Cardamom Oil Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Against Microbes Associated with Street Food

This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs), namely clove, lemongrass, mint, oregano, and black cardamom, at different concentrations, in fighting microorganisms that were isolated from selected food samples obtained from local street food vendors. The microorganisms isolated from the food samples were Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Moraxella sp., Escherichia sp. (gram-negative bacteria), and Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Micrococcus sp. (gram-positive bacteria). The antimicrobial effects of these oils were tested, and the results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.001. The tests were carried out using different concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (v/v) against isolates obtained from raw and street food. It was found that clove oil had the highest effect, followed by mint oil, black cardamom oil, and oregano oil. However, lemongrass oil showed the least antimicrobial effect. The results indicate that clove, mint, and black cardamom EOs are highly effective in controlling pathogenic bacteria. These oils can be used to prevent bacterial growth, extend shelf life, and increase the safety of street food.

In Vitro Anticancer Potential of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Against TNBC, Glioma and Kidney Cancer

Background: Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is widely recognized for its use as a spice and traditional medicine. It is commonly used for treating gastric, cardiac, and kidney disorders, as well as infections and inflammatory conditions. Cardamom essential oil, known for its high content of bioactive compounds such as 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate, has been studied for its diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. However, little is known about its anticancer potential against MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer), U87 (glioblastoma), and HEK 293 (kidney) cell lines, especially in the context of cardamom oil sourced from Iraq. Methods: Cardamom essential oil was extracted via hydro-distillation from cardamom fruits collected in Erbil, Iraq, and its chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil’s anticancer activity was evaluated using the MTT assay against MDA-MB-231, U87, and HEK 293 cell lines. The cells were treated with various concentrations of cardamom essential oil, and cell viability was measured after 24 hours. The IC50 values were calculated to determine the oil’s efficacy. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed 33 compounds in the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole (42.37%) and α-terpinyl acetate (22.14%) being the predominant constituents. The MTT assay demonstrated that cardamom essential oil significantly reduced cell viability in MDA-MB-231 and HEK 293 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 96.95 µl/ml and 157.44 µl/ml, respectively. However, the oil was less effective against U87 cells, showing only 40.67% inhibition at the highest concentration (500 µl/ml). Conclusion: Cardamom essential oil, rich in 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate, exhibited strong anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 and HEK 293 cell lines, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for triple-negative breast cancer. Further studies are needed to explore its full potential and mechanisms of action against different cancer types.

Exploring essential oil-based bio-composites: molecular docking and in vitro analysis for oral bacterial biofilm inhibition.

Oral bacterial biofilms are the main reason for the progression of resistance to antimicrobial agents that may lead to severe conditions, including periodontitis and gingivitis. Essential oil-based nanocomposites can be a promising treatment option. We investigated cardamom, cinnamon, and clove essential oils for their potential in the treatment of oral bacterial infections using in vitro and computational tools. A detailed analysis of the drug-likeness and physicochemical properties of all constituents was performed. Molecular docking studies revealed that the binding free energy of a Carbopol 940 and eugenol complex was -2.0kcal/mol, of a Carbopol 940-anisaldehyde complex was -1.9kcal/mol, and a Carbapol 940-eugenol-anisaldehyde complex was -3.4kcal/mol. Molecular docking was performed against transcriptional regulator genes 2XCT, 1JIJ, 2Q0P, 4M81, and 3QPI. Eugenol cinnamaldehyde and cineol presented strong interaction with targets. The essential oils were analyzed against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from the oral cavity of diabetic patients. The cinnamon and clove essential oil combination presented significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (0.0625/0.0312mg/mL) against S. epidermidis and S. aureus (0.0156/0.0078mg/mL). In the anti-quorum sensing activity, the cinnamon and clove oil combination presented moderate inhibition (8mm) against Chromobacterium voilaceum with substantial violacein inhibition (58% ± 1.2%). Likewise, a significant biofilm inhibition was recorded in the case of S. aureus (82.1% ± 0.21%) and S. epidermidis (84.2% ± 1.3%) in combination. It was concluded that a clove and cinnamon essential oil-based formulation could be employed to prepare a stable nanocomposite, and Carbapol 940 could be used as a compatible biopolymer.

