laboratory data was recorded at the time of MGUS diagnosis, and HF data was derived from imaging studies performed closest to the time of MGUS diagnosis or at the initial diagnosis of HF if it was diagnosed after MGUS. Findings were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: We analyzed a total of 128 patients with MGUS and HF, excluding 24 patients with potential MGUS confounders. Among the remaining 104 patients, 41 (39.4%) were female, and 63 (60.6%) were male. The cohort consisted of 80 (76.9%) Black patients and 24 patients of non-Black ethnicity. For the overall cohort, the mean age at MGUS diagnosis was 72, and the mean time from HF diagnosis to MGUS diagnosis was 22.5 months with a median of 9.1 months. In 24% of patients, HF and MGUS were diagnosed within less than 1 month of each other. The predominant monoclonal proteins observed were IgG Kappa, IgG Lambda, and IgA Kappa, found in 54 (51.9%), 30 (28.8%), and 13 (12.5%) patients, respectively. The average M spike was 0.7 +/- 0.6 (SD, standard deviation), and the average free light chain ratio was 2.3 +/- 2.3 (SD). The most common type of HF diagnosed was heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, EF &amp;lt;40%), occurring in 63.5% of the cohort. The etiology of HF in the cohort was attributed to ischemic cardiomyopathy in 43.3%, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in 51%, and a combination of both in 5.7%. Table 1 presents the MGUS variables for the overall cohort and stratification by race. Table 2 displays the characteristics of study subjects based on the type of HF, including HFrEF, mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF, EF 40-49%), and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, EF &amp;gt;50%). Conclusion: This study did not find a significant association between MGUS variables and HF, likely due to the limited sample size. However, a larger study by Schwartz et al. using a Danish nationwide database with over 8,000 participants suggested that MGUS patients had a higher risk of incident CVD, even after adjusting for other comorbidities. They also noted a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors in patients with MGUS. These findings indicate a possible link between MGUS and CVD, though the true nature of this association remains uncertain - whether it's causal or coincidental. An interesting observation from our study is that MGUS is often incidentally detected in patients already diagnosed with HF. This suggests that physicians may come across MGUS while investigating the underlying causes of HF, raising the possibility of shared underlying factors or pathological processes between both conditions. Considering our findings, it's essential to recognize that MGUS patients may have a higher mortality risk independent of developing plasma cell disorders. Large-scale studies are needed to better understand the association between MGUS and CVD, potentially influencing monitoring and follow-up strategies for MGUS patients, especially concerning potential cardiovascular implications.

1379. Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk among People Living with HIV in Lebanon

Abstract Background Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), People Living with HIV (PLHIV) have become more prone to developing chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), than to suffer from AIDS related conditions. The global burden of CVD associated with HIV has tripled over the last two decades, especially in low/middle income countries. Scarce data exist on the prevalence of CVD and CVD risk factors among PLHIV in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Therefore, we aim to examine the prevalence of CVD risk factors and calculate the CV risk in a cohort of PLHIV in Lebanon. Methods This is a retrospective chart review conducted between 2018 and 2023 at an HIV clinic in a tertiary care center in Lebanon. The study population includes adult subjects receiving ART and with at least 6 months of undetectable viral loads. Data included demographics, laboratory values, HIV-specific data, and review of traditional CVD risk factors. Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score was calculated using the American College of Cardiology Risk Estimator Plus, to estimate patients’ 10-year risk for developing ASCVD. Descriptive statistics were implemented to summarize the cohort’s characteristics and the prevalence of CVD risk factors. Results A total of 85 HIV-infected subjects were included in the analysis. Subjects’ characteristics are summarized in table 1. The majority were males (89.4%), and the mean age was 43.31±12.28 years. The prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use was 70.6%, 54.1%, and 20%, respectively. The mean BMI was 26.1±5 kg/m². Additionally, 20.2 % of subjects had dyslipidemia, 6% had diabetes, and 15.5% had hypertension. The mean current CD4 cell count was 687.83 ±356 cells/ml. The cohort had a mean ASCVD risk score of 8.8%, higher than that of age-matched population (mean ASCVD risk score of US firefighters aged 40-44 years is 1.8%). Conclusion This study shows the prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors among PLHIV receiving effective ART in Lebanon. The cohort mean ASCVD risk score indicates an intermediate risk for developing CVD over the next decade. in the MENA region, we need larger studies to inform on the prevalence of CVD among PLHIV, and to develop guidelines to mitigate the risk. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Abstract P148: Association Of Hypertension With Cardiovascular Disease In The United States

