Cardinal Concept Research Articles

Achievement of sustainable development goals through the Mediterranean diet.

The prosperity of our planet relies on the cardinal concept of sustainable development. The dietary choices of humans play a pivotal role in creating a peaceful and contented world. In this context, the Mediterranean diet (MD) has emerged as a valuable approach to accomplishing such progress, wherein the rights of all living beings are equally honored. This review aims to analyze the significance of a plant-based diet, particularly the Mediterranean diet, in attaining sustainable development goals. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted to gather the most reliable and published scientific evidence from books and papers. Within this research endeavor, specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are individually addressed in relation to the adoption of the Mediterranean diet as a foundational nutritional paradigm. Our research findings underscore the immense importance of the MD and advocate for its worldwide implementation to accomplish sustainable development objectives. The MD emerges as the most suitable dietary option for fostering sustainability and tranquility in our world. It is crucial to prioritize the global implementation of the MD to genuinely achieve sustainable development.

Mental capacity including testamentary capacity.

Mental capacity including testamentary capacity.

Emily Brontë in the Post-Romantic Age: The Transformation of Romantic Imagination in Emily Brontë’s Poems

Though the Romantic lineage of Emily Brontë’s works has been identified by critics, the post-Romantic feature of her writings remains to be further explored. By focusing on the representation of a cardinal concept in Romanticism — the Romantic imagination – in Emily Brontë’s poems, this article seeks to explore the transformation of Romanticism in Emily’s world. It aims to present a detailed analysis of Emily Brontë’s relationship with the Romantic movement, her mixed feelings towards the Romantic legacy of the preceding generation, as well as the spiritual dilemma she faces.

Weakly measurable cardinals

In this article, we introduce the notion of weakly measurable cardinal, a new large cardinal concept obtained by weakening the familiar concept of a measurable cardinal. Specifically, a cardinal κ is weakly measurable if for any collection containing at most κ+ many subsets of κ, there exists a nonprincipal κ-complete filter on κ measuring all sets in . Every measurable cardinal is weakly measurable, but a weakly measurable cardinal need not be measurable. Moreover, while the GCH cannot fail first at a measurable cardinal, I will show that it can fail first at a weakly measurable cardinal. More generally, if κ is measurable, then we can make its weak measurability indestructible by the forcing Add(κ, η) for any η while forcing the GCH to hold below κ. Nevertheless, I shall prove that weakly measurable cardinals and measurable cardinals are equiconsistent. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Danzatrici e cavalle del diavolo: La concezione del ballo femminile nel Medioevo

The sinfulness of dance stood as a cardinal concept of medieval morality, at least until its partial reevaluation within the context of courtly ceremony, and dancing was often related to the negative idea of self-exhibition. Preachers and Christian writers aimed their condemnations especially at show-women, since ostentation of the female body represented a diabolical incitement to the pleasures of the flesh and to lechery. Medieval imagery virtually opposed David’s holy dance to Salomé’s sinful exhibition before Herod. Since the reward of her dancing is Saint John’s decollation, the performance becomes twice as sinful and the miniatures showing Salome as a jongleresse reflect a significant superposition of subjects. Since the XIIIth century, preachers’ sermons described dance as a sinful entertainment and depicted performing women as instruments of the devil. Reflections of these concepts can also be found in medieval miniatures, especially in gothic manuscripts, where bodily transformation sometimes appears as a beastly degradation of dignity and a sign of moral perversion, while the mere presence of a woman can become an allusion to lust.

Russian Philosophy in the Context of European Thinking: The Case of Vladimir Solovyov

AbstractRussian philosophy of the 19th century was developing in close contact with European philosophy. The strongest influence on Russian thought was exerted by classical German philosophy. One significant example is the teaching of Vladimir Solovyov, an outstanding 19th century thinker. Solovyov owes several principles of his teaching to Friedrich Schelling, from whom he assimilated his cardinal concept of all-embracing being; also to Schelling we can trace Solovyov's conviction that the will constitutes the determining principle of being as well as his conception of the suffering and developing God. Finally, it was largely through Schelling's influence that Solovyov shaped his cosmogonic theory associated with his sophiology, based on the thesis of the falling away from God of His ‘Alter Ego’, His ‘Prototype’. According to Solovyov, ‘the Second God’, or Sophia-Wisdom, is God-Made-Man, the Absolute coming into being, whose life underlies the substance of historical process.