Raspberry ketone loaded self nanoemulsifying system of cardamom oil: Assessment of phase behavior, dissolution rate and anti-hyperlipidemic activity

Raspberry ketone (RK), a polyphenolic antioxidant, possesses free radical scavenging against oxidative species and has potential of anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-aging activities. Major pharmaceutical restriction associated with RK is its poor dissolution characteristic owing to its hydrophobic nature. Present investigation is an attempt to improve dissolution behavior of RK using cardamom oil (CO) based self nanoemulsifying system (SNE) design and preclinical assessed for anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Demarcation of phase boundaries to exactly locate nanoemulsion areas were explored using ternary plots drawn between CO as oil phase, Tween 80/PEG 600 as Smix at 1:1; 1:2; 2:1 and 3:1 ratios. Previously ternary components were selected on the basis of solubility of RK and aqueous dispersibility of CO. Nanoemulsion areas developed under ternary phase region were quantified using trapezoidal method and found in the order 1:1 > 1:2 > 3:1 > 2:1 of Smix. Aqueous dilutibility of SNEs followed the pattern of dilutions lines drawn across the ternary phase and its interference. Optimized SNE produced 97.1 % transmittance with average droplet size 101 nm, zeta potential −2.27 mV and 0.186 mS/cm conductivity. In-vitro RK release was examined in HCl buffer at pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 showed a significant difference in the RK dissolved (p < 0.01) compared to RK suspension (control F6). Optimized formulation (F3) at two doses level (RK loading of 80 and 160 mg/kg) vs. RK suspension (160 mg/kg) was pre-clinically administered for four weeks to assess anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Lipid profile markers (levels of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total triglyceride and total cholesterol) were significantly reduced from nanoemulsion formulation as compared to its suspension. SNE formulations were stable with no appreciable loss in quality and performance for six month storage at 30 ± 2 °C; 65 ± 5 % RH conditions. CO based SNE design significantly extended the ternary area for nanoemulsion development as well as RK solubility; which in turn improved dissolution rate of RK and showed anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

Exploring the Potential of Nano-Encapsulated Elettaria Cardamom Oil as Anti-Alzheimer Agent

Exploring the Potential of Nano-Encapsulated Elettaria Cardamom Oil as Anti-Alzheimer Agent

A hybrid structure based on silk fibroin/PVA nanofibers and alginate/gum tragacanth hydrogel embedded with cardamom extract

Hybrid structures made of natural-synthetic polymers have been interested due to high biological features combining promising physical–mechanical properties. In this research, a hybrid dressing consisting of a silk fibroin (SF)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers and sodium alginate (SA)/gum tragacanth (GT) hydrogel incorporating cardamom extract as an antibacterial agent was prepared. Accordingly, SF was extracted from cocoons followed by electrospinning in blend form with PVA (SF/PVA ratio: 1:1) under the voltage of 18 kV and the distances of 15 cm. The SEM images confirmed the formation of uniform, bead free fibers with the average diameter of 199 ± 28 nm. FTIR and XRD results revealed the successful extraction of SF and preparation of mixed fibrous mats. Next, cardamom oil extract-loaded SA/GT hydrogel was prepared and the nanofibrous structure was placed on the surface of hydrogel. SEM analysis depicted the uniform morphology of hybrid structure with desirable matching between two layers. TGA analysis showed desired thermal stability. The swelling ratio was found to be 1251% after 24 h for the hybrid structure and the drug was released without any initial burst. MTT assay and cell attachment results showed favorable biocompatibility and cell proliferation on samples containing extract, and antibacterial activity values of 85.35% against S. aureus and 75% against E. coli were obtained as well. The results showed that the engineered hybrid nanofibrous-hydrogel film structure incorporating cardamom oil extract could be a promising candidate for wound healing applications and skin tissue engineering.