Background: Hypertension is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, its relative importance compared with other established CVD risk factors among U.S. adults is unclear. Objective: To determine the prevalence of CVD risk factors and compare their association with CVD in a large U.S. population. Methods: The 2017 and 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System queried a representative sample of U.S. adults about hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and high cholesterol based on health professional diagnosis, obesity (BMI ≥30 from self-reported weight and height), smoking, and physical inactivity. We used logistic regression to examine the association between risk factors and CVD (nonfatal stroke and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction). Coefficients were compared using Wald tests. Models were also examined across sex (male vs. female), race (Black vs. White), and age (≥ 65 and &lt;65), using interaction terms. Results: The weighted sample was 21.0% age ≥65 years, 51.3% female, 70.0% Non-Hispanic White, and 11.6% Non-Hispanic Black. While all risk factors were associated with CVD, HTN was most strongly associated with CVD in the fully adjusted model (OR = 2.26; P -values comparing to other coefficients were all &lt;0.001). There was no evidence of effect modification across sex and race (all P -interaction values &gt;0.05), the association between hypertension and CVD was stronger for age &lt;65 years ( P &lt;0.001). Nevertheless, hypertension was still the strongest risk factor among both age groups. Conclusion: In this large U.S. sample, hypertension was the most prevalent and strongest CVD risk factor and should be a primary focus of policy focused on CVD prevention.

Physical Activity, Occupational Stress, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Law Enforcement Officers: A Cross-sectional Study.

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the interrelationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), occupational stress, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in law enforcement officers (LEOs). A total of 229 LEOs completed a survey assessing their LTPA level, occupational stress, and CVD risk factors. After adjusting for age and sex, physically inactive LEOs are more likely to have one or more CVD risk factors. While high occupational stress was associated with greater odds of CVD risk factors in physically inactive LEOs, stress was not significantly associated with the prevalence of CVD risk factors in active LEOs. Our results suggest that occupational stress is associated with the prevalence of CVD risk factors in LEOs. Nevertheless, LTPA might have the potential to mitigate the impact of occupational stress on CVD risk factors.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Prevalence and Gender Differences

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Children with T1D have a similar or higher prevalence of being overweight (OW) or obese (Ob) compared to healthy peers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVD risk factors in children and adolescents with T1D and the impact of obesity and sex differences on these factors. Data of patients aged 10-21 years and who had been using intensive insulin therapy with a diagnosis of T1D for at least three years were evaluated. Patients were divided into normal weight (NW), OW and Ob groups based on body mass index percentiles. Risk factors for CVD (obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension) were compared between groups, and impact of gender was also analyzed. Data of 365 patients (200 girls, 54.8%), were evaluated. Prevalence of OW/Ob was 25.9% and was significantly higher in girls (30.6% vs 20.1%, p<0.001). Rate of hypertension was highest in OW/Ob girls followed by OW/Ob boys, and similar in NW girls and boys (p=0.003). Mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels were highest in OW/Ob girls, followed by OW/Ob boys, NW girls and NW boys, respectively (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Mean high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were similar among groups. Rates of high LDL-c and TG were similar between OW/Ob girls and boys and higher than NW girls, followed by NW boys (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The rate of low HDL-c was similar in OW/Ob girls and boys, and higher than NW girls, followed by NW boys (p<0.001). Overall, girls were 1.9 times more likely than boys to have two or more risk factors for CVD. Factors associated with risk for CVD in multiple logistic regression analyses were being a girl, followed by higher daily insulin dose, higher hemoglobin A1c, and longer duration of diabetes (r=0.856; p<0.001). In spite of the increased prevalence for obesity in both sexes, the trend for CVD risk factors was greater in Ob girls, followed by Ob boys and NW girls. Girls with T1D are more likely to be OW/Ob and to have CVD risk than boys, highlighting the need for early intervention and additional studies to elucidate the causes.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Young Adults (18-25 Years) in Mozambique.

