Cardiovascular Disease In Young Adults Research Articles

Cumulative remnant cholesterol burden increases the risk of cardiovascular disease among young adults

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that remnant cholesterol (RC) was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged or older adults. However, lack of evidence on long-term exposures to RC and their role in CVD risk among young adults. We thus aimed to explore the association between cumulative RC burden and CVD in young adults. MethodsWe enrolled participants younger than 45 years free of CVD history in the Kailuan Study who completed the first three health examinations from 2006 to 2010. Cumulative RC burden included cumulative RC burden score, time-weighted cumulative RC, exposure duration of high RC, and time course of RC accumulation. The outcome was the incidence of CVD. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between cumulative RC burden and CVD risk. ResultsA total of 15,219 participants were included (73.70% male, median age 39.13 years). During a median follow-up duration of 8.71 years (interquartile range: 8.4–9.15 years), 502 individuals developed CVD. After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, highest risk of CVD was observed in participants with the highest cumulative RC burden score (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29–2.12), the highest quartile time-weighted cumulative RC (HR,1.50; 95% CI, 1.15–1.96), the longest exposure duration of high RC (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21–2.42), and those with cumulative RC burden and positive slope (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.35–2.36). ConclusionsCumulative RC burden increased the risk of CVD among young adults, suggesting that maintaining low RC levels throughout young adulthood may minimize CVD risk. Key learning points•Remnant cholesterol (RC) was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged or older adults, but lack of evidence on long-term exposures to RC and their role in CVD risk among young adults.•We explored the association between cumulative RC burden and CVD in younger than 45 years adults.•Cumulative RC burden increased the risk of CVD among young adults, suggesting that maintaining low RC levels throughout young adulthood may minimize CVD risk.

Associations Between Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts 50% of U.S. adults although few studies evaluate young adults’ cardiovascular disease risk. Early identification of cardiovascular disease risk may mitigate increased adulthood incidence. We analyzed (CVD) risk factors and their association with cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text] o2max) to devise effective strategies to improve cardiovascular health across the lifespan. Methods A cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults aged 18 to 36 years. Glycemic control (HbA1C), cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text]o2max), percent body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results Statistically significant relationships were observed between percent body fat (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI, and waist circumference (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI. Percent body fat ( P < .001) and race ( P = .018) predicted exercise time, with Asians exercising the longest. Percent fat ( P < .001) and HbA1C ( P = .039) were identified as predictors of cardiovascular fitness which was low in spite of primarily normal average HbA1C levels. Conclusions HbA1C and body fat negatively influence cardiovascular fitness ([Formula: see text] o2max) in young adults increasing adulthood cardiovascular disease risk. Research investigating the effect of HbA1C on cardiovascular health especially in youth is warranted.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in young adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

It is uncertain if there is a link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in young adults and children. To evaluate the potential link between these two conditions, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase in order to locate all relevant cohort studies published until August 2023. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted using the generic inverse variance method, with additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to evaluate the methodological quality. Four cohort studies (eleven datasets) involving 10,668,189 participants were included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis demonstrated that NAFLD increases the risk of CVD in young adults and children (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.46-1.82, P < 0.00001). Further subgroup analyses showed that individuals with NAFLD were at a heightened risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR = 3.10, 95% CI: 2.01-4.77, P < 0.00001), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.61-1.78, P < 0.00001), atrial fibrillation (AF) (HR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.12-3.57, P = 0.02), congestive heart failure (CHF) (HR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.20-12.61, P = 0.02), and stroke (HR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.39-1.55, P < 0.00001). The results of subgroup analyses based on the study location, NAFLD definition, and follow-up time also showed consistency with the overall results. Sensitivity analyses showed that our results were robust. All of the included studies were judged to be of medium to high quality. Current evidence reveals that NAFLD is linked to an increased risk of major CVD (including CHD, MI, AF, CHF and stroke) in young adults and children. Further research is needed to strengthen this association and provide stronger evidence for primary prevention of CVD in young adults and children with NAFLD. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023457817.

Unseating the Sedentary Threat: A Vital Strategy for Curbing Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults.

Unseating the Sedentary Threat: A Vital Strategy for Curbing Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults.

