Cardinal Problem Research Articles

CREATIVITY OF C. JUNG IN THE ASPECT OF PERSONALITY SELF REALIZATION IN COMPARISON WITH THE VEDIC CONCEPT

Relevance. The problem of self-realization of a person at the moment is one of the cardinal problems of our time. The purpose of the study is to analyze the methodological foundations of the study of the problem of self-realization of the individual in the works of Carl Jung. A comparative analysis of his work in comparison with Indian religious and philosophical thought is carried out. Methodology. In this study, the main methodological principle is comparative analysis. In the work, in addition to the comparative method, the methods of the unity of the historical, and logical and the descent from the abstract to the concrete are used, which are important for understanding the subject of research. The research also made use of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction. Results. In the opinion of the author, C. Jung's concept of the collective unconscious is difficult to understand without drawing parallels with the understanding of the concepts of Brahman and Atman in Indian philosophy, where through the connection of the individual soul (Atman) with the Absolute God (Brahman) a state of enlightenment (omniscient) is achieved. The use of a comparative approach allows us to assert that Carl Jung's work was significantly influenced by his fascination with Eastern philosophy, especially Indian philosophy. Appropriate parallels can be drawn between Jung's teaching and Indian religious-philosophical thought concerning the self-realization of the individual, which passes into God-realization. C. Jung, considering himself a god-like being, founded the Psychology Club, which acted like an Indian religious community led by a charismatic personality, where higher knowledge was obtained through a system of yogic practice, by achieving enlightenment. Similar to the Indian religious-philosophical tradition, he shared the concept of karma and reincarnation.

О правовых проблемах обращения с отходами на региональном уровне

Introduction. The paper notes that Russia’s transition to a “green” economy will require the greening of all spheres of economic activity, including waste management. Now, a number of measures have been taken at the federal level aimed at improving the efficiency of production and consumption waste management, reducing waste burial and increasing waste disposal volumes, and building new waste processing plants. However, these measures are universal in nature and poorly take into account the specifics of the regions. To account for it at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to adopt their own regulations. Purpose. To consider the specifics of the three Caspian regions (the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Dagestan, and the Republic of Kalmykia), to identify their natural and climatic features that can be taken into account when developing draft regulations in the field of waste management, to analyze the provisions of scientific doctrine and the main discussions about the cardinal problems existing in the field of waste management, which can be used during the preparation of these legislative drafts. Methods. The methodological framework for the study was the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones were the methods of consistency, analysis, and comparative law. Results. It is necessary to adopt at the regional level a set of measures for the development of waste management infrastructure, the construction of waste processing plants, and the creation of a system of incentives for environmental entrepreneurs engaged in the industry of production and consumption waste management.

Quantification in the interpretational theory of validity

According to the interpretational theory of logical validity (IR), logical validity is preservation of truth in all interpretations compatible with the intended meaning of logical expressions. IR suffers from a seemingly defeating objection, the so-called cardinality problem: any instance of the statement ‘There are n things’ is true under all interpretations, since it can be written down using only logical expressions that are not to be reinterpreted; yet ‘There are n things’ is not logically true. I argue that the cardinality problem is indeed a serious problem for IR, when understood in terms of ‘asymmetry of information’. I then argue that IR can be rehabilitated by making quantifiers context-sensitive: what we do not reinterpret is the Kaplanian character of a quantifier, rather than its content. ‘There are n things’ is false in a context where fewer than n things are relevant, so it is not logically true in IR. I finally discuss some objections and ramifications of my account: I discuss how to make space for the possibility of an explicitly absolutely general quantifier in my framework, how terms can be logical even though context-sensitive, and how to recapture classical logic within my framework.

Encountering the Limits of Language: Wang Bi, Wittgenstein, and the Mystical

Abstract: The commentaries of Wang Bi (226–249 c.e.), who coined a substantial part of the xuanxue 玄學 tradition, represent one of the most systematic attempts in early China to explore language as limited in its capabilities of expression and how language can be used to deal with issues beyond the reach of language itself. However, few studies on Wang Bi explore his philosophy of language. Therefore, the relationship between what can and cannot be expressed through language, and what lies beyond these limits, is explored via a comparison with the early works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who himself described this issue as "the cardinal problem of philosophy." I argue that Wang Bi and Wittgenstein share a similar hermeneutical approach, centered on the deficiency of language in mapping determinate sense beyond the manifest world. The factuality of the universe is therefore ineffable and "mystical," and silence becomes an indispensable means of expression.

A Siamese Transformer Network for Zero-Shot Ancient Coin Classification.

Ancient numismatics, the study of ancient coins, has in recent years become an attractive domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning. Though rich in research problems, the predominant focus in this area to date has been on the task of attributing a coin from an image, that is of identifying its issue. This may be considered the cardinal problem in the field and it continues to challenge automatic methods. In the present paper, we address a number of limitations of previous work. Firstly, the existing methods approach the problem as a classification task. As such, they are unable to deal with classes with no or few exemplars (which would be most, given over 50,000 issues of Roman Imperial coins alone), and require retraining when exemplars of a new class become available. Hence, rather than seeking to learn a representation that distinguishes a particular class from all the others, herein we seek a representation that is overall best at distinguishing classes from one another, thus relinquishing the demand for exemplars of any specific class. This leads to our adoption of the paradigm of pairwise coin matching by issue, rather than the usual classification paradigm, and the specific solution we propose in the form of a Siamese neural network. Furthermore, while adopting deep learning, motivated by its successes in the field and its unchallenged superiority over classical computer vision approaches, we also seek to leverage the advantages that transformers have over the previously employed convolutional neural networks, and in particular their non-local attention mechanisms, which ought to be particularly useful in ancient coin analysis by associating semantically but not visually related distal elements of a coin's design. Evaluated on a large data corpus of 14,820 images and 7605 issues, using transfer learning and only a small training set of 542 images of 24 issues, our Double Siamese ViT model is shown to surpass the state of the art by a large margin, achieving an overall accuracy of 81%. Moreover, our further investigation of the results shows that the majority of the method's errors are unrelated to the intrinsic aspects of the algorithm itself, but are rather a consequence of unclean data, which is a problem that can be easily addressed in practice by simple pre-processing and quality checking.

Metacognitive prompts and numerical ordinality in solving word problems: An eye-tracking study.

The ability to translate concrete manipulatives into abstract mathematical formulas can aid in the solving of mathematical word problems among students, and metacognitive prompts play a significant role in enhancing this process. Based on the concept of semantic congruence, we explored the effects of metacognitive prompts and numerical ordinality on information searching and cognitive processing, throughout the process of solving mathematical word problems among primary school students in China. Participants included 73 primary school students (38 boys and 35 girls) with normal or corrected visual acuity. This study was based on a 2 (prompt information: no-prompt, metacognitive-prompt) × 2 (number attribute: cardinal number, ordinal number) mixed experimental design. We analysed multiple eye-movement indices, such as fixation duration, saccadic amplitude, and pupil size, since they pertained to the areas of interest. When solving both types of problems, pupil sizes were significantly smaller under the metacognitive-prompt condition compared with the no-prompt condition, and shorter dwell time for specific sentences, conditional on metacognitive prompts, indicated the optimization of the presented algorithm. Additionally, the levels of fixation durations and saccadic amplitudes were significantly higher when solving ordinal number word problems compared with solving ordinal number problems, indicating that primary school students were less efficient in reading and faced increased levels of difficulty when solving ordinal number problems. The results indicate that for Chinese upper-grade primary school students, cognitive load was lower in the metacognitive prompting condition and when solving cardinal problems, and higher when solving ordinal problems.

Semantics of the images of the “griffin-hippocampus” and “horned fish” in the Scythian animal style of the Eastern European zone

The work deals with study of the Scythian animal style as an artistic phenomenon, which is one of the cardinal problems of Scythology, in particular the issue of the content of its artistic images. The semantics of the syncretic images of “griffin-hippocampus” and “horned fish” in the Scythian animal style of the Eastern European zone, covering the territories of the steppe, forest-steppe and North Caucasian local sub-variants of the Scythian animal style, is studied. The authors use the traditional iconographic method, formal-stylistic and structural-semiotic methods, as well as the methods of the general scientific hypothetical-deductive method with the general systemic-functional and synchronous-diachronic approaches to the consideration of historical facts. As a result of the study, a connection was established between four images with the ancient Greek mythical Typhon, two images with Dionysus and three images with Aegipanos (Pan). The next task is to study the semantics of the images of the bestiary of the Scythian animal style as the incarnations of mythological characters.

