Prevalence Of Cardiovascular Disease Research Articles

Application of Decision Tree Method in ECG Signal Classification For Heart Disorder Detection

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, and it is the leading cause of death globally. In Indonesia, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent CVDs. However, due to the high cost of drugs, lengthy treatment duration, and various supporting examinations required, treating CHD can be very expensive. An obstacle to treating heart disease in Indonesia is the insufficient number of cardiologists and experts experienced in interventional cardiology. Along with technological developments, the computer science community is encouraged to contribute to the medical field. For instance, using an electrocardiogram (ECG) can help prevent and minimize problems arising from heart disease. An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a medical test that measures and records the heart’s electrical activity using a machine that detects electrical impulses. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in ECG is rapidly increasing and has shown to have great potential in improving the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac patients. AI has become a valuable tool in helping doctors diagnose, predict risk, and manage heart disease with greater accuracy, speed, and precision. One of the machine learning methods used in this research is the decision tree method, which is often employed to make decisions. The decision tree method exhibited promising results, with an accuracy rate of 99% in identifying heart defects at an early stage. This method has significant potential to assist doctors in diagnosing heart defects at an early stage with high accuracy.

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors Among Former National Football League Players

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, but prevalence estimates in former professional athletes are limited. ObjectivesHUDDLE (Heart Health: Understanding and Diagnosing Disease by Leveraging Echocardiograms) aimed to raise awareness and estimate the prevalence of CVD and associated risk factors among members of the National Football League (NFL) Alumni Association and their families through education and screening events. MethodsHUDDLE was a multicity, cross-sectional study of NFL alumni and family members aged 50 years and older. Subjects reported their health history and participated in CVD education and screening (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and transthoracic echocardiogram [TTE] assessments). Phone follow-up by investigators occurred 30 days postscreening to review results and recommendations. This analysis focuses on former NFL athletes. ResultsOf 498 participants screened, 57.2% (N = 285) were former NFL players, the majority of whom were African American (67.6%). The prevalence of hypertension among NFL alumni was estimated to be 89.8%, though only 37.5% reported a history of hypertension. Of 285 evaluable participants, 61.8% had structural cardiac abnormalities by TTE. Multivariable analysis showed that hypertension was a significant predictor of clinically relevant structural abnormalities on TTE. ConclusionsHUDDLE identified a large discrepancy between participant self-awareness and actual prevalence of CVD and risk factors, highlighting a significant opportunity for population health interventions. Structural cardiac abnormalities were observed in most participants and were independently predicted by hypertension, affirming the role of TTE for CVD screening in this population aged older than 50 years. (Heart Health: Understanding and Diagnosing Disease by Leveraging Echocardiograms [HUDDLE]; NCT05009589)

Spectrum of prevalent cardiovascular diseases in urban Port-au-Prince, Haiti: a population-based cross-sectional study

Eighty percent of global cardiovascular disease (CVD) is projected to occur in low- and middle -income countries (LMICs), yet local epidemiological data are scarce. We provide the first population-based, adjudicated CVD prevalence estimates in Port-au-Prince, Haiti to describe the spectrum of heart disease and investigate associated risk factors. Demographic, medical history, clinical, imaging and laboratory data were collected among adults recruited using multistage random sampling from 2019 to 2021. Prevalent CVD (heart failure, stroke, ischemic disease) were adjudicated using epidemiological criteria similar to international cohorts. Multivariable Poisson regressions assessed relationships between risk factors and prevalent CVD. Among 3003 participants, median age was 40 years, 58.1% were female, 70.2% reported income <1 USD/day, and all identified as Black Haitian. CVD age-adjusted prevalence was 14.7% (95% CI 13.3%, 16.5%), including heart failure (11.9% [95% CI 10.5%, 13.5%]), stroke (2.4% [95% CI 1.9%, 3.3%]), angina (2.1% [95% CI 1.6%, 2.9%]), myocardial infarction (1.0% [95% CI 0.6%, 1.8%]), and transient ischemic attack (0.4% [95% CI 0.2%, 1.0%]). Among participants with heart failure, median age was 57 years and 68.5% of cases were among women. The most common subtype was heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (80.4%). Heart failure was associated with hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, depression, and stress. Early-onset heart failure prevalence is alarmingly high in urban Haiti and challenge modelling assumptions that ischemic heart disease and stroke dominate CVDs in LMICs. These data underscore the importance of local population-based epidemiologic data within LMICs to expedite the selection and implementation of evidence-based cardiovascular health policies targeting each country's spectrum of heart disease. This study was funded by NIH grants R01HL143788, D43TW011972, and K24HL163393, clinicaltrials.govNCT03892265.