Fora dos muros: entre a Bildung e a Revelação

Este artigo trata da rápida substituição de paradigmas que se processa no seio da comunidade judaica alemã nas primeiras décadas do século 19, como resultado da derrubada dos muros que, até então, separavam os judeus dos alemães cristãos. O triunfo das idéias do Iluminismo bem como sua rápida penetração no âmbito de uma comunidade ansiosa por integração numa sociedade que prometia a igualdade entre todos os seus membros, independentemente de sua origem étnica ou religiosa, estimulou, entre os judeus egressos dos guetos, a adoção de novas visões de mundo e de novos conceitos de nacionalidade e espiritualidade. Uma das passagens centrais nesse processo de mudança é descrita pelo escritor Berthold Auerbach (1812-1882) como a transformação da idéia de Revelação, central à tradição judaica, em Bildung, fundamental na cultura alemã do século 19. Trata-se de uma mudança de paradigmas que explica, de certa forma, a grande afinidade dos judeus do mundo de língua alemã com a reflexão humanística de seu tempo, que parece ocupar o lugar privilegiado antes reservado aos estudos de caráter religioso.

Toddlers' Spontaneous Attention to Number

Hannula and Lehtinen (2001, 2005) defined spontaneous focusing on numerosity (SFON) as the tendency to notice the relatively abstract attribute of number despite the presence of other attributes. According to nativists, an innate concept of one to three directs young children's attention to these “intuitive numbers” in everyday situations—even before they acquire language. If so, their tendency to attend to two and three should be comparable. If language in the form of the first few number words facilitates the construction of these number concepts, then toddlers' tendency to focus on two and three should parallel the staggered development of verbal number skills. The present study is the first to systematically examine if and how the size and makeup of a collection affect toddlers' tendencies to focus on number. For each of two types of attention tasks, each of 37 participants between the ages of 2 and 4.25 years old was shown 36 different collections of 2, 3, and 4 items that were homogeneous, semihomogeneous (the same shape but two different colors), or heterogeneous (two different shapes and two different colors). Age, size, and makeup had a significant effect on participants' tendency to attend to number. The significant drop off in this tendency with collections of more than two items is inconsistent with the nativists' hypothesis of an innate cardinal concept of three.

Spatial organisation in passive tactile perception: Is there a tactile field?

The perceptual field is a cardinal concept of sensory psychology. ‘Field’ refers to a representation in which perceptual contents have spatial properties and relations which derive from the spatial properties and relations of corresponding stimuli. It is a matter of debate whether a perceptual field exists in touch analogous to the visual field. To study this issue, we investigated whether tactile stimuli on the palm can be perceived as complex stimulus patterns, according to basic spatial principles.Subjects judged the intensity of a target stimulus to the palm, ignoring two brief preceding touches at nearby flanker locations. We found that the judgements of the target intensity were boosted by flankers when the target lay on the line joining the flankers in comparison to when the target lay away from this line.Therefore, we suggest that a tactile spatial organisation, i.e. a tactile field, exists; the field supports the relation of collinearity; it is automatically and implicitly activated by touch, and it groups spatially coherent perceptual contents.