The Strategic Concept of Meritology in Learning

This article addresses the issue of meritology as a strategic concept in the theory and practice of the learning process in school. The investigation of this field is generated by the need for the theoretical substantiation of the phenomenon in question, as well as by the deficient practice of capitalizing it in the process of assessing the student's learning activity. Based on constructivist ideals, correlative notions are analyzed, such as those of competition, effort, elite, knowledge, learning internalization, merit, and nano learning. Through analytical synthesis, the cardinal problems of meritology are recorded- the main question being that of clarification. In an innovative sense, the structure of the strategy associated with meritology is outlined, with the clarification necessary to use the concept of meritology as both strategically recorded and topical, shedding light on the specificity of the learning approach. Clarifying the pedagogical significance of meritology is the objective that generates the elaboration of the Strategy associated with meritology. The initial idea is to modernize the learning process by connecting to current social trends. The substantiation of the identity of meritology opens the perspective of the positive impact on the training of students through the internalization of learning and nano learning.

Th e healing the „wounded identity” through the spiritualization of the tragic

Th e author of the paper signals, fi rst of all, the urgent need to introduce the phrase “wounded identity” (Michael Pollak) into the scientifi c circuit manifested with unparalleled eloquence in Transylvania and Bessarabia. The excursion into the area of autochthonous arts of the post-war period resulted in the discovery in the subtext of the works by I. Druță, V. Vasilache, G. Vieru, etc. of the “obsession with self-identifi cation”, which later becomes the guide of the subject and of genuistically-stylistic structures. The cardinal problem of the nation’s consciousness, that of losing oneself in the rush of the “terror of history”, is extrapolated in the 60s in the seventh art, culminating in the two archetypal samples: Pădurea spânzuraților/ The Forest of the Hanged and Gustul pâinii/The Taste of Bread, inscribed in the solemn gravity of the tragic genre. In these cinematographic works of universal resonance, the unprecedented psychoanalytic survey impresses the turbulent state of mind of the protagonists, who face, even at the cost of their lives, the nation’s Golgotha “of carrying the life of a stranger in oneself ” (L. Rebreanu). Th e fi lms, subjected to a comparative analysis, reveal the shocking phenomenon — the interpenetration of the great echoes of the ancient tragedy; the prophecies of nature and music corresponding to the famous chorus. In conclusion, the author launches a novel hypothesis: the “ethnic renaissance” is due to the recuperative mission — the healing of the “wounded identity” through the cathartic impact of the work of art.

The Inner World of Man: is the Subject of Psychology the Unified (Invitation to Discussion)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of the inner world of a person, which is positioned as a possible unified subject of psychology. The concepts of the inner world and the subjectivety are compared in the context of modern concepts. It is argued that the inner world is rather an integrative concept that reflects current trends towards general models. The issue of possible allocation of a unified subject of psychology and the creation of a universal methodology is considered. The possibilities of implementing the basic principles and tasks of the integrative-communicative approach are considered. It is shown that postulating a unified subject of psychology — the inner world of a person, his architectonics (three levels: individual, subject of activity, personality), the cardinal problems of the relationship between biological and social, the psychophysiological problem, do not find their consistent solution. It seems that the concept of the inner world of a person, as well as a subject, is a reflection of the trend in the development of modern concepts towards more and more integrative ones, compressed into a system-network organization, implicitly containing many other conceptual constructs. Various points of view on this issue are given and the impossibility of reducing the whole variety of approaches and theories to a unified methodology is demonstrated. This does not mean that only integrative concepts should become a unified subject of psychological science. The evolutionary changes taking place both in the development of modern concepts and in the development of scientific schools and approaches testify to the significant dynamics taking place in our science, the desire for dialogue and understanding, that the key to the development of science is rather the diversity and diversity of subjects, methods, approaches, assuming a common interest in the exchange of opinions and the search for scientific criteria of knowledge. This creates a general landscape for the development of science both in the “tree” and in the “bush”, becoming the driving force behind the development of science. This work raises controversial issues, inviting to their discussion and dialogue.