Prematurity and Low Birth Weight and Their Impact on Childhood Growth Patterns and the Risk of Long-Term Cardiovascular Sequelae.

Preterm birth (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) is a global health problem, remaining the main reason for neonatal mortality and morbidity. Improvements in perinatal and neonatal care in recent decades have been associated with a higher survival rate of extremely preterm infants, leading to a higher risk of long-term sequelae in this population throughout life. Numerous surveillance programs for formerly premature infants continue to focus on neurodevelopmental disorders, while long-term assessment of the impact of preterm birth and low birth weight on child growth and the associated risk of cardiovascular disease in young adults is equally necessary. This review will discuss the influence of prematurity and low birth weight on childhood growth and cardiovascular risk in children, adolescents and young adults. The risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders is increased in adult preterm survivors. In early childhood, preterm infants may show elevated blood pressure, weakened vascular growth, augmented peripheral vascular resistance and cardiomyocyte remodeling. Increased weight gain during the early postnatal period may influence later body composition, promote obesity and impair cardiovascular results. These adverse metabolic alterations contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular incidents, adult hypertension and diabetes. Preterm-born children and those with fetal growth restriction (FGR) who demonstrate rapid changes in their weight percentile should remain under surveillance with blood pressure monitoring. A better understanding of lifelong health outcomes of preterm-born individuals is crucial for developing strategies to prevent cardiovascular sequelae and may be the basis for future research to provide effective interventions.

Homocysteine as a predictor and prognostic marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-known marker that is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis due to its toxic effect on endothelial cells. This, in turn, leads to cardiovascular injury and increases morbidity. Different studies have shown alterations in the levels of homocysteine with respect to multiple disease states. Whether this non-traditional marker is associated with cardiovascular injury or not is subject to conflicting results. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the role of homocysteine in the formation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in young adults and children. This systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA). A search was done using specific keywords, including "homocysteine", "coronary artery disease", and "atherosclerosis", amongst several others, from the databases of PubMed, COCHRANE, and EBSCO. The data items included the diseased sample population along with the intervention used, or investigations carried out and the findings of the studies. Finally, 35 eligible studies were included. Young patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were more likely to have elevated levels of homocysteine compared to elderly patients. Elevated levels of homocysteine have been observed with several genetic, nutritional deficiencies, and autoimmune states such as rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, decreased levels of homocysteine have been observed after certain intervention treatments, such as oral contraceptive pills, L-thyroxine, and even the adoption of certain diets. In the majority of studies, whenever homocysteine levels were higher than normal, this was reflected by an increased carotid intima-media thickness. Homocysteine has a high correlation with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in young and overweight patients. In addition, the relationship of homocysteine with smoking, genetic polymorphism, specific hormonal and renal disorders, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12 and folic acid), and the use of specific medicines are among the other recurring findings. Given that many of these studies focus only on women, the relationship between homocysteine and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in males is still unclear. Whether males are more prone to hyperhomocysteinemia needs to be assessed. Still, precise processes underlying variations in homocysteine in relation to all influencing factors are unclear and need further studies.

Effect of the Nutritional Intervention Program on Body Weight and Selected Cardiometabolic Factors in Children and Adolescents with Excess Body Weight and Dyslipidemia: Study Protocol and Baseline Data.

Excess body weight and associated dyslipidemia in children and adolescents are the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young adults. There is a reasonable need to develop an effective lifestyle modification program that includes various dietary therapies. A low-glycemic index (GI) diet may be recommended in the treatment of obesity. Its use is also recognized as reasonable in cardiovascular diseases, including dyslipidemia. The aim of the presented nutritional intervention program was to evaluate the effectiveness of an energy-balanced diet based on the principal recommendation on Cardiovascular Health Integrated Lifestyle Diet-2 (CHILD-2) and low-GI products (LGI diet) in children and adolescents with excess body weight and dyslipidemia. The study involved 64 children and adolescents (44 boys and 20 girls) aged 8-16 with overweight or obesity and dyslipidemia. For 8 weeks, the participants followed a dietary treatment using two types of diets: one based on products with a low GI, and one standard therapy diet. During this time, they participated in three visits with a dietitian, during which the assessment of their current and habitual food intake was made, and anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were taken. Patients were under the care of a pediatrician who qualified them for the study and ordered lipid profile tests. This article presents the design, protocol of the nutritional intervention program, and baseline data. The collected results will be used to develop practical nutritional recommendations for children and adolescents with excess body weight and dyslipidemia.