Genetic, lifestyle and metabolic factors contributing to cardiovascular disease in the Italian population: a literature review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major health problem worldwide. In Italy, despite the decline in CVD mortality and disability-adjusted life years recently observed, CVD remains the leading cause of death. The development of CVD has a complex and multifactorial etiology that involves environmental, lifestyle/behavioral (e.g., unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol abuse), metabolic, and genetic factors. Although a large number of CVD susceptibility genetic variants have been identified, some seem to confer risk according to the genetic background or ethnicity of the population. Some CVD-associated polymorphisms with appreciable frequency in the Italian population may be important contributors to the development and progression of the most prevalent CVD in the population. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology of CVD in Italy, as well as to highlight the main genetic, lifestyle/behavioral, and metabolic factors contributing to CVD risk in this population.

Obesity paradox of cardiovascular mortality in older adults in the United States: A cohort study using 1997–2018 National Health Interview Survey data linked with the National Death Index

BackgroundLarge-scale, population-based investigations primarily investigating the association between body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among older and younger adults in the United States (U.S.) are lacking. ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between BMI and CVD mortality in older (≥65 years) and younger (<65 years) adults and to identify the nadir for CVD mortality. DesignThis cohort study used serial cross-sectional data from the 1997 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) linked with the National Death Index. NHIS is an annual nationally representative household interview survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. SettingResidential units of the civilian noninstitutionalized population in the U.S. ParticipantsThe target population for the NHIS is the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population at the time of the interview. We included all adults who had BMI data collected at 18 years and older and with mortality data being available. To minimize the risk of reverse causality, we excluded adults whose survival time was ≤2 years of follow-up after their initial BMI was recorded and those with prevalent cancer and/or CVD at baseline. MethodsWe used the BMI record obtained in the year of the NHIS survey. Total CVD mortality used the NHIS data linked to the latest National Death Index data from the survey inception to December 31, 2019. We performed multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). ResultsThe study included 425,394 adults; the mean (SD) age was 44 (16.7) years. During a median follow-up period of 11 years, 12,089 CVD-related deaths occurred. In older adults, having overweight was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (aHR 0.92 [95 % CI, 0.87–0.97]); having class I obesity (1.04 [0.97–1.12]) and class II obesity (1.12 [1.00–1.26]) was not significantly associated with an increased CVD mortality; and having class III obesity was associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality (1.63 [1.35–1.98]), in comparison with adults who had a normal BMI. Yet, in younger adults, having overweight, class I, II, and III obesity was associated with a progressively higher risk of CVD mortality. The nadir for CVD mortality is 28.2 kg/m2 in older adults and 23.6 kg/m2 in younger adults. ConclusionThis U.S. population-based cohort study highlights the significance of considering age as a crucial factor when providing recommendations and delivering self-care educational initiatives for weight loss to reduce CVD mortality.