ЗМІНА ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНОГО ВЕКТОРА СУЧАСНОГО МОВОЗНАВСТВА: ДЕЯКІ МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ МІРКУВАННЯ

The ideas of the evolutionary-informational-phenomenological paradigm of linguistic research are under investigation. The current state of linguistic science is analyzed in the context of the development of the latest stage of scientific knowledge, which is characterized by a significant expansion of the conceptual space of research, the interpenetration of disparate scientific paradigms, epistemes and methods, and the blurring of boundaries between different areas of knowledge. The urgent need for intellectualization of equipment and technology is emphasized, caused, first, by the information and network crisis. It is emphasized that the belief that intelligence is a form of individualization of systems, which possesses a language status, is being strengthened in the professional community. In this connection, research hypotheses are formulated, which should form the basis of modern linguistic research. The first hypothesis concerns the informational essence of language. The second claims that the presence of language status is a necessary condition for intelligence. The third arises from the evolutionary nature of the emergence of language. If you think consistently, it is a consequence and a product of social, biological, and general evolution of nature and society. Modern linguistics, having realized that the object of its research — language — is evolutionary, has an informational nature, and in the substantive sense is a carrier of intelligence, faced a cardinal problem for itself: to realize and understand at a fundamental level the nature of the emergence and formation of connections between language and intelligence (and vice versa). The general theory of evolution in its author’s version, which is based on the phenomenological concept of complexity, was chosen as the main methodological base. Three main laws of evolution are presented the law of increasing complexity (a necessary condition for evolution), the law of temporal dynamics of complexity, and the law of anticipatory growth of the so-called «parasitic» complexity. The application of the theory of evolution as a research methodology allows finding out the evolutionary connections between the neural and communication mechanisms of evolution — on the one hand, and other mechanisms on the other. Trace, as far as possible, the evolutionary retrospective of the mentioned connections and the limits of intellectual monopoly claims (anthropocentric, on the one hand, and technotronic, on the other). The next methodological principle is related to the mechanism of extracting from the continuous flow of reality complexes of discrete language units that are carriers of certain semantic properties. The phenomenological basis for this is provided by the information phenomenon of an extremely general nature that we discovered, which we call the lexicographic effect in information systems and which reveals the mechanism of generation from the language continuum of certain discrete complexes sufficient for an adequate representation of reality. This phenomenon provides a theoretical basis for modern processes of digitization, which have acquired a comprehensive character. The last principle of research in the new paradigm is the definition of system-creating components of the concept of system, namely: «Structure», «Substance» and «Subject». The complex of concepts «information», «intelligence», «evolution», «system» and «lexicographic effect» forms the conceptual environment of the evolutionaryinformational- phenomenological paradigm, which provides an epistemological balance between empiricism and metaphysics and introduces the methodology of linguistics to the circle of close methodological principles natural and information technology sciences.

IgA in human health and diseases: Potential regulator of commensal microbiota.

Gut microbiota has extensive and tremendous impacts on human physiology and pathology. The regulation of microbiota is therefore a cardinal problem for the mutualistic relationship, as both microbial overgrowth and excessive immune reactions toward them could potentially be detrimental to host homeostasis. Growing evidence suggests that IgA, the most dominant secretory immunoglobulin in the intestine, regulates the colonization of commensal microbiota, and consequently, the microbiota-mediated intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. In this review, we discuss the interactions between IgA and gut microbiota particularly relevant to human pathophysiology. We review current knowledge about how IgA regulates gut microbiota in humans and about the molecular mechanisms behind this interaction. We further discuss the potential role of IgA in regulating human diseases by extrapolating experimental findings, suggesting that IgA can be a future therapeutic strategy that functionally modulates gut microbiota.