Antimicrobial activity of rambutan peel colouring agent containing cardamom oil in shrimp paste and its potential mode of action

SummaryRambutan peel (RP), an agricultural by‐product from rambutan trading, contains the red pigment anthocyanin. This research explores developing a colouring agent from RP, utilising cardamom oil (CM) to enhance colour stability, improve antimicrobial functionality, and create a new high‐value red colouring agent from fruit waste. A colouring agent was produced by placing 50 g of RP inside a 1 L glass box, and varying amounts of CM (5 μL, 25 μL, 50 μL, and 100 μL) on filter paper were placed inside the box lid. The box was sealed and left closed for 8 h to allow CM vapour to release onto the surface of RP before being dried at 30 °C and ground into powder. The antibacterial impact of CM‐treated RP on Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using the nutrient broth. The CM‐treated RP powder was used as a food colouring agent in shrimp paste to evaluate the shelf life of shrimp paste during storage at 30 °C. Results revealed that treated RP with 25 μL of CM showed the best red colour appearance in the dried powder. RP with 25 μL of CM exhibited time killing against S. aureus (approximately 4 log10cfu g−1) after being added to the medium for 6 h, disrupting the cell membrane integrity of S. aureus and leading to cell lysis. RP treated with 25 μL of CM also prevented darkening in shrimp paste, maintaining higher values for L* and a*, resulting in increased lightness and a more red appearance. It also inhibited pathogenic bacteria, extending shelf life, and preserving colour stability for 14 days, compared to the control's 7 days. These insights provide valuable guidance for the sustainable utilisation of agricultural waste in the food colouring industry.

Essential oil of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Amomum sublatum roxb) as a natural food preservative for plum RTS

Ready-to-serve (RTS) drinks and fruit juices are crucial due to their high calorie, fiber, and vitamin content. However, their limited shelf life and rapid nutrient loss raise food safety concerns. Applied artificial preservatives may be allergic and cause adverse health effects on humans; consequently, worldwide concern about using natural preservatives instead of artificial ones. This study's main focus is to replace artificial preservatives by applying essential oils from black pepper (Bp) and cardamom (Cd) as natural preservatives in plum RTS drinks. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus and stored at 4 to 6 °C. Following, plum juice was extracted by a screw press juice extractor and afterward maintained at 0.3 % acidity and 15°-brix (°Bx) total soluble solid (TSS), finally, pasteurized at 90 °C for 10 min and stored at refrigeration temperature. After preparation of RTS, it was divided into four equal batches of 250 cm3 with no additives (A), 0.100 cm3 ethanol (B), samples C and D were prepared with 0.090 cm3 of ethanol and 0.010 cm3 of essential oils of Bp and Cd. The samples were stored at a refrigerated temperature of 4 to 6 °C and analysis of pH, % titratable acidity, mg of ascorbic acid, TSS, % total sugar, % reducing sugar, free radical scavenging activity (%RSA), total microbial count, and yeast-mold count were carried out at a fixed interval of 7 days for 28 days. Overall, significant variations were observed in the blank sample compared with the sample containing the essential oils of Bp and cardamom Cd during the storage period of 28 days. These findings highlighted valuable insights into the essential oils of Bp and Cd exhibit the preservative effect in plum RTS; ultimately, cardamom essential oil exhibits the best preservative effect on plum RTS.

Antianxiety effect of cardamom oil against sleep deprivation-induced anxiety in mice

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sleep is the restorative mechanism involved in the maintenance of physiological and psychological balance. Anxiety is recognized as a typical outcome of sleep deprivation (SLD) that interferes with the normal daily life of the person. The present study was designed to assess the antianxiety effects of cardamom oil in mice subjected to sleep deprivation (SLD)-induced anxiety and to explore possible underlying mechanisms for this activity. METHODS: Cardamom oil (140, 280, and 560 µL/kg intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and midazolam (8 mg/kg i.p.) were administered daily to different groups of mice for 15 consecutive days to sleep-deprived mice. anxiety-like behavior was induced by 48 h of SLD, and the antianxiety activity was evaluated using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, light–dark, hole board, and marble-burying models. RESULTS: Cardamom oil significantly diminished the SLD-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice as indicated by increased time spent in open arms (EPM), average time spent in lit box (light–dark model), number of head dips (hole board) and decreased number of marbles buried (marble-burying model) as compared to SLD animals. In biochemical studies, chronic administration of cardamom oil significantly increased γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase levels, while decreasing lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: Both behavioral and biochemical results revealed the protective effect of cardamom oil against SLD-induced anxiety. The underlying mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission, as well as the antioxidant properties of cardamom oil.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Garlic, Ginger, Cardamom Oil and Chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans: An In-vitro Study

Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Garlic, Ginger, Cardamom Oil and Chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans: An In-vitro Study

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the boiled extract, regular and nano oil of some medicinal plants and their effect on the eggs and larvae of the third phase of date moth Ephestia Cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) in laboratory conditions

The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions, in the insect lab at the College of Science for Girls / University of Kufa in 2021.In order to test the effect of extracts, regular and nano-oil of cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicu, turmeric Curcuma longa and Elettaria cardamomum on the eggs and larvae of the third phase of date moth. Where the three nano-oils excelled on mortality eggs, where the mortality rate of eggs was 100% compared to the regular oil and the boiled extract. The nano-oils were also missed in mortality rate of the third phase larvae after 72 treatments. The Nano cinnamon oil was excelled in mortality larvae, where the mortality rate was 94.4%, compared to “turmeric nano oil and nano cardamom oil, respectively, as it reached 89.2 and 61.8% at 2% concentration.&#x0D; Keywords: plant extracts, essential oils, nano oils, Ephestia Cautella.

Cardamom oil-infused paper box: Enhancing rambutan fruit post-harvest disease control with reusable packaging

The research aimed to develop a paper box with 10–300 μl of cardamom oil to improve rambutan storage, reduce waste, and explore reuse possibilities. The experiment investigated the delay in mold growth caused by the post-harvest disease, Pestalotiopsis sp., both on the medium and on rambutan fruit under storage conditions of 10 ± 2 °C and approximately 80% RH. The results showed that CM at 300 μl significantly inhibited Pestalotiopsis sp. mycelium and spore germination on the medium, while a lower volume of 30 μl effectively delayed mold incidence on rambutan during the 14-day storage period. The confirmed antifungal mode of action indicated that CM disrupted Pestalotiopsis sp. ergosterol and cell membrane integrity, resulting in mycelium lysis and damaged morphology, thereby inhibiting its growth. The active fruit box can be reused for at least 2 or 3 storage cycles, effectively delaying rambutan decay and preserving its color change parameters. By using the box with 30 μl of CM, rambutan's shelf-life was extended to 14 days compared to the control's shelf-life of around 7 days. Active paper boxes offer a valuable solution for improving post-harvest fruit storage and transportation, benefiting both farmers and consumers.

Exploring the potential of 1,8-cineole from cardamom oil against food-borne pathogens: Antibacterial mechanisms and its application in meat preservation

Food-borne pathogenic bacteria are a major public health concern globally. Traditional control methods using antibiotics have limitations, leading to the exploration of alternative strategies. Essential oils such as cardamom possess antimicrobial properties and have shown efficacy against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The utilization of essential oils and their bioactive constituents in food preservation is a viable strategy to prolong the shelf-life of food products while ensuring their quality and safety. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that have utilized 1,8-cineole (the main active constituent of cardamom essential oil) as a preservative in meat, so this study might be the first to utilize 1,8-cineole as an antibacterial agent in meat preservation. The application of 1,8-cineole had a significant suppressive impact on the growth rate of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium in meat samples stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Additionally, the surface color of the meat samples was not negatively impacted by the application of 1,8-cineole. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5–25 mg/ml, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 25–50.0 mg/ml. The bacterial cell membrane may be the target of cardamom, causing leakage of intracellular proteins, ATP, and DNA. The obtained data in this study may pave a new avenue for using 1,8-cineole as a new perspective for dealing with this problem of food-borne pathogens and food preservation, such as meat.