Association of cardiovascular disease prevalence with BMD and fracture in men with T2DM.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are predisposed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Bone mineral density (BMD) is linked to CVD, but most studies focused on women. Our analysis aims to explore the association of BMD and fracture with the prevalence of CVD in men with T2DM. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 856 men with T2DM were enrolled. BMDs at the lumbar spine (L2-4), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The CVD outcome was determined as the sum of the following conditions: congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, the requirement for coronary artery revascularization, and stroke. The relationship between BMDs and CVD was investigated by restricted cubic spline curves and logistic regression models. A total of 163 (19.0%) patients developed CVD. The restricted cubic spline curve revealed a linear and negative association between FN-BMD, TH-BMD, and CVD. After full adjustments for confounding covariates, the odds ratios were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.11-1.61], p < .05), 1.3 (95% CI [1.05-1.60], p < .05), and 1.26 (95% CI [1.02-1.55], p < .05) for each 1-SD decrease in BMDs of L2-4, FN and TH, respectively. T-scores of < -1 for BMD of L2-4 and FN were independently associated with CVD (p < .05). Subgroup analyses further supported our findings. The prevalence of CVD was inversely correlated with BMD levels in men with T2DM, particularly at the FN. We hypothesized that monitoring FN-BMD and early intervention would help reduce CVD risk in men with T2DM, especially those with hypertension.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant global health concern, with its incidence doubling over the past three decades. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) pose a major threat to CKD patients, surpassing the risk of progressing to end-stage renal disease. While previous studies worldwide have shed light on this association, limited research has been conducted in Saudi Arabia regarding this burden. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the prevalence and risk factors of CVD in CKD patients at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between 2017 and 2022. A six-year retrospective review of medical records at KAUH was conducted, including 465 non-end-stage CKD patients aged 30 to 79. Data, including demographics, clinical information, and laboratory results, were collected and statistically analyzed to investigate the association between variables. Out of 465 CKD patients, 262 (56.3%) were diagnosed with CVD, with congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease being the most common types. The majority were male 259 (55.7%), non-Saudi 278 (59.8%), and aged 60 years and older 291 (62.6%). Hypertension 394 (84.7%) and diabetes mellitus 336 (72.3%) were prevalent comorbidities. Severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, proteinuria, diabetes mellitus, and higher BMI were identified as significant risk factors for CVD in CKD patients. This research contributes valuable insights into the prevalence and risk factors of CVD in CKD patients in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention. The identified risk factors provide a basis for developing targeted preventive strategies to mitigate this population's CVD burden.

Can blood eosinophil count be used as a predictive marker for the severity of COPD and concomitant cardiovascular disease? The relationship with the 2023 Version of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Staging.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between eosinophil count and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the correlation between eosinophil count and the risk of exacerbations in COPD. The study included 405 patients who met the study inclusion criteria. Of the participants, 100 (25%) were classified as Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) A, 105 (26%) as GOLD B, and 200 (49%) as GOLD E. Routine blood tests (including leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and platelet count) were carried out using an automated hematology analyzer. The eosinophil count and eosinophil percentage were significantly higher in 158 patients with COPD and concurrent CVD than in the COPD patients without concurrent CVD [2.95 (2.4), p=2.309e-11, 1.9 (2), p=5.02e-08, respectively). The prevalence of CVD was higher in the GOLD E group that experienced prominent exacerbations, and while the eosinophil count was also higher (p=.03) in this group, the eosinophil percentage did not differ significantly in this group of patients. The results of our study indicate a strong relationship between eosinophils and cardiovascular events in COPD subjects, particularly in subjects at high risk of exacerbations and cardiovascular complications.

Plasma Concentrations of Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, Choline, and Betaine in Patients With Moderate to Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Relation to Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut bacteria mediated liver metabolite of dietary betaine, choline, and carnitine which is excreted by glomerular filtration. We studied whether TMAO is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among 478 patients with CKD stage G2 (n = 104), G3a (n = 163), G3b (n = 123), and G4 (n = 88), we studied the association between fasting plasma concentrations of TMAO, choline or betaine at baseline and kidney function, prevalent CVD and future renal outcomes during a mean follow-up of 5.1 years. Decreased glomerular filtration rate was associated with higher plasma concentrations of TMAO, choline and betaine. Baseline concentrations of TMAO were higher in participants with preexisting CVD compared to those without CVD (8.4 [10.1] vs. 7.8 [8.0] μmol/L; p = 0.047), but the difference was not significant after adjusting for confounders. During the follow up, 147 participants experienced CVD or died and 144 reached the predefined renal endpoint. In the adjusted regression analyses, TMAO or choline concentrations in the upper three quartiles (versus the lowest quartile) were not associated with any of the study clinical endpoints. In contrast, the adjusted hazard ratio of plasma betaine in the highest quartile versus the lowest quartile was 2.14 (1.32, 3.47) for the CVD endpoint and 1.64 (1.00, 2.67) for the renal endpoint. Elevated plasma TMAO concentrations were explained by impaired kidney function. Elevated plasma concentrations of betaine, but not that of TMAO or choline predicted adverse outcomes. TMAO might not be an appropriate target to reduce CVD or renal outcomes in patients with preexisting CKD.