Modern view on the germ and embryogenesis of the urinary organs

Annotation. The literature is devoted to the analysis of scientific literature for the last 10 years from the electronic databases "PubMed" and "National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky", which are devoted to the study of the formation and development of organs and structures of the urinary system. The consequences of perinatal morphogenesis play the most essential role in the causes and contribution to many congenital malformations (CM), stillbirths, and infant morbidity. According to the Medical and Genetic Service of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, up to 3,000 cases of CM of various organs and systems are recorded annually among newborns in Ukraine. CM of the genitourinary system ranks 3rd in frequency, among which CM of the female genitalia is up to 6 %. These figures are somewhat subjective, as a certain percentage of pathology of the female reproductive system is detected only when a girl reaches childbearing age, which greatly complicates the choice of methods and effectiveness of treatment. The rapid development of the genitourinary system of the fetus requires morphologists to comprehensively study the patterns of morphogenesis and the development of topographic and anatomical relationships of the reproductive system and urinary tract in the early period of human ontogenesis. The problem of combining information about the structural organization of the urinary tract and genital system into a consolidated morphofunctional unit is one of the cardinal problems of perinatal urology. The final formation of the urogenital organs is as follows. The initial kidneys' replacement with the permanent ones, metanephros, begins to form, from the same nephrogenic cord that gave rise to the primary kidney. The proper permanent renal parenchyma develops from the nephrogenic cord (renal tubuli). From the 3rd month, the permanent kidneys replace the mesonephros as the excretory organs already function. Thus, the embryonic development of the genitals is closely related to the development of the urinary tract and kidneys. Therefore, the CM of these two systems often occurs together. Active introduction of perinatal prophylaxis of urogenital organs requires modern approaches and methods of examination of intrauterine life. Therefore, the complex of embryotopographic studies attains special significance, having combined the consideration of organically critical periods of development with the understanding of the peculiarities of the spatial relationships of organs and structures of the genitourinary system.

Evo-Ayu: Integrating Ayurveda with Evolutionary Biology

Evolution refers to a change in the relative frequency of alternative alleles in a population or species. Evolutionary biology studies evolution at two levels- micro-evolution and macro-evolution. Micro-evolution studies the processes that change allele frequency over time within a population. Macro-evolution studies the tree of life. Using the concepts from evolutionary biology to understand human health and disease is the basis of evolutionary medicine. Evolutionary medicine has improved our understanding of infectious diseases, genetics, ageing etc. Would an integration of evolutionary ideas with Ayurveda be equally rewarding? Ayurveda accepts Saankhya philosophy’s ideas about the origin of life. Satkaarya Vaada, which forms the basis of Ayurvedic understanding of disease and health, doesn’t provide satisfying answers to the cardinal problem of evolutionary biology - the appearance of design in the living world. Ayurvedic ideas about inheritance also contradict the germ-plasm theory of inheritance. Yet, Ayurveda has much to contribute to the study of phenotypes. Ayurvedic concepts of Deha-prakriti, Saara, Desha etc. provide exciting opportunities to test evolutionary principles within the Ayurvedic framework. Integrating Ayurveda with Evolutionary biology could help us rethink Ayurvedic concepts in the light of evolution.

Independent Neighbourhoods of Sets in Bn Groups

The paper considers the structural problems and cardinality problems of pairs of non-empty subsets with certain restrictions with respect to the space where the sum is by modulo 2. The described subsets are related, in many cases, to the construction of error-correcting codes on additive communication channels, and to the quantitative bounds of their cardinality.

Мир Ч. Айтматова в интерпретации и восприятии

Research relevance: In the works of Ch. Aitmatov, the cardinal problems of mankind are mainly considered, through which various sections and layers of life are realistically described in their contradiction and dialectical relationship. Research objectives: to reveal the world of Ch. Aitmatov through the interpretation and perception of the works by the readers, to experience, to sympathize with the heroes of the work, and thus, as it were, he makes them responsible for everything that happens on Earth. Research methods and materials: the article is based on a literary review and analysis of the works of the great writer Ch. Aitmatov. Research results: The world of Aitmatov is a world where kindness, love, compassion, respect, friendship and honesty live, and all this is the essence of the Universe itself. The Universe is immense, the Universe is limitless, but it fits into a small human heart, he carries it with him, he lives in it, and he cannot but obey its laws. Conclusions: Modern challenges urge people to be accountable to the Universe and to humanity.