Reducing Dietary Sodium Intake among Young Adults in Ghana: A Call to Action.

The positive association between excessive dietary sodium intake, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been widely investigated in observational studies and clinical trials. Reducing sodium intake is a proven strategy to prevent hypertension and the onset of CVD, a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Africa has the youngest population globally, which is key to the continent's sustainable development. However, in Africa, the epidemics of hypertension and CVD negatively impact life expectancy and economic growth. Ghana, like other African countries, is no exception. The factors contributing to the increasing burden of CVD and excessive sodium consumption are multi-faceted and multi-level, including individual lifestyle, neighborhood and built environments, and socio-economic and health policies. Thus, the implementation of evidence-based interventions such as the World Health Organization Best Buys that target the multi-level determinants of sodium consumption is urgently needed in Ghana and other African countries. The aim of this commentary is to highlight factors that contribute to excessive sodium consumption. Second, the commentary will showcase lessons of successful implementation of sodium reduction interventions in other countries. Such lessons may help avert CVD in young adults in Ghana and Africa.

Awareness About Risk Factors, Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Perceived Level of Physical Activity along with Sedentary Behaviour in Young Adults of Pune Region: A Questionnaire Based Study

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Young adults are more inclined towards unhealthy lifestyle habits, in turn leading to increased risk of developing CVDs. Identifying the level of awareness about CVDs risk factors and signs and symptoms along with their physical activity and sedentary behaviour will help in creating awareness which in turn might help in reduction of the modifiable CVD risk factors. Objective: To assess awareness and knowledge about risk factors, signs and symptoms of CVDs in young adults of Pune region along with evaluating their perceived level of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Method: A questionnaire was designed to address all the components. Face validation of the questionnaire was done. Participants were explained in detail about the study purpose and the procedure; post their informed consent questionnaire was administered on an interview basis. Responses analysed using SPSS software and represented as descriptive statistics. Result: Total 115 participants were included in the study, with the mean age 21.94±2.26 years. 68 % of the study participants denied gender predisposition and 12% of participants were not sure about it as a risk factor.69% of the participants had 3-5; whereas 31% had 1-2 modifiable risk factors. Sedentary behaviour was the most prevalent risk factor present in 96.5% of the study participants, followed by physical inactivity in 65.2% of participants. None of the participants met WHO guidelines of healthy diet for adults.55% of the participants perceived to have fair level of awareness. Only 11.30% of the participants perceived to have good level of physical activity. However, 65% of the participants were physically inactive. Sedentary behaviour was found to be 10.8±2.86 hour on a typical day. Conclusion: In our study, participants had good knowledge and awareness about the risk factors and signs and symptoms of cardiovascular diseases except for few factors. Majority of participants perceived that they have fair levels of physical activity but more than half of the study participants failed to meet recommended criteria. Majority of our study participants already possessed three to five modifiable risk factors with unhealthy diet, sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity being at top of the list. They are also engaged in high sedentary behaviour. KEY WORDS: Non communicable diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Physical activity, Risk factors, Signs and symptoms, Sedentary behaviour, Awareness, Knowledge, Perceived levels.

A Study on the Risk Factors associated with Stroke in young adults and its Management Practices

The various risk factors causing premature stroke and cardiovascular diseases in young adults and their management are increasing problems in both developed and developing countries. Cardiovascular diseases include heart conditions that involve diseased vessels, structural problems, and blood clots. This is a prospective observational study which was conducted for 6 months in the general medicine department of Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad. The study was initiated after the approval by Institutional Ethical Committee. During the study period a total number of 80 cases were collected. Out of these cases (55 cases, 69%) were of ischemic stroke and (25 cases, 31%) of hemorrhagic stroke. It was observed that males were more prone to strokes and females are more prone to cardiovascular diseases. The most common risk factor associated with stroke was hypertension. The age group of 41–50 years was mostly affected by stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, from our study we observe that timely treatment and patient counselling on disease, disease management and medications are important parameters for better patient care and improving quality of life.&#x0D; Keywords: Stroke, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension.