Role of Triglyceride to High Density Lipoprotein (TG/HDL) Ratio as A Marker of Insulin Resistance in Adults of Central India: A Narrative Review

One of the main risk factors for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is insulin resistance (IR). But because there aren't many easy-to-use and trustworthy biomarkers or tests, the entity is frequently under diagnosed. The present review was performed with an aim to provide the available data regarding the role or efficacy of TG/HDL ratio as an indicator of IR in adults of central India, a region popular for high prevalence of T2DM and CVD. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine. Relevant research articles focusing on use of TG/HDL as a marker of insulin resistance published in the period 2002 to 2023 were included in the review. A total of 33 articles were selected based upon their suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. The review concludes that TG/HDL ratio is a simple, affordable, and feasible marker of IR that can be used in economically poor regions of the India or world for screening IR and risk stratification of T2DM and CVD in adults. However, more studies are needed in India and all over the world to validate this marker and its cut-off values.

The improvement of mental and physical health of people with severe mental disorder: one-year efficacy of a lifestyle experimental intervention

IntroductionPatients with severe mental disorders have a significantly reduced life expectancy than the general population, often resulting from the increased prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Reasons include unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, reduced access to screening programs and adverse effects of many psychotropic drugs.ObjectivesOur goal is to assess the efficacy of a psychosocial group intervention promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors compared to a brief psychoeducational group intervention in terms of improvement of severity of psychiatric symptoms and perceived quality of life, and a series of anthropometric and hematological parameters.MethodsThis is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Patients between 18 and 35 years of age with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder were recruited. Exclusion criteria were inability to perform moderate physical activity, pregnancy and breastfeeding and impaired cognitive functions.Results401 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to receive the experimental intervention (LIFESTYLE) or a behavioural control intervention. About 57% of the sample were female, with a mean age of 45.8±11.8, and BMI of 32.5±5.5. All of them were receiving almost one psychotropic drug. At one year, we observed a reduction in HOMA-IR index (from 4.3 ± 5.5 to 3.1 ± 2.9, p&lt;0.01) and triglycerides (from 162.5 ± 78.1 mg/dL to 131.4 ± 76.0 mg/dL, p&lt;0.001), as well as an increase in HDL (from 46.2± 14.6 mg/dL to 50.9±26.7 mg/dL, p&lt;0.05). Moreover, a reduction in the values of BPRS “Affectivity” (from 8.7±3.0 to 7.2±2.5, p&lt;0.001), “Activity” (from 4.7±1.9 to 4.2±1.3, p&lt;0.01) and “Negative Symptoms” subscale (from 7.7±3.1 to 7.0±2.7, p&lt;0.001) was also observed, along with an improvement in perceived quality of life (MANSA total score from 4.0 ± 1.0 to 5.3 ± 0.8, p&lt;0.01).ConclusionsThe results support the evidence that the LIFESTYLE intervention has long-lasting positive effects on physical and mental health of people with mental disorders. More efforts need to be done in order to increase the availability of these treatments in routine clinical settings.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Retrospective Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Following Monthly and Three-Month Long-Acting Paliperidone Palmitate Treatment in Schizophrenia