Comprehensive mapping of SARS-CoV-2 inhibition using essential or vegetable oils

IntroductionThe new SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has spread exponentially since the first recognition of the new virus and continues to infect millions of individuals worldwide. The importance of contaminated surfaces in transmission is uncertain. Minimizing surface contact, hand hygiene after surface contact, and cleaning and disinfecting the environment are recommended to reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. As surfaces are prone to transmitting COVID-19 infection, highly exposed surface areas need to be cleaned frequently with a suitable disinfectant. Essential oils have been extensively used as antimicrobial extract for several microorganisms. However, no experimental studies have previously investigated these compounds against the SARS-CoV-2. ObjectivesIn this work, we conducted a comprehensive mapping of SARS-CoV-2 protein denaturation using different essential oils (EO) aiming at the future development of natural disinfectants. MethodsThe tested oils were melaleuca, cinnamon, cardamom, buriti, and linalool. Positive nasopharyngeal samples of COVID-19 patients were exposed in direct contact with EOs, at different times, and the virus elimination efficiency was verified through an immunochromatographic Rapid Antigen Test. ResultsThe best EOs were Melaleuca alternifolia and Cinnamomum cassia, which denatured SARS-CoV-2 proteins at least with 5 min of contact by interfering with the viral envelope or the spike protein. Cardamom oil probably damaged the virus capsid, and buriti oil disrupted the viral protein envelop. Linalool oil did not denature SARS-CoV-2 proteins. ConclusionsOils have a considerable potential to produce ecologically friendly disinfectants that can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in different contact times depending on the mechanism of action and oil-active compounds.

Controlled Size Oils Based Green Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Application.

The particle size at the nanometric level allows the manifestation of remarkable properties, chiefly due to changes in surface-to-volume ratio. This study is attributed to the novel green synthesis of nano silver by using essential oils as a capping and reducing agent. Clove oil, cinnamon oil, and cardamom oil were selected for the eco-friendly and low-cost fabrication of silver nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that samples prepared by using cinnamon oil (20 nm) and cardamom oil (12 nm) had smaller particle sizes as compared to those synthesized by using clove oil (45 nm). All the prepared samples exhibited very strong antimicrobial activities with a clear zone of inhibition (6-24 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Very resilient photocatalytic activities of the samples were observed against Allura red and fast green dyes. It was concluded that the cinnamon oil-based system is the best size reducer and size homogenizer (less chances of agglomeration) as compared to clove oil and cardamom oil (more chances of agglomeration) for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

Relatively low concentration of cardamon oil vapour for controlling enzymatic browning and maintaining the quality of rambutans

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) activities, brown spot diseases, and the browning incidence of rambutans play an important role after harvest. As an anti-browning and antifungal agent containing bioactive compounds, potent cardamom oil vapour was investigated at 5 and 10 μL/L inhibitors for 28 days to delay browning, reduce disease, and preserve the quality of rambutans. PPO and POD enzymes, disease incidence, colour attributes, total phenols concentrations and antioxidant were evaluated. Delayed browning with decreased PPO and POD activities, a high L*, a low chroma, a low BI value and few disease-related browning incidents were found in rambutans treated with 5 μL/L cardamom oil compared to the control group. The treated rambutans exhibited an enhanced number of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential and more free radical scavenging activity to prevent browning and maintain the rambutans’ physicochemical qualities for 21 days of storage, compared to the control group, which only lasted seven days without browning. The treated rambutans exhibited strong ferrous chelating activity against ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. This finding showed that cardamom oil vapour could prevent browning, reduce disease, and maintain the physicochemical and microbiological quality of rambutans, which could apply to the real market shipping rambutans.

Cardamom oil ameliorates behavioral and neuropathological disorders in a rat model of depression induced by reserpine.

Depression is a public health problem. Despite the availability of treatment options, its prevalence is increasing. A high rate of treatment failure is often reported, along with considerable side effects associated with synthetic antidepressants. Therefore, developing effective and safe antidepressants from traditional herbs or natural products as an alternative strategy is warranted to avoid side effects and increase drug efficacy. In traditional medicine, cardamom has traditionally been used to treat conditions like asthma, tooth and gum infections, cataracts, nausea, diarrhea, and even depression and anxiety as well as some problems with the heart, kidneys, and digestive system. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of cardamom oil in a rat model of depression induced by reserpine and compare it with the activity of the antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Depression-like symptoms were induced in male rats by daily i. p. injection of reserpine (0.2mg/kg/d for 15d followed by 0.1mg/kg/d for 21d to maintain the depressive state), and the rats were treated with cardamom oil (oral dose=200mg/kg/d) for 21d along with the maintenance dose of reserpine. We performed behavioral tests (forced swimming test and open-field test) and evaluated biochemical markers of depression. Our findings revealed that cardamom oil attenuated depression-like symptoms in reserpine-injected rats by improving the behavioral changes measured by the forced swimming test and the locomotor activities measured by the open-field test. In reserpine-injected rats, cardamom oil exerted antidepressant-like effects by modulating lower levels of brain monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), GSH, and higher oxido-nitrosative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). Moreover, cardamom oil alleviated depression-like behaviors by lowering monoamine oxidase activity and raising the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase and levels of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex and hippocampus. We recommend the use of cardamom oil as a safe and reliable treatment or an adjuvant for preventing depression-like symptoms in patients suffering from depression.