The life course development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the undergoing epidemiological transition in Mozambique highlight the importance of monitoring the cardiovascular risk profile in young adults. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of CVD risk factors in a population aged 18-25 years living in Mozambique. A total of 776 young adults from a nationally representative sample were evaluated in 2014/2015 following the World Health Organization's STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Current smoking was the most prevalent among rural men (10.8%, 95%CI: 6.3-17.8), and drinking was most prevalent among urban men (38.6%, 95%CI: 29.3-48.8). The proportion of young adults not engaging in at least 75 min of vigorous physical activity per week ranged between 14.5% in rural men and 61.6% in urban women. The prevalence of being overweight/obese and hypertension were highest among urban women (21.6%, 95%CI: 14.7-30.6) and urban men (25.2%, 95%CI: 15.9-37.6), respectively. Education >8 years (vs. none) was independently associated with lower odds of being a current smoker, and increased monthly household income was associated with increased odds of low levels of physical activity. This study shows that important CVD risk factors are already common in the young adult population of Mozambique.

Increased 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in depressed patients with coexisting subclinical hypothyroidism.

The prevalence of depressive disorder (DD) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) was almost twofold higher in women compared with men, both of which are confirmed to be related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The current study aimed to identify the prevalence of CVD risk factors and evaluate the 10-year CVD risk in female depressed patients with and without comorbid SH. We recruited 1744 female inpatients with a diagnosis of DD. Venous blood samples were taken from all patients for lipid and thyroid hormones. Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was used to estimate the 10-year CVD risk. Female depressed patients with SH had increased BMI, higher Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores, higher LDL-C, TC, UA, and a higher 10-year CVD risk than euthyroid DD groups. Serum TSH levels and HAMA scores were critical predictive variables for 10-year CVD risk in female depressed patients with comorbid SH. Our study suggests that female depressed patients with SH have a high 10-year CVD risk. Serum TSH levels and HAMA scores may be helpful to predict cardiovascular risk in female patients with SH. The increased CVD risk in female depressed patients with comorbid SH requires more attention from researchers and clinicians.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Sudanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes who have optimum condition management are exposed to a significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to those who do not have diabetes. People with diabetes are estimated to have a fourfold greater risk of developing CVD than people without diabetes. CVD risk factors other than diabetes include older age, obesity hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and a family history of coronary or kidney diseases.&#x0D; Objectives: The study aims to assess the cardiovascular risk factors among type2 diabetes at Ribat Hospital Diabetes Clinic, Sudan.&#x0D; Methods: T2 DM patients were evaluated for the presence of CVD risk factors by using data collecting form to extract data verbally and from patients’ files.&#x0D; Results: Out of 147 T2 DM files, 92 (61.7 %) were female, 57 (38.3 %) were male, and 58 (38.9 %) patients were ≥ 60 year old. Patients who had poor glycemic control were 112 (75.2 %) and those who met the glycemic target were only 37 (24.8 %). Older age (P = 0.01) and diabetes duration (P = 0.026) were associated with poor glycemic control. Prevalence of hypertension was 61 (40.9 %), dyslipidemia 31 (20.8 %), and physical inactivity 112 (75.2 %). All patients had at least one CVD risk factor and those having all three risk factors were 48 (32.2 %).&#x0D; Conclusion: All T2 DM diabetic patients in RHDC had at least one CVD risk factor and almost a third of them had all three risk factors. Poor glycemic control, physical inactivity, hypertension, and age ≥ 60 had a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors.