Cardiorespiratory Characteristics Research Articles

Modulators of Change-of-Direction Economy After Repeated Sprints in Elite Soccer Players.

To investigate the acute effect of repeated-sprint activity (RSA) on change-of-direction economy (assessed using shuttle running economy [SRE]) in soccer players and explore neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory characteristics that may modulate this effect. Eleven young elite male soccer players (18.5 [1.4]y old) were tested on 2 different days during a 2-week period in their preseason. On day 1, lower-body stiffness, power and force were assessed via countermovement jumps, followed by an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion to measure maximal aerobic capacity. On day 2, 2 SRE tests were performed before and after a repeated-sprint protocol with heart rate, minute ventilation, and blood lactate measured. Pooled group analysis indicated no significant changes for SRE following RSA due to variability in individual responses, with a potentiation or impairment effect of up to 4.5% evident across soccer players. The SRE responses to RSA were significantly and largely correlated to players' lower-body stiffness (r = .670; P = .024), and moderately (but not significantly) correlated to players' force production (r = -.455; P = .237) and blood lactate after RSA (r = .327; P = .326). In summary, SRE response to RSA in elite male soccer players appears to be highly individual. Higher lower-body stiffness appears as a relevant physical contributor to preserve or improve SRE following RSA.

Adrenergic Mechanisms of Audiogenic Seizure-Induced Death in a Mouse Model of SCN8A Encephalopathy.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death amongst patients whose seizures are not adequately controlled by current therapies. Patients with SCN8A encephalopathy have an elevated risk for SUDEP. While transgenic mouse models have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of SCN8A encephalopathy etiology, our understanding of seizure-induced death has been hampered by the inability to reliably trigger both seizures and seizure-induced death in these mice. Here, we demonstrate that mice harboring an Scn8a allele with the patient-derived mutation N1768D (D/+) are susceptible to audiogenic seizures and seizure-induced death. In adult D/+ mice, audiogenic seizures are non-fatal and have nearly identical behavioral, electrographical, and cardiorespiratory characteristics as spontaneous seizures. In contrast, at postnatal days 20–21, D/+ mice exhibit the same seizure behavior, but have a significantly higher incidence of seizure-induced death following an audiogenic seizure. Seizure-induced death was prevented by either stimulating breathing via mechanical ventilation or by acute activation of adrenergic receptors. Conversely, in adult D/+ mice inhibition of adrenergic receptors converted normally non-fatal audiogenic seizures into fatal seizures. Taken together, our studies show that in our novel audiogenic seizure-induced death model adrenergic receptor activation is necessary and sufficient for recovery of breathing and prevention of seizure-induced death.

Comparison between Sexes of the Relationships between Body Composition and Maximum Oxygen Volume in Elderly People

Background: Performing physical activity can provide a variety of benefits; for example, it can improve one’s physical condition, decrease one’s fat mass, and increase one’s muscle mass. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between the cardiorespiratory resistance and physical characteristics of people over 60 years of age. Methods: A total of 31 participants over 60 years of age from the province of Malaga (Spain) joined the study voluntarily. Results: The aerobic capacity test, called the Rockport One Mile, was carried out, and Spearman correlation and linear regression analyses between the volume of oxygen (VO2) and the body weight, body mass index (BMI) and age of the participants were performed. The results indicated that 28% (in women) and 48% (in men) of the maximum VO2 (determined by the Rockport test) was explained by the variable body weight (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The main finding of this study is that an individual’s physical abilities, specifically resistance and aerobic capacity are directly related to his or her body weight and other variables in males, such as age and BMI.

Effects of strength vs. endurance training and their combination on physical performance characteristics in female horseback riders.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of strength (S), endurance (E) and concurrent strength and endurance (SE) training on neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory characteristics during the 12-week volume-equated protocols in female horseback riders. Subjects (N.=44) (29.4±8.9 yrs) were assigned to S (N.=11), E (N.=11), SE (N.=13) and control (C) (N.=9) groups. Training consisted of progressive S, E or SE training 3x/week and riding exercise 4-6x/week. The measurements included maximal isometric bilateral leg press force (MVCLP) and EMG of VL and BF muscles, rapid isometric force production (0-500ms), maximal force of trunk extensor/flexors (MVCE/MVCF), countermovement-jump (CMJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), cycling-time (Timemax), blood lactate (L) and heart rate (HR) in the bicycle-ergometer test. Only group S showed significant increases of 9% in MVCLP (P<0.01) and 3% in MVCE (P<0.05) forces. None of the groups showed significant increases in CMJ, rapid isometric force production or EMG. Timemax in the ergometer test increased significantly in S (P<0.05), SE (P<0.05) and E (P<0.01) with significant increases in VO2max in E (P<0.05) and SE (P<0.01). The present strength-training program led to the significant gain in maximal strength in S but not in SE, maybe due to some interference effects produced by the actual endurance training and riding related endurance training. All groups increased significantly Timemax but VO2max increased only in E and SE. It would be useful for female horseback riders to perform combined SE training and to perform S training periodically to insure gains in strength, when needed.

Effects of functional training and 2 interdisciplinary interventions on maximal oxygen uptake and weight loss of women with obesity: a randomized clinical trial

Our aim was to analyze and compare functional training, interdisciplinary therapy, and interdisciplinary education on cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and anthropometric characteristics of women with obesity. Forty-four women (age = 39.7 ± 5.9 years, body mass index (BMI) = 35.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2) completed 30 weeks of intervention randomly assigned to 3 groups: functional training (FT) (n = 14), interdisciplinary therapy (IT) (n = 19), and interdisciplinary education (IE) (n = 11). The FT group participated in the training program (3/week), the IT group received the same training intervention plus nutrition (1/week) and psychology advice (1/week) and physical therapy (1/week). The IE group participated in interdisciplinary lectures on topics related to health promotion (1/month). CF (ergospirometry), anthropometry, and body composition (electrical bioimpedance) were measured pre-intervention (Pre) and post-intervention (Post). CF increased (p ≤ 0.05) significantly (Pre vs. Post) in the FT (7.5%) and IT (10.8%) groups, but not in the IE group (1.8%). Body mass (BM), BMI, relative fat mass, and waist circumference significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased (Pre vs. Post) in IT (-4.4%, -4.4%, -2.3%, and -5.1%, respectively). The IE group showed a significant decrease in BM (-3.7%), BMI (-3.7%), and waist circumference (-3.5%), whereas the FT group promoted significant decrease in waist circumference (-3.4%). In conclusion, functional training increased CF but only interdisciplinary interventions improved the anthropometric profile of women with obesity. Novelty Interdisciplinary therapy provided more comprehensive adaptations in women with obesity, including morphological variables and CF. Functional training increased CF but reduced only abdominal obesity. Interdisciplinary education provided benefits on morphological variables, but it does not increase CF.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ANTROPOMÉTRICAS Y CONSUMO MÁXIMO DE OXÍGENO DEL CICLISTA ÉLITE COSTARRICENSE SEGÚN ESPECIALIDAD Y TIPO DE PRUEBA

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar las características antropométricas y el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) de ciclistas élite costarricenses. Participaron un total de 22 ciclistas con un promedio de edad de 24.7 ± 3.7 años, un peso corporal de 64.5 ± 2.7 kg, estatura de 1.73 ± 0.02 m y una experiencia en competencias de 10 ± 2.3 años. Se obtuvieron las siguientes variables: peso, estatura y porcentaje de grasa corporal y VO2máx, el cual se midió forma directa. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (promedios y desviaciones estándar), t student para grupos independientes y ANOVA de una vía con post hoc de Tukey. No se registraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables peso (t(20)=0.24; p=.82), estatura (t(20)=1.37; p=.19), porcentaje de grasa corporal (t(20)=0.90; p=.38) y VO2máx (t(20)=0.03; p=.98) entre los ciclistas que practican solamente ruta y aquellos que practican ruta y MTB de manera conjunta según el tipo de prueba. En el análisis por especialidad, se detectó diferencias significativas únicamente en el caso del peso corporal (F(2,21) = 4.95; p=.02), mostrando que los contrarrelojistas son significativamente más pesados que los escaladores. Conclusión: las características antropométricas y cardiorrespiratorias según el tipo de prueba y especialidad de los ciclistas costarricenses son similares, con excepción del peso corporal, que fue significativamente mayor en los contrarrelojistas que los escaladores.

Predicting energy expenditure from photo-plethysmographic measurements of heart rate under beta blocker therapy: Data driven personalization strategies based on mixed models.

Energy expenditure have been often estimated using computational models based on heart rate (HR) and appropriate personalization strategies to account for users cardio-respiratory characteristics. However, medications like beta blockers which are prescribed to treat several cardiac conditions have a direct influence on the cardiovascular system and may impact the relationship between HR and energy expenditure during physical activity (AEE). This study proposes to estimate AEE from HR using mixed models (MIX-REG) by introducing a novel method to personalize the prediction equation. We selected as features to represent the individual random effect in the MIX-REG model those subject characteristics which minimized both estimation error (RMSE) and between-subjects error bias variability. Data from 17 patients post-myocardial infarction were collected during a laboratory protocol. AEE was measured using indirect calorimetry and HR using an innovative wrist worn activity monitor equipped with the Philips Cardio and Motion Monitoring Module (CM3-Generation-1), which is an integrated module including a photo-plethysmographic and accelerometer sensor. The presented method showed large AEE estimation accuracy (RMSE = 1.35 kcal/min) which was comparable to that of models personalized using data from laboratory calibration protocols (HR-FLEX) and was superior to multi-linear regression and MIX-REG models trained using a stepwise features selection procedure.

Vital signs monitoring during injectable and inhalant anesthesia in mice.

Selecting the appropriate anesthetic protocol for the individual animal is an essential part of laboratory animal experimentation. The present study compared the characteristics of four anesthetic protocols in mice, focusing on the vital signs. Thirty-two male ddY mice were divided into four groups and administered anesthesia as follows: pentobarbital sodium monoanaesthesia; ketamine and xylazine combined (K/X); medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combined (M/M/B); and isoflurane. In each group, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and O2 saturation (SPO2) were measured, and the changes over time and instability in these signs were compared. The anesthetic depth was also evaluated in each mouse, and the percentage of mice achieving surgical anesthesia was calculated. K/X anesthesia caused remarkable bradycardia, while the respiratory rate and SPO2 were higher than with the others, suggesting a relatively strong cardiac influence and less respiratory depression. The M/M/B group showed a relatively lower heart rate and SPO2, but these abnormalities were rapidly reversed by atipamezole administration. The pentobarbital group showed a lower SPO2, and 62.5% of mice did not reach a surgical anesthetic depth. The isoflurane group showed a marked decrease in respiratory rate compared with the injectable anesthetic groups. However, it had the most stable SPO2 among the groups, suggesting a higher tidal volume. The isoflurane group also showed the highest heart rate during anesthesia. In conclusion, the present study showed the cardiorespiratory characteristics of various anesthetic protocols, providing basic information for selecting an appropriate anesthetic for individual animals during experimentation.

SEASONAL CHANGES OF INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTHS IN CONDITIONS OF CIRCUMPOLAR REGION

The results of the cardiorespiratory system characteristics research and their changes during seasonal acclimatization have been represented in the article. It has been shown that seasonal fluctuations in the circumpolar region induce intrastructural changes. The optimal organization of the cardiorespiratory system, which is characterized by the leading role of the central hemodynamics, is typical for the autumn season. During the winter/spring season, which is the period of tension of the body adaptive mechanism, the increasing role of the vegetative nervous system in the control of the cardiac rhythm and the functional systems on the whole was observed. Besides, the winter season is characterized by the increasing impact of the respiratory block, while the influence of the hemodynamic block increased during the spring season. The summer season was mostly featured by the negative changes in the cerebral blood flow.

Contribution of medullary raphé to control of coughing—Codeine trials in cat

In order to determine if a codeine-sensitive control system for cough exists in the medullary raphé four microinjections of codeine (3.3 and 16.5mM; 36.6±0.7nl 1.5 and 3mm rostral to the obex at the depths 1.5 and 3mm; the total dose 1.12±0.3nmol, 9 animals) were performed on pentobarbitone anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. Amplitudes of abdominal muscle EMG moving averages during mechanically induced tracheobronchial cough decreased by 18% compared to control coughs (p<0.05). The duration between maxima of cough diaphragm and abdominal muscle EMG discharge, cough expiratory phase duration and period of relative motor quiescence between coughs were increased (all p<0.05). Cough number, other cough parameters, and cardiorespiratory characteristics were not altered significantly. Control microinjections of artificial cerebro-spinal fluid had no effect on coughing. Codeine sensitive neurons involved in the generation or modulation of motor pattern of tracheobronchial cough are located in the medullary midline raphé nuclei; however, their contribution to codeine induced cough suppression is limited.