The influence of microwave radiation from the geocosmos on the state of a living organism

The cardinal problem of biophysics is insufficient understanding of the microwave radiation influence on a living organism. Microwave fluxes enter the biosphere from the earth’s ionosphere during solar flares and geomagnetic storms, and also from the anthropogenic background. The task of the work was to present quantum-mechanical estimates of the ionosphere influence on the biosphere. Estimates for aqueous media of an organism are made within the framework of a new concept which describes the processes of formation of polyatomic Rydberg molecules built from their parent molecules by adding a proton, which is possible due to their high affinity for protons. The resulting ions are neutralized by capturing an electron into the Rydberg orbital, which is confirmed in experiments for the gases and liquids. The enhancement of the associative properties of highly diluted biologically active solutions under the influence of microwave flows is also investigated. One of the best partners in the mechanism of increasing formation of associates with the participation of microwave fluxes are water molecules (with its high proton affinity). When the number of water molecules grows with superdilution, an increasing number of microwave quanta are involved in the associate formation of water-containing biocomponents. An interpretation of the phenomenon of sporadic “non-reproducibility” of bioexperiments and contribution of geocosmic factors to the arthritis and viral pathology are presented.

Solving Footstep Planning as a Feasibility Problem Using L1-Norm Minimization

One challenge of legged locomotion on uneven terrains is to deal with both the discrete problem of selecting a contact surface for each footstep and the continuous problem of placing each footstep on the selected surface. Consequently, footstep planning can be addressed with a Mixed Integer Program (MIP), an elegant but computationally demanding method, which can make it unsuitable for online planning. We reformulate the MIP into a cardinality problem, then approximate it as a computationally efficient <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> 1-norm minimisation, called SL1M. Moreover, we improve the performance and convergence of SL1M by combining it with a sampling-based root trajectory planner to prune irrelevant surface candidates. Our tests on the humanoid Talos in four representative scenarios show that SL1M always converges faster than MIP. For scenarios when the combinatorial complexity is small ($<; 10$ surfaces per step), SL1M converges at least two times faster than MIP with no need for pruning. In more complex cases, SL1M converges up to 100 times faster than MIP with the help of pruning. Moreover, pruning can also improve the MIP computation time. The versatility of the framework is shown with additional tests on the quadruped robot ANYmal.

Management and communication ideas in the late 17th – early 19th centuries

The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists in management and communication issues, but their successful epistolary and encyclopedic communication practice, starting from the third decade of the XVIII century significantly increased the self-awareness of the masses. The influence of their ideas on the possibility of progressive development of social relations, on improving the national states manageability and on how of a new type scientists were able not only to popularize knowledge, but also to practically make it an object of public communication is shown. In this context, the author considers the importance of political and legal communication problems in the vision of Charles Louis Montesquieu and analyzes the republican governance ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau as an outstanding figure of the Enlightenment, who attached great importance to the forms and methods of forming of the state governance structures. At the end of the historical period under consideration, a comparative historical analysis of the most significant statements of such thinkers as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.

Circular cylinder wakes and their control under the influence of oscillatory flows: A numerical study

Understanding and control of wake vortices past a circular cylinder is a cardinal problem of interest to ocean engineering. The wake formation and vortex shedding behind a variety of ocean structures such as spars, are subjected to fatigue failure limiting their life span. The additional influences due to ocean waves and currents further exacerbate these effects. In the present study, flow past an isolated circular cylindrical structure subjected to an oscillatory upstream are numerically investigated. These studies involve high resolution simulations over the low Reynolds number range (100–200). Although the practical range of interest is in high Reynolds number range of 103 - 105, the flow physics and a number of qualitative and quantitative aspects are similar to the low Reynolds number flows. In the high Reynolds number range, statistical averaging tools in conjunction with suitable closure models would be necessary. The control of wake vortices is achieved with the aid of two small rotors located in the aft of the main cylinder. A control algorithm was coupled to determine the quantum of actuation to the rotating elements. Although control of wake vortices was observed for harmonic in-let forcing, residual vortical structures were found to persist at higher amplitudes of oscillation. To study the efficacy of this control, numerical simulations were further extended, when the circular cylinder was flexibly mounted. The control of flow induced vibrations was observed to be reasonably effective in controlling the wake generated behind the main cylinder due to oscillatory upstream.