IntroductionPatients with schizophrenia exhibit a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases compared to the general population, resulting in increased mortality rates. The extent of this risk may vary based on the specific treatment employed.ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the risk assessments of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in schizophrenia patients who transitioned from monthly long-acting paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) treatment to three-month long-acting paliperidone palmitate (PP3M) treatment during both treatment periods.MethodsThe research was conducted at the Psychiatry Clinic and Psychotic Disorders Outpatient Clinic of Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine. Eligible participants included patients under PP3M treatment for a minimum of 6 months and undergoing continuous monitoring in the psychotic disorders outpatient clinic. Sociodemographic and clinical data, scales, laboratory values, and measurements taken both before and during the use of PP3M and PP1M were retrieved from file records, encompassing assessments, analyses, and examinations conducted in accordance with the “Psychotic Disorders - Treatment Monitoring Protocol.” Ethical approval was obtained from the Selcuk University Ethics Committee.Results Among the 31 patients transitioning from PP1M to PP3M treatment, 15 (48.4%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 44.4±14.4 years. No statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of clinical evaluation and side effect assessment scales, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, glucose levels, cholesterol levels, prolactin levels, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements between the pre- and post-treatment phases (p&gt;0.05). However, a significant difference was identified in the mean Qrisk3 values, a cardiovascular risk index, in two distinct measurements (10-year risk score: PP1M 3.7±4.2 and PP3M 4.6±4.8, p=0.003).Conclusions Our study, designed to investigate the impact of the monthly and three-month long-acting formulations of the same antipsychotic drug on patients’ clinical status, side effects, and general health parameters, found that PP3M treatment did not significantly differ from PP1M treatment in terms of Qrisk3 values. Despite the lack of statistical significance between the parameters used in Qrisk3 calculation, the observed significant difference in Qrisk3 values is attributed to variations in age. In order to promote the widespread adoption of long-acting treatments in schizophrenia management, clinicians should engage in comprehensive comparative studies assessing both efficacy and side effects.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Scaling hypertension treatment in 24 low-income and middle-income countries: economic evaluation of treatment decisions at three blood pressure cut-points

ObjectiveEstimate the incremental costs and benefits of scaling up hypertension care in adults in 24 select countries, using three different systolic blood pressure (SBP) treatment cut-off points—≥140, ≥150 and ≥160...

Comprehensive Cardiovascular Assessment in Critical Patients: The Predictive Role of a Smartphone-based 12-Lead ECG Device

Background: With the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, there is a growing need for innovative and easily accessible cardiac monitoring tools. This study evaluates the predictive capability of Spandan, a smartphone-based 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) device, for assessing cardiovascular abnormalities in critically ill ICU patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand. Methods: A cohort of 203 critically ill patients was actively enrolled in the study. Utilizing the Spandan smartphone-based ECG device, comprehensive 12-lead ECG recordings were obtained from each participant. These recordings underwent comparative analysis against the Gold Standard ECG, with diagnoses provided by cardiologists. The study aimed to assess the operational feasibility and accuracy of Spandan in identifying cardiovascular abnormalities within this high-risk population. Result: Initial findings reveal a significant alignment between the ECG recordings obtained via Spandan and the gold standard ECG, corroborating the diagnoses provided by cardiologists. The smartphone-based ECG device demonstrates promising outcomes in detecting various cardiovascular abnormalities in critical patients, including arrhythmias, ischemic changes, and conduction abnormalities. Notably, Spandan exhibits a specificity of 70%, surpassing the Gold Standard's 42%. This suggests Spandan's advantageous capability in accurately identifying true negative cases, thereby offering a higher specificity. Conclusion: The Spandan 12-lead ECG device shows promise as a valuable tool for comprehensive cardiovascular assessment in critically ill patients. Its operational feasibility and precision in identifying cardiovascular abnormalities highlight its potential to facilitate prompt diagnosis and management in this vulnerable demographic. Further extensive research and larger-scale trials are warranted to validate these initial findings and confirm the broad applicability of smartphone-based ECG devices in critical care settings.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Diseases Knowledge among Adults Population in Sulaimani City: A Descriptive Study