Cardiorespiratory Power and Force-Velocity Characteristics in Road Cycling: The Effect of Aging and Underlying Physiological Mechanisms

Introduction: Although a considerable amount of research is available describing the physiological characteristics of competitive adolescent and senior level cyclists, research describing the same characteristics in master level cyclists is rare. Aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory power and force-velocity characteristics between two groups, one of master and one of senior level cyclists in an attempt to examine the effect of aging on these parameters. Methods: Eighteen master (43.25±5.37 y) and 13 senior level male road cyclists (28.78±4.95 y) were examined for anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and they performed the anaerobic force-velocity test and a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold. Results: Maximal heart rate (accordingly 176.9±13.8 bpm vs. 189.1±8.3 bpm) and heart rate at anaerobic threshold (157±13.9 bpm vs. 170.5±8.3 bpm) were the only parameters that differed significantly (P<0.001). Conclusions: Based on these results, it was concluded that optimal training could attenuate the decline of physiological parameters in cyclists until the beginning of the 5 th decade of human life. In addition, considering the variability of heart rate values (either maximal or at anaerobic threshold), i.e. wider range of scores in master than in senior level participants, it was suggested the need for individualized data, especially in master level road cyclists.

Evaluation of Cerebral Oxygenation During Procedural Sedation in Children Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

We evaluate the utility of near infrared spectroscopy monitoring and its correlation to conventional respiratory monitors during changes in cardiorespiratory characteristics during pediatric procedural sedation. In this prospective observational study of 100 children, cerebral oxygenation (rSO(2)), pulse oximetry (SpO(2)), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (etco(2)) were monitored continuously. Values were manually recorded at least every 3 minutes from baseline until 30 minutes after sedative administration, resulting in 1,515 triplicate (simultaneous near infrared spectroscopy/etco(2)/SpO(2)) measurements. Correlations between conventional monitoring characteristics (SpO(2) and etco(2)) and rSO(2) were determined, with focus during adverse cardiorespiratory events. Cerebral oxygenation remained normal in 1,483 of 1,515 measurements (97.9%). rSO(2) decreased significantly during 3 of 13 hypoxic events occurring in 13 patients and during 5 of 17 hypercarbic events occurring in 8 patients, with 15 measurements of greater than 20% decrease from baseline. Cerebral oxygenation increased transiently in 88% of children. During 31 cerebral desaturation recordings, 3 hypoxic recordings (9.3%, always in combination with hypercarbia) and 5 hypercarbic recordings (15.6%) were observed, whereas in 23 (74.2%), cardiorespiratory characteristics were unchanged. There was poor correlation between rSO(2) and both SpO(2) and etco(2), with correlation coefficients of 0.05 (95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.07) and 0.01 (95% confidence interval -0.01 to 0.02), respectively. Cerebral oxygenation as measured by near infrared spectroscopy demonstrated few significant negative changes during pediatric procedural sedation. Transient cardiorespiratory events seldom altered rSO(2), with hypercarbia having a greater effect than hypoxemia. However, cerebral desaturations frequently occurred without associated cardiorespiratory changes.