Feinstrukturtheorie und Innere Modelle

The workshop Fine Structure Theory and Inner Models , organised by Ronald Jensen (Berlin), Menachem Magidor (Jerusalem) and Ralf Schindler (Münster) was held April 30th - May 6th, 2006. It was attended by most of the leading researchers in the area. Fine structure theory was initiated by the first organizer, R. Jensen, in the 70ies. It has been exploited ever since for producing a series of spectacular results in set theory. One such is Jensen's Covering Lemma for Gödel's constructible hierarchy, L , which says, put informally, that the universe V of all sets either resembles L to a large extent or else is very different from L . Later on, various people (most of which were participants of this workshop) proved versions of the Covering Lemma for larger inner models. The main goal of “Fine structure theory and inner model theory” is to construct fine structural inner models of set theory, i.e., definable transitive proper class-sized models of the standard axiom system {\sf ZFC} of set theory, which reflect the large cardinal structure of the universe, but at the same time admit a fine structure that makes it possible to analyze them in great detail and prove various combinatorial properties in them. Other applications of such inner models are consistency strength investigations, and they can be used as a tool for proving implications which don't mention inner models at all, but for which no “direct” proof is in sight. A large cardinal concept is one such that \mathsf{ZFC} cannot prove that there is an incarnation of it. Our area is the key tool for uncovering the large cardinal structure which is implicit in many (not only set theoretic) hypotheses. In fact, often a given statement which doesn't mention large cardinals at all and a statement about the existence of models with large cardinals turn out to be two sides of the same coin. Breathtaking results by Martin, Steel, Woodin, and others in the 80ies and 90ies have shown that the large cardinal concept of a Woodin cardinal is a crucial one here. The main issues of this area are the following. The conference had 16 participants. 13 talks were given, and they covered both pure and applied parts of inner model theory. Because this was a gathering of true specialists, there was no need for overview-style talks and we could concentrate on issues which are at the focus of current research. The talks came with intriguing results, but also with promising new perspectives for upcoming research. We had very lively discussions. It was a fruitful workshop, and many of the ideas which were exchanged are sure to be further elaborated in the near future.

Utility, Probability, and Human Decision-Making

In this paper the consumer problem is considered as a decision problem. At first consumer behaviour is described by the usual standard model, well-known in economic theory. The main criticism of this model is that it presumes a consumer acting rationally in the sense that he can choose simultaneously from a multitude of commodities, whereas ordinary intuition tells us that even the choice from a small set of alternatives is very difficult. Things are becoming even more difficult if goods available at different times are considered as different options, and when randomness is introduced in terms of 'contingent claims'. We call this the assumption of 'irrational rationality'. Things become more natural if the ordinal utility concept is replaced by a cardinal concept. This is introduced as a normed measure W on the service space of commodities Ω. Then it becomes possible to fragment consumer behaviour into several consecutive stages. At the first stage the consumer decides on how much is consumed and how much is saved, at the second stage a broad distribution is made over a few subgroups of expenditures, while in later stages money is gradually 'differentiated' up to the point where it is actually spend and transformed into purchases. If the consumer acts in this way, he most probably will reach a suboptimal solution when compared to the 'master plan' where everything is planned in one stroke. However, it is the more realistic description, since it is rational for the consumer to consider one decision at a time. We call this feature 'rational irrationality'. Probability and time preference are introduced by introducing new coordinate spaces. The Cartesian product of the state space S, the commodity space Ω and the time space T, with their corresponding marginal measures P, W, T, becomes the natural space to describe consumer behaviour.

Behavioural inheritance in object-oriented models for mechatronic systems

This paper describes a formal framework for Object-Oriented (O-O) modelling of mechatronic systems, whose main contribution is, on the one hand, to unify the modelling approaches for dynamical systems and for industrial control software and, on the other hand, to provide a definition of inheritance, a cardinal concept in object-orientation, which emphasises the behavioural conformity of basic and derived classes of objects. The proposed framework exploits the coalgebraic description of software artefacts to provide a connection between the behavioural approach for modelling dynamical systems and the O-O approach for software modelling and design. In particular, our definition of inheritance aims to allow control engineers to apply the design by extension methodology, widely used in software engineering, to the development of mechatronic components for manufacturing systems.

Emotions and Christian Ethics: A Reassessment

In recent years there have been various attempts to relate theories of emotion to the concerns of Christian ethics. In this article, I consider two such attempts, those of Daniel Maguire and Paul Lauritzen, and thereby identify five ways in which a theory of emotion might in principle contribute to the formulation of a Christian ethic. I then argue that some recent developments in theoretical reflection on the emotions, especially the idea that feelings may be world-directed in their own right, enable these five points of connection to be stated with new clarity and cogency. The article concludes that a theory of emotion can help to articulate the following claims: love is properly a cardinal concept for ethical theory; there are specifically Christian emotions, which make possible a specifically Christian moral personality; religious faith (informed by ‘real assent’) is a cognitive state which is of its nature motivationally effective.