Background: The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease has emerged as a significant global and public health issue within the category of non-communicable diseases. In this study, we have to assess cardiovascular diseases knowledge and risk factors among adult population in Sulaimani City. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done with 131 people in Sulaimani city was collected the data includes socio demographic, clinical characteristics, and information about some risk factors of cardiovascular disease through direct interview. Results: The results of the present study revealed that 60.3%, 39.7% of the participants were males and female respectively. Most of them married and from urban area, 35.9% was graduated from primary school. 51.9% of them were unemployed. 76.3% of them had insufficient economic state. 81% of them were current and second-hand smoke. More than half of them had no information about heart disease, it is risk factors. Most 80.2% of them did not do regular exercise. Conclusion: From this present study, we have concluded that insufficient knowledge of the participants regarding risk factors of heart disease, especially food drug interaction and drug- drug interaction. More than half and nearly a quarter of them did not sure about existing dyslipidemia and hypertension respectively. The majority of them did not perform regular daily exercise. Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, knowledge, adults, population, Sulaimani city, descriptive study

Leveraging Clinical Pharmacy Expertise for Pediatric Cardiology in Low and Middle-Income Country

Pharmacists are universally regarded as an integral component in the therapeutic prescription, particularly within the realm in pediatric population. As the drastic increase in prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in pediatrics in Pakistan harness numerous opportunities for pharmacists to involve in clinical activities such as, to evaluate treatment regimens, therapeutic monitoring, adverse event monitoring, counseling and intervene as needed appropriately in collaboration with physician to facilitate high care to pediatric patients. However, a comprehensive literature review underscores the dearth of such patient-centered practice in Pakistan in public-health sector specially. In this commentary, we accentuate the indispensable involvement of pharmacist in pediatric cardiac unit of public-sector in low and middle income country to optimized pediatric patients care

Метод автоматического детектирования характерных точек пульсовой волны

The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) requires the development of new methods for their timely preliminary diagnosis. One of the promising approaches in this direction is the analysis of photoplethysmogram (PPG). The article presents an algorithmic method of digital processing of the PPG signal for automatic determination of the position of characteristic points on the pulse wave. This task is relevant, as amplitude and time characteristics of the location of characteristic points allow obtaining information about the state of the cardiovascular system (CVS). The developed method is characterised by low sensitivity to the variability of the signal shape due to the application of differentiation and interpolation procedures. The proposed solution can be used for creation of modern technical means of preliminary diagnostics of CVS.

Clinicopathological Features of Smoking Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease According to the Frailty Registry

Aim. To analyse clinicopathological features of smoking patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.Material and Methods. We analysed the data from the FRAILTY registry which includes patients with coronary artery disease. In addition to clinical features, we assessed echocardiography data and lipid metabolism levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein).Results. Of the 381 CAD patients, 178 (46.7%) have smoked at some point (107 (60.1%) current smokers and 71 (39.1%) smoking quitters), whereas 203 (53.3%) patients have never smoked. These groups were comparable in age and cardiovascular disease prevalence. Smokers or smoking quitters’ group had higher proportion of males (78.1 vs. 69%; p = 0.045), higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (61.8 vs. 55.2%; p = 0.047), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.4 vs. 2.3%; p = 0.045), and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (47.8 vs. 31.5%; p = 0.041). There were no differences between the groups regarding the risk of death after cardiac surgery. The level of total cholesterol was 1.8-fold higher in smokers and smoking quitters as compared with patients who never smoked (5.5 (3.7; 6.7) vs. 3.0 (2.2; 4.0) mmol/L; p = 0.01). Similar pattern was discovered regarding to the level of C-reactive protein (5.1 (2.4; 5.3) vs. 3.9 (2.2; 4.2) mg/L in smokers/smoking quitters and never smokers, respectively; p = 0.041). The analysis of echocardiography parameters did not reveal statistically significant differences.Conclusion. Smoking frequently accompanies coronary artery disease. Current smokers and smoking quitters were characterized by higher frequency of myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower extremity peripheral artery disease Further, current smokers and smoking quitters had higher serum total cholesterol and C-reactive protein.