Incidence of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults at Low Short-Term But High Long-Term Risk

BackgroundYoung adults may have high long-term atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk despite low short-term risk. ObjectivesIn this study, we sought to compare the performance of short-term and long-term ASCVD risk prediction tools in young adults and evaluate ASCVD incidence associated with predicted short-term and long-term risk. MethodsWe included adults aged 18 to 39 years, from 2008 to 2009 in a U.S. integrated health care system, and followed them through 2019. We calculated 10-year and 30-year ASCVD predicted risk and assessed ASCVD incidence. ResultsAmong 414,260 young adults, 813 had an incident ASCVD event during a median of 4 years (maximum 11 years). Compared with 10-year predicted risk, 30-year predicted risk improved reclassification (net reclassification index: 16%) despite having similar discrimination (Harrell’s C: 0.749 vs 0.726). Overall, 1.0% and 2.2% of young adults were categorized as having elevated 10-year (≥7.5%) and elevated 30-year (≥20%) predicted risk, respectively, and 1.6% as having low 10-year (<7.5%) but elevated 30-year predicted risk. The ASCVD incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 2.60 (95% CI: 1.92-3.52) for those with elevated 10-year predicted risk, 1.87 (95% CI: 1.42-2.46) for those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk, and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.30-0.35) for those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratio was 3.04 (95% CI: 2.25-4.10) comparing those with low 10-year but elevated 30-year predicted risk and those with low 10-year and 30-year predicted risk. ConclusionsLong-term ASCVD risk prediction tools further discriminate a subgroup of young adults with elevated observed risk despite low estimated short-term risk.

The Association of Smoking Status and Clustering of Obesity and Depression on the Risk of Early–Onset Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults: A Nationwide Cohort Study

To evaluate the impact of smoking in young adults on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the clustering effect of behavioral risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and depression. A Korean nationwide population-based cohort of a total of 3,280,826 participants aged 20-39 years old who underwent 2 consecutive health examinations were included. They were followed up until the date of CVD (myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke), or December 2018 (median, 6 years). Current smoking, early age of smoking initiation, and smoking intensity were associated with an increased risk of CVD incidence. Even after quitting smoking, the risk of MI was still high in quitters compared with non-smokers. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and depression were independently associated with a 1.3-1.7 times increased risk of CVD, and clustering of 2 or more of these behavioral risk factors was associated with a 2-3 times increased risk of CVD in young adults. In young adults, cigarette smoking was associated with the risk of CVD, and the clustering of 2 or more behavioral risk factors showed an additive risk of CVD.

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults: Can We Restore the Risk by Cessation Alone?

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults: Can We Restore the Risk by Cessation Alone?

Factors Causing Cardiovascular Diseases in Young Adults: A Narrative Review

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are a major public health problem worldwide. They continue to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and it is alarming that these diseases are becoming more common in people of the young age group. Although various risk factors have been proposed, smoking, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are prominent emerging risk factors in the young. The primary pathogenic mechanism for most cardiovascular disorders, such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, and Myocardial Infarction (MI), is atherosclerosis. Plaque rupture is the most common cause of MI, although distinctive symptoms such as plaque erosion, coronary microvascular dysfunction, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, and drug-related coronary spasm are more common in this age range. Various lifestyle factors, including, but not limited to, physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor eating habits, and drug abuse, contribute to the development of comorbid conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and diabetes, increasing the likelihood of having heart disease. To mitigate the societal impact of CVD and promote a healthier future for the next generation, proactive measures, such as regular physical activity and a balanced diet, are essential. This will be addressed in terms of lifestyle, environmental, physiological, pathological, and psychological aspects.

Mortality attributable to cardiovascular diseases in young adults residents in Brazil

Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the reduction in CVD incidence and mortality in the 20th century, the values remain high in the 21st century. In Brazil, there is a gap in population studies that estimated standardized mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases in young adults. Objective: to assess the trend in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in young adults, according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil. Methods: ecological time series study using official secondary data from Mortality Information Systems (SIM). All deaths from cardiovascular diseases (I00-I-99) in young adults aged 20-49 years, residing in Brazil, in the period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017, were considered. Data were extracted from the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS). The Prais-Winsten regression model was used and the Annual Percentage Variation (APV) was calculated. All analyzes were performed in STATA 14.0 software. Results: during the period 2008-2017, 294,232 deaths (8.7%) from cardiovascular disease were identified in young adults aged 20-49 years. A reduction in CVD mortality was identified in all regions of Brazil, except for individuals aged 20-24 years, residing in the Northeast region, which showed an increase (APC: 2.45%) (p&lt;0.05) 2013 -2017. The greatest variation in the mortality trend occurred in the South region (APC: -25.2%). While the smallest change in mortality trend occurred in the Northeast region (APC: -8.8%). The annual decline was smaller in the second quinquennium (2013-2017) compared to the first (2008-2012). Furthermore, the decline was more pronounced among women (APC: -2.51%) (p&lt;0.05) 2008-2012 and in young adults aged 40-44 years (APC: -2.91%) (p&lt;0.05) 2008-2012. Furthermore, the trend in CVD mortality stabilized from 2013 onwards in males (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: the results demonstrate a decreasing trend in mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in young adults in Brazil, between 2008-2017. It is concluded that there is inequality in the trend of mortality from CVD according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil.

A randomized controlled trial for reduction of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults: Methods of the Aspire study

BackgroundBeing overweight or obese is a large public health problem, especially in the African American/Black and Hispanic communities. Having a body mass index (BMI) > 25 can lead to chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The transition into adulthood may be an excellent time to intervene due to young adults gaining independence; however, little research has focused on community college students and weight change. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to test the efficacy of an intervention tool that is personalized for weight loss through healthy eating and increased physical activity in Black and Hispanic community college students. MethodsCommunity college students who identify as Black or Hispanic (N = 256) will be recruited and randomized 1:1 to a 12-month, health coach and smartphone application (app) driven intervention or an attention-control condition. The intervention is implemented by health coaches, trained in a health coach specialty program at a university. The intervention includes a Smartphone app for tracking dietary intake, a Fitbit Inspire 2 for tracking physical activity, and daily personalized text messages from a health coach. The main outcome is percent weight loss at 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. Secondary outcomes include self-efficacy for eating and physical activity, adherence to self-monitoring, Healthy Eating Index scores, and physical activity levels. DiscussionIf the intervention is demonstrated to be efficacious, broader dissemination across college/university campuses to assist young adults to develop sustainable healthy habits may be possible.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04412954R01 Trial Number: 1R01NR018699–02.

Outcome of cardiovascular disease risk defined by some inflammatory markers in young Mongolian people

Background and Aims : Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) treatment and diagnostic methods have been increasing so far. Researchers have been studying markers and risk scores for determine the CVD risks. Morbidity and mortality rate did not decreasing all the developed and developing country. The world medical biggest problem is we could not decrease the number of young adults with CVD and mortality rate is getting younger. C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) are predictors cardiovascular disease. Elevated SAA increases the risk of atherosclerotic ischemia. . Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged 18-25 years with biomarkers.Methods: Aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged between 18-25 years with biomarkers. A total of 116 people were surveyed, including 45 men (38.79%) and 71 women (61.2%), with an average age of 21.96±1.85.Results: CVD risk is <1%-2.8% by Framingham risk score. The prevalence of overweight was 5.2%, hypertension 7.8%, triglyceride 16.4%, LDL 3.5%, and glucose 38.8%. Framingham risk scores are weakly correlated with LDL and diastolic pressure, respectively.CRP is strongly correlated with SAA (r = 0.87, p <0.0001).CRP varied depending on LDL and glucose levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively).Conclusions: Therefore, in young people, CRP may be a potential marker for CVD risk. Background and Aims : Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) treatment and diagnostic methods have been increasing so far. Researchers have been studying markers and risk scores for determine the CVD risks. Morbidity and mortality rate did not decreasing all the developed and developing country. The world medical biggest problem is we could not decrease the number of young adults with CVD and mortality rate is getting younger. C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) are predictors cardiovascular disease. Elevated SAA increases the risk of atherosclerotic ischemia. . Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged 18-25 years with biomarkers. Methods: Aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged between 18-25 years with biomarkers. A total of 116 people were surveyed, including 45 men (38.79%) and 71 women (61.2%), with an average age of 21.96±1.85. Results: CVD risk is <1%-2.8% by Framingham risk score. The prevalence of overweight was 5.2%, hypertension 7.8%, triglyceride 16.4%, LDL 3.5%, and glucose 38.8%. Framingham risk scores are weakly correlated with LDL and diastolic pressure, respectively.CRP is strongly correlated with SAA (r = 0.87, p <0.0001).CRP varied depending on LDL and glucose levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Therefore, in young people, CRP may be a potential marker for CVD risk.

Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality in a Large Young Cohort of Nearly 300,000 Adults (Age 20-39).

(1) Background: The association of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in younger adults (age 20–39) is rarely mentioned in the literature. Younger adults are less vulnerable to CVDs, but they tend to consume more SSBs. This prospective study aimed to assess the association between CVD mortality and SSBs in younger adults between 1994 and 2017. (2) Methods: The cohort enrolled 288,747 participants consisting of 139,413 men and 148,355 women, with a mean age 30.6 ± 4.8 years, from a health surveillance program. SSBs referred to any drink with real sugar added, such as fructose corn syrup or sucrose. One serving of SSB contains about 150 Kcal of sugar in 12 oz of drink. Cox models were used to estimate the mortality risk. (3) Results: There were 391 deaths from CVDs in the younger adults, and the positive association with CVD mortality started when SSB intake was ≥2 servings/day (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.16–2.17). With mortalities from diabetes and kidney disease added to CVDs, the so-called expanded CVD mortality risk was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.11–2.01). By excluding CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and smoking), the CVD mortality risk increased to 2.48 (95% CI: 1.33–4.62). The dose–response relationship persisted (p < 0.05 for trend) in every model above. (4) Conclusions: Higher intake of SSBs (≥2 servings/day) was associated with increased CVD mortality in younger adults. The younger adults (age 20–39) with SSB intake ≥2 servings/day had a 50% increase in CVD mortality in our study, and the mortality risk increased up to 2.5 times for those without CVD risk factors. The dose–response relationship between the quantity of SSB intake and the mortality risk of CVD in younger adults discourages SSB intake for the prevention of CVD mortality.

Recreational Marijuana Use Leading to Thrombosis in a Patient with Minimal Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Marijuana is one of the most commonly used psychotropic drugs in the United States. Recent legalization of cannabis and decriminalization in multiple jurisdictions in the United States has contributed to its increased availability and social acceptance, especially in young adults. The overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease in young adults has been increasing as a consequence of marijuana use. However, there remains a paucity of knowledge on its adverse effects, especially with regards to the cardiovascular system. Here, we present a case of a young adult with a history of marijuana use and minimal cardiovascular risk factors who presents following a seizure episode and was found to have coronary artery thrombosis. A high degree of suspicion, along with a better understanding of the biochemical pathways involved in cannabis associated myocardial ischemia is extremely important to treat this condition promptly and prevent fatal outcomes. After the legalization of cannabis in various states in the United States, there is an increasing need to understand and educate the public regarding health hazards, especially on the cardiovascular system.

The effect of breastfeeding during infancy on arterial stiffness in young adults.

Breastfeeding has many benefits for health, also later in life. However, its effects on the cardiovascular system are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exclusive breastfeeding as infants on arterial stiffness in young adults having no cardiovascular risk factors, using aortic pulse wave velocity, and brachial and aortic augmentation index. Eighty-six subjects were included in the study from similar socioeconomic status. 46 subjects who had received exclusive breastfeeding for the first 4-6 months in infancy (26 women, mean age 26.7±4 years) (group 1) and 40 subjects who had received exclusive breastfeeding for less than 3 months or had never been breast-fed (22 women, mean age: 28±3.8 years) (group 2) were recruited. Parameters of arterial stiffness (aortic pulse wave velocity, brachial and aortic augmentation index) were investigated using an arteriograph (TensioMed, Budapest, Hungary), which works on an ossilometric basis. A significant decrease in pulse wave velocity in the breast-fed group was detected compared to the non-breast-fed group (P<0.05) but no significant difference was detected for aortic and brachial augmentation index. In addition there was a significant relationship between breastfeeding duration and aortic pulse wave velocity. Breast milk intake in infancy reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in young adults, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. It seems that there is a negative relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and the risk reduction.