Preschool children’s representation and understanding of written number symbols

Two samples of preschool children’s representation and understanding of written number symbols was examined in two time points in one academic year. About 40% of Chinese four year olds (mean=4:7) were able to use conventional number symbols to represent the quantity of ten, on average. The majority of these children (85%) could represent written number symbols at the age of five (mean= 5:4). The characteristic of Chinese children’s representation of written numerals was similar to that of British children. However, Chinese four year olds’ ability to represent written number symbols seemed better than that of the British group of five year olds; and the performance of Chinese five year olds was more advanced than that of British six and seven year olds. Children’s ability to represent written number symbols closely relates to their cardinal concept. The performance of children in a university‐affiliated childcare center was better than that of the center serving working‐class families.

Technology Asymmetries, Group Algebra, and Multiplant Cost Minimization

For a homogeneous good, this article studies firm‐level production activities when the firm controls a plural number of plants. Through careful construction of cost function technology asymmetries, we inquire into the ordinal structure of the production vector for multiplant cost minimizers. When Schur‐convexity of a reference pseudo‐cost technology is the principal functional assumption, then ordinal concepts of technical asymmetries map into rank order on the equilibrium production vector. Under a more generalized characterization of the technical asymmetries a multiplant firm encounters, group theory is used to map a cardinal concept of asymmetries into cardinal bounds on the optimum allocation.

Proper forcing and remarkable cardinals II

AbstractThe current paper proves the results announced in [5].We isolate a new large cardinal concept, “remarkability.” Consistencywise, remarkable cardinals are between ineffable and ω-Erdös cardinals. They are characterized by the existence of “0#-like” embeddings; however, they relativize down to L. It turns out that the existence of a remarkable cardinal is equiconsistent with L(ℝ) absoluteness for proper forcings. In particular, said absoluteness does not imply determinacy.

The assumption of equal marginal utility of income: how much does it matter?

In most applied cost–benefit analyses, individual willingness to pay (WTP) is aggregated without using explicit welfare weights. This can be justified by postulating a utilitarian social welfare function along with the assumption of equal marginal utility of income for all individuals. However, since marginal utility is a cardinal concept, there is no generally accepted way to verify the plausibility of this latter assumption, nor its empirical importance. In this paper, we use data from seven contingent valuation studies to illustrate that if one instead assumes equal marginal utility of the public good for all individuals, aggregate monetary benefit estimates change dramatically.

Proper Forcing and Remarkable Cardinals

The present paper investigates the power of proper forcings to change the shape of the universe, in a certain well-defined respect. It turns out that the ranking among large cardinals can be used as a measure for that power. However, in order to establish the final result I had to isolate a new large cardinal concept, which I dubbed “remarkability.” Let us approach the exact formulation of the problem—and of its solution—at a slow pace.Breathtaking developments in the mid 1980s found one of its culminations in the theorem, due to Martin, Steel, and Woodin, that the existence of infinitely many Woodin cardinals with a measurable cardinal above them all implies that AD, the axiom of determinacy, holds in the least inner model containing all the reals, L(ℝ) (cf. [6[, p. 91). One of the nice things about AD is that the theory ZF + AD + V = L(ℝ) appears as a choiceless “completion” of ZF in that any interesting question (in particular, about sets of reals) seems to find an at least attractive answer in that theory (cf., for example, [5] Chap. 6). (Compare with ZF + V = L!) Beyond that, AD is very canonical as may be illustrated as follows.Let us say that L(ℝ) is absolute for set-sized forcings if for all posets P ∈ V, for all formulae ϕ, and for all ∈ ℝ do we have thatwhere is a name for the set of reals in the extension.