Pulmonary hypertension associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphofunctional characteristics of pulmonary artery branches and their relationship with functional cardiorespiratory status

The aim of the study was to investigate functional status of cardiorespiratory system and post-mortem morphometric characteristics of the heart and the lung arteries in secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A retrospective analysis of functional status of cardiorespiratory system in 10 died patients with IPF (5 males and 5 females, the average age, 63.1 ± 9.2 yrs) was performed. During the last 6 months of their life, all the patients were investigated using body plethysmography, lung diffusing capacity test, arterial blood gas analysis and Doppler echocardiography measuring maximal systolic pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (sysPAP). We also performed histological examination of autopsy samples and morphometric examination of the PA and the heart. Severe restrictive disorders, significant decrease in the lung diffusing capacity with alveolo-capillary block and arterial hypoxemia have been found. The sysPAP was 44.9 ± 17.4 mm Hg in average. Microscopic lung tissue disorders were characteristic for usual interstitial pneumonia. Diameter of the pulmonary vessel lumen in IPF patients was 1.5-fold less and the vessel area was 1.7-fold less than those in controls. In IPF patients, the PA branch wall was 2.9-fold thicker, the proportion of the muscle area was 2.2-fold more and that of the intima area was 4.1-fold more than those in controls. Correlations were found between sysPAP and the cross-sectional area f the PA small branches (r = 0.71; p &lt; 0.05), sysPAP and the proportion of intima area (r = 0.68, p &lt; 0.05). Lumen diameter of the PA small branches correlated with the right atrium length (r = –0.81; p &lt; 0.05) and the right ventricle mass correlated with diameter (r = –0.71; p &lt; 0.05) and the cross-sectional area of the PA small branches (r = –0.75; p &lt; 0.05). Significant correlations were also found between lung function, lung diffusing capacity and function signs of PH. Therefore, secondary PH in IPF is characterized by wall remodeling in the PA branches, mainly due to changes of intima. The 1.5-fold reduction of the vessel lumen is thought to be a cause of moderate growth of sysPAP followed by occurrence of cor pulmonale.

Remifentanil Compared with Midazolam and Pethidine Sedation During Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized Study

The objective of our study was to compare the safety and efficacy of remifentanil during colonoscopy with those of the standard combination of midazolam and pethidine. One-hundred and sixteen consecutive patients scheduled for colonoscopy were randomly assigned to groups A or B. Patients in group A (n = 56) received intravenous (IV) midazolam and pethidine. Patients in group B (n = 60) received IV remifentanil. Recovery was faster in group B (0 min) than in group A (56 +/- 11.3 min) (P < 0.001). There was a marked difference between groups B and A with regard to the time of hospital discharge-28.7 +/- 4.3 and 148.9 +/- 34 min, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients in group A rated the procedure as comfortable, as also did those in group B. A combination of midazolam and pethidine had a greater affect on patients' cardiorespiratory characteristics. Remifentanil during colonoscopy provides sufficient pain relief with better hemodynamic stability, less respiratory depression, and significantly faster recovery and hospital discharge than moderate sedation with midazolam and pethidine.

Comparative analysis of the effects of physical exercise

The purpose of this study was to assess anthropometrical, somatomotor, and cardio respiratory characteristics of athletes and non-athletes subjects to establish which effects of the organized physical training discriminate well between them. Subjects were 61 athlete and non-athlete medical students. Four groups were formed relying upon gender and physical activity. Body measures were computed. The motor abilities were tested by a set of static and dynamic motor tests, and cardio respiratory functions were recorded. No statistically significant differences were obtained from the comparisons of the body measures of basketball players and non-athlete medical students, except the body height. In contrast, significant differences were found both between the motor performances and between the cardio respiratory functions of the athlete and non-athlete groups. The body mass index (BMI) and the body fat (%) correlated negatively with static hanging, vertical jumping, and balance capability. On the contrary, BMI and body fat correlated positively with systolic blood pressure and vital capacity. The present results show that the effects of regular physical exercise on motor performances and cardio respiratory functions differentiate better between the athlete and non-athlete subjects than the changes in body measures.

Interaction between apnea, prone sleep position and gliosis in the brainstems of victims of SIDS