Determination of the storage possibility salmon of essential oil of Amomum Aromaticum Roxb

The study aimed to determine the ability of cardamom oil to preserve salmon. Cardamom essential oil is recovered from fresh cardamom by steam distillation. Essential oil is yellow, and transparent, hot spicy taste and characteristic aroma. Salmon is rich in components such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, etc., so it is a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow and develop. The study conducted experiments to preserve fresh salmon with cardamom essential oil with the content of 0.3%, 06%, and 0.9% at the temperature of 10 oC. The study has determined the biochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic criteria of fresh salmon in the formulas after 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days of storage. Finally, the cardamom oil content of 0.6% was selected to develop the preservation process. Salmon after preservation has a natural bright yellow color, good elasticity, and no viscosity; has a natural smell mixed with the characteristic aroma of cardamom essential oil; Salmon broth is clear, and has a characteristic sweet taste and characteristic aroma. The biochemical indicators: water, protein, lipid, vitamins, and minerals did not change significantly compared to the original; did not detect the presence of microorganisms strains Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella in preserved salmon.

Economic Assessment of Black Pepper under Hilly Zone Multi-storyed Ecosystem of Karnataka, India

India is one of the largest producers, exporters and consumers of spices across the world. At global market India spices are in high demand due its medicinal and culinary value. Major exported spices from India were turmeric, chilli, black pepper, mint products, cumin, cardamom, garlic, curry paste and spice oils etc. Among these spices the share of black pepper is noticeable and which is grown abundantly in hilly zone multi-storyed ecosystem of Karnataka. There is a lack of understanding the economics of the crop and constraints faced by the hilly region farmers to cultivate black pepper. Hence, the study analyses the socio economic status, livelihood sustainability of the farmers, processing practices and constraints faced by the black pepper cultivators in hilly zone of Karnataka by using primary data. The selected farmers were classified based on their income levels and garett’s ranking technique was followed to prioritize the constraintsas perceived by the farmers. The study found that majority of the farmers who cultivate black pepper under multi-storyed cropping system were low income group farmers. In this region still black pepper is mainly cultivated by adopting traditional practices, hence expenditure on farm yard manure was the major item for both establishment and annual maintenance costs. Timely non availability of labours and high wage rates were identified as larger impacting constraints. The study concludes that there is a huge scope for mechanization of harvesting and other labour intensive functions to facilitate farmers which impact positively on black pepper economics and the investigation suggests for the integrating of markets with necessary market intelligence services to the gross root levels in the black pepper ecosystem in Karnataka to minimize higher price volatility.

A Simple And Validated Spectrophotometric Analysis Method For The Hydrophobic Drug Fenofibrate In Natural Oils

Objective: In this work, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was used to present a simple spectrophotometry approach to more accuratequantification of fenofibrate (FENO) concentration in five natural oils (soybean oil, lemon oil, black seed oil, cardamom oil, and garlicoil). In the published work either organic solvent was used which may result in false results due to the dissolving of oil by organicsolvent, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized, which is a sophisticated instrument that may not be availableat every research facility.Methods: construction of a calibration curve using a series of FENO concentrations added to 0.5% SLS phosphate buffer solution andmeasuring the absorbance by spectroscopy at 289 nm. The drug samples in different oils were diluted with 0.5% SLS phosphate buffersolution prior to direct reading by spectroscopy. According to the International Conference on Harmonization requirements, the methodwas validated regarding specificity, precision, accuracy, and determination range.Results: FENO gave absorbance maxima at 289 nm in 0.5% SLS solution, the beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.0125 to 0.05mg/ml. High linearity (in the scope of 10 - 125 mg, R2=1), highly specific, good accuracy (95- 104), precision (SD&lt; 10%), and a widerange of detection, indicate validation of the procedure.Conclusion: the proposed method for FENO analysis is simple, fast, and promising for easy determination of FENO in bulk andpharmaceuticals.