Das Kardinalzahlkonzept

This case-study investigates different aspects of the concept of cardinality of an eighteen-year-old student with mental retardation. At the age of six she could not relate number words, finger and objects in counting. These errors still persist in the classroom situation. This investigation shows that nevertheless her concept of cardinality is fairly highly developed. She knows that in counting she must match number words and objects one to one, the number word sequence she uses is stable, and her insight into the irrelevance of order of enumeration when counting, which she finds by trial, is a sign of the robustness of her cardinal concept. She also understands the relationships of equivalence and order of sets, and she solves arithmetical problems by counting on or down, which means that she understands the number words as cardinal and at the same time as sequence numbers. Errors occur in complex situations, where several components have to be considered. But her concept of cardinality is also incomplete: she has special difficulties concerning counting out objects bundled in tens. The same problems occur when she uses multidigit numbers: she does not see a ten-unit as composed of ten single unit items, that is to say, she replaces the hierarchic structure of the number sequence by a concatenated one. These difficulties must be interpreted as a consequence of her special weakness concerning synthetic thinking and simultaneous performing, as similar patterns can be seen in her spatial perception and in her speech. In the syntactic structure of her utterances, too, the combination of simple entities to complicated units is replaced by a mere concatenation. This means that due to brain dysfunction her behavior is determined by a particular pattern which repeatedly appears intrapersonally, and which is characteristic of some mentally retarded persons though not of all of them. Evidently mathematical thinking is also not a determined system, but a variable one. Mentally retarded students may therefore have great difficulties concerning some areas and at the same time make better progress in others. In particular, difficulties in counting objects are no obstacle to knowledge of cardinality.

Husserl and Frege (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 121 his theory of truth in his later years, pieced togethcr from a variety of sources. Evident judgments have become the standard of truth, rather than correspondence with a state of affairs or, in the case of values, state of values. Whilc the changes arc certainly important to those concerned with ontology and theories of meaning, they appear to make little difference to Brentano's theory of ethics, as McAlister notes in her conclusion. She is, I think, correct in arguing that the changes do not furnish satisfactory answers to the two major points that were to be considered all along: whether evident judgments actually exist, and whether the theory accounts for all types of true judgments. McAlister quotes Brentano's 19o4 letter to Kraus in which he acknowledges that, as described in his theory, our knowledge of moral principles is not what would ordinarily be called empirical, but a priori. One assumes that she did not come upon any material showing that he followed out this line of reasoning, which would have meant forfeiting either the certainty of his principles or their ability to generate practical ethical guidelines. McAlister furnishes both German and English page numbers for Wahrheit und Evidenz, which had already been published in translation when she wrote this book. It would have been helpful had she added page references for translations which appeared later, in addition to the page numbers in the German editions. This would have enabled the interested non-German-speaking reader to easily locate passages. On page lo 4, and again later, there is an intriguing mention of"impounded letters" and a reference to a certain page, but in an unidentified location; enlightenment would have been welcome. Professor McAlister notes that accidents of history and Brentano's own distaste for preparing works for publication deprived him of the role he might have played in the course of philosophy. As Professor Chisholm and others have done for other aspects of Brentano's philosophy, she has helped us to see Brentano's ethics in a truer, and more favorable light and to judge what that greater role could have been. ELIZABETH HU6HES SCHNEEWIND j. N. Mohanty. Husserl and Frege. Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982. Pp. VII + 147. Anyone interested in such a question as what it is one grasps when one understands an expression will find reading this thoughtful and timely essay an unusually stimulating experience. Husserl and Frege is an outstanding critical contribution to persistent issues in the practice of philosophy today. The book consists of four chapters on historical matters, psychologism, theories of sense, and logic and the theory of knowledge. A brief conclusion is added together with an appendix (the only four letters extant of the Frege-Husserl correspondence), extensive notes, and an index. Mohanty aims to provide his readers with a more accurate picture of the relationship between two founders of the phenomenological and analytic strains in contemporary philosophy, to exhibit the interest in several philosophical issues they shared, and to suggest if not demonstrate how insights about mind and meaning might be integrated. 122 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 23:1 JANUARY 1985 Mohanty addresses his first concern largely in the opening chapter which is a revised version of his well-known 1974 article, "Husserl and Frege: A New Look at Their Relationship." Arguing against the views of Fr Dreyfus, and Kt~ng, Mohanty uses the Frege-Husserl correspondence and Husserl's early reviews of work in logic to make three points. Husserl arrived at the distinction between Vorstellung and Sinn independently of Frege. His rejection of logical psychologism in favor of a theory of objective logic was also independent of Frege's 1894 review of his Philosophy of Arithmetic. And while agreeing with Frege that a concept's extension presupposes its intension, Husserl developed a different understanding of logic than Frege's. Logic on Husserl's view is a pure, theoretical science whose cardinal concept is meaning rather than a normative science which turns on the concept of truth value. This is an excellent historical reconstruction and, if not entirely uncontroversial in its own right (see Follesdal's recent rejoinder...