Among 27,000 infants studied prospectively to characterize their sleep–wake behavior, 38 infants died suddenly and unexpectedly under 6 months of age. Of these, 26 died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 5 from congenital cardiac abnormalities, 2 from infected pulmonary dysplasia, 2 from septic shock with multi-organ failure, 1 from a prolonged seizure, 1 from prolonged neonatal hypoxemia, and 1 from meningitis and brain infarction. The frequency and duration of apneas recorded some 3–12 weeks prior to the infants’ death were analyzed. The brainstem materials were collected and studied in an attempt to elucidate the relationship between sleep apnea, and prone sleep position and gliosis in some nuclei associated with cardiorespiratory characteristics, such as nucleus ambiguus in the medulla oblongata and the solitary nucleus, as well as structures associated with arousal phenomenon, such as the reticular formation, the superior central nucleus and the nucleus raphe magnus in the pons, the dorsal raphe nuclei in the midbrain and medulla oblongata, periaqueductal gray matter in midbrain, and locus ceruleus. Gliosis was estimated as the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive reactive astrocytes. Variant–covariant analyses were carried out using the characteristics of apnea as an independent variable and sleep position and gliosis as dependent variables. A significant association was found only in the frequency of obstructive apnea and prone position ( P<0.001) and gliosis in the raphe nuclei in the midbrain ( P<0.001). Although prone position is a well-known risk factor for SIDS, the frequency of obstructive apnea has not been associated with the prone sleep position. The observed relation between prone sleep and the density of gliosis does not relate to epidemiological findings. Further studies are needed to investigate the unexpected statistical association.

Physical activity and asthma.

The relationship between asthma and exercise and the resultant disability (ie, the impact on activities of daily living, including physical activity) shows wide interpatient and intrapatient variability, being influenced not only by the disease but additional psychosocial variables. There are a variety of helpful pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures in dealing with simple exercise-induced asthma, and new therapeutic options are being developed. The cardiorespiratory performance characteristics of asthmatic patients are very frequently suboptimal, either because of symptom-limited exercise tolerance or secondary deconditioning consequent upon inactivity. Medically supervised physical training can produce significant beneficial change. Recommendations for rehabilitation of asthmatic patients would include individualized exercise prescription and advice based on objective criteria of exercise capability, with flexibility in the programs offered, in order to cater to the broadest spectrum of patient disability.

Development of cardiopulmonary integration and the role of arousability from sleep.

The recent literature on cardiopulmonary integration in infants is surveyed here, focusing on arousals from sleep. Recent studies reported that the ontogenicity of cardiopulmonary integration cannot be evaluated independently from that of sleep-wake cycles. The issue is of importance for researchers and clinicians evaluating cardiorespiratory characteristics in infants. It also has significant implications in the understanding of clinical conditions, such as parasomnias, obstructive sleep apneas, or some cases of sudden infant death syndrome. The propensity to arouse can be evaluated by exposing the sleeper to awakening challenges. Arousal thresholds are determined by measuring the intensity of the stimulus needed to induce arousals. However, these studies are complicated by factors such as the scoring of the arousal responses. Another difficulty lies in the choice and modality of the arousal stimulus. Noise, gases, light, and nociceptive, mechanical, chemical, or temperature stimuli have all been used to induce arousals. Confounding factors modify the sleeper's responses to a given stimulus. Prenatal drug, alcohol, or cigarette use and the infant's age or, previous sleep deprivation also modify thresholds. Other confounding factors include time of the night, sleep stages, the sleeper's body position, and sleeping conditions. Arousal can also occur spontaneously because of endogenous stimuli. The literature surveyed here also covers such unresolved issues as the clinical significance of aborted arousals, or the mechanisms responsible for the arousal reactions.

A placebo controlled comparison of ketorolac and fentanyl for use in day case oral surgery

The analgesic, recovery and cardiorespiratory characteristics of ketorolac trometamol, a non-opioid analgesic, were compared with that of fentanyl and a placebo when used intra-operatively during day case oral surgery. One hundred and twenty-seven patients were entered into a double blind randomized, placebo controlled study. The results of the AUC (area under the curve) analysis of postoperative pain scores showed that patients receiving ketorolac experienced significantly less pain than those in the placebo group ( P = 0.001). Patients in the ketorolac group recovered more quickly, as measured by the Maddox Wing test, than those in the fentanyl group ( P = 0.03 at 1.5 h). Analysis of adverse events reported showed that patients receiving fentanyl experienced significantly more episodes of apnoea intraoperatively than patients in the other two groups ( P = 0.001).

Role of Cardiorespiratory Abnormalities and Dive Characteristics in the Manifestation of Neurological Decompression Illness

Role of Cardiorespiratory Abnormalities and Dive Characteristics in the Manifestation of Neurological Decompression Illness