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the description of concurrent treatments: A two-center retrospective cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obesity are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonetheless, their prevalence among patients with T2DM in Saudi Arabia (SA) remains unknown. As current guidelines recommend, these comorbidities require adding certain antidiabetic agents with cardiorenal benefits. However, the prescribers' adherence to these recommendations remains unclear. MethodsA two-center retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted including adult patients (≥18 years) with T2DM admitted to hospital or seen at outpatient clinics between January and December 2020. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of ASCVD. Patients with no prior ASCVD history were further classified based on the 10-year ASCVD risk estimation. Endpoints of interest included the prevalence of ASCVD, HF, CKD, and obesity in patients with T2DM. We also evaluated the characteristics of the utilized antidiabetic agents, statin, and aspirin therapies.. ResultsOf the 1,218 included patients with T2DM, the majority were female (57.0 %), and aged 45–64 years (53.0 %) with a mean age of 59.3 ± 13.1 years. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most prevalent comorbidities (67.7 % and 69.0 %, respectively). Among all patients, 18.6 % had an established ASCVD and the prevalence of HF, CKD, and obesity were 5.1 %, 8.7 %, and 58.3 %, respectively. The most common types of ASCVD witnessed were revascularization (42.3 %), myocardial infarction (36.6 %), and stroke (33.9 %); with an increased prevalence of ASCVD as the age increases (52.8 % at age ≥ 65 years). In the non‐ASCVD group, the 10-year ASCVD risk was intermediate or high in 62.7 % of these patients. The rates of utilization of guidelines-recommended therapies were 83.6 % for metformin, 9.4 % for GLP-1 RA, 10.8 % for SGLT2i, 35.2 % for aspirin alone or in combination with clopidogrel, and 79.7 % for statin therapy. ConclusionsASCVD, HF, CKD, and obesity are common complications in patients with T2DM in SA, with low overall utilization of the recommended guidelines-recommended medical therapies. Multimodal strategies should be utilized to assess T2DM and its complications, and to improve prescribers' adherence to guidelines-recommended therapies.

Multiple cardiovascular risk factor care in 55 low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional analysis of nationally-representative, individual-level data from 280,783 adults.

The prevalence of multiple age-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is high among individuals living in low- and middle-income countries. We described receipt of healthcare services for and management of hypertension and diabetes among individuals living with these conditions using individual-level data from 55 nationally representative population-based surveys (2009-2019) with measured blood pressure (BP) and diabetes biomarker. We restricted our analysis to non-pregnant individuals aged 40-69 years and defined three mutually exclusive groups (i.e., hypertension only, diabetes only, and both hypertension-diabetes) to compare individuals living with concurrent hypertension and diabetes to individuals with each condition separately. We included 90,086 individuals who lived with hypertension only, 11,975 with diabetes only, and 16,228 with hypertension-diabetes. We estimated the percentage of individuals who were aware of their diagnosis, used pharmacological therapy, or achieved appropriate hypertension and diabetes management. A greater percentage of individuals with hypertension-diabetes were fully diagnosed (64.1% [95% CI: 61.8-66.4]) than those with hypertension only (47.4% [45.3-49.6]) or diabetes only (46.7% [44.1-49.2]). Among the hypertension-diabetes group, pharmacological treatment was higher for individual conditions (38.3% [95% CI: 34.8-41.8] using antihypertensive and 42.3% [95% CI: 39.4-45.2] using glucose-lowering medications) than for both conditions jointly (24.6% [95% CI: 22.1-27.2]).The percentage of individuals achieving appropriate management was highest in the hypertension group (17.6% [16.4-18.8]), followed by diabetes (13.3% [10.7-15.8]) and hypertension-diabetes (6.6% [5.4-7.8]) groups. Although health systems in LMICs are reaching a larger share of individuals living with both hypertension and diabetes than those living with just one of these conditions, only seven percent achieved both BP and blood glucose treatment targets. Implementation of cost-effective population-level interventions that shift clinical care paradigm from disease-specific to comprehensive CVD care are urgently needed for all three groups, especially for those with multiple CVD risk factors.