Carcass Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Research Articles

Performance, carcass and meat quality traits of grazing cattle with different exit velocity

To evaluate the effect of grazing cattle temperament on performance, as well as carcass and meat quality traits, exit velocity (EV) was assessed throughout two production cycles (PC1, n = 38 and PC2, n = 52). Individual EV determinations were assessed throughout each PC and then 100-days period averages were calculated for each animal. Animals were ranked based on their EV (EV-RANK) in the first 100-days period as SLOW, FAST and MEDIUM. The EV decreased from weaning to slaughter in FAST and MEDIUM (P < 0.05); but did not change in SLOW (P > 0.10). Initial liveweight was lowest in FAST and highest in MEDIUM (P = 0.03). DM intake (P = 0.08) and average daily gain (P = 0.94) were not affected by EV-RANK, but carcass subcutaneous fat thickness was lowest in FAST and highest in MEDIUM (P = 0.02). Longissimus muscle colour and shear-force were not affected by EV-RANK (P > 0.05), but muscle glycogen content at slaughter was higher in MEDIUM than in SLOW or FAST (P = 0.047). No EV-RANK effects were observed in the present study on meat colour and shear-force. However, its effects on subcutaneous fat thickness and muscle glycogen could result in low meat quality of temperamental cattle under more stressful handling situations.

Production responses in young bulls fed glycerin as a replacement for concentrates in feedlot diets

We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.

Effect of concentrate level and live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on Texel lamb performance and carcass characteristics

An alternative additive that improves the nutrient use by ruminants and reduces the use of antibiotics is desirable in order to promote a sustainable and ecological animal production. The objective of the study was to evaluate the supplementation of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diets of finishing lambs fed with different concentrate levels on their performance, carcass traits, metabolic profile and eating pattern. The trial was carried out at Institute of Animal Science and Pastures, in Nova Odessa city, Brazil, with 24 Texel lambs, 18.0Kg±1.14Kg of initial live weight, and averaging 70 days-old, kept in individual pens. The animals were fed with diets comprising hay and concentrate rations in two different proportions (80 or 60%, on DM basis), supplemented or not with live yeast. A completely randomized blocks design, on a 2×2 factorial arrangement (2 concentrate levels with presence or absence of live yeast), was used to compare the means. Supplementation with live yeast did not affect (P>0.05) DM intake, feed conversion, daily live weight gain, total live weight gain and final live weight, although it increased cold carcass weight (P=0.0135) and external carcass length (P=0.0104) regardless of the concentrate feed proportion in the diet. On carcass traits, supplementation with live yeasts did not modify (P>0.05) cold carcass dressing percentage, compactness index, leg length, external chest depth, buttock circumference, carcass fat cover score, and conformation score. Lambs fed diets with greater concentrate level (80%) significantly increased (P<0.05) DM intake, feed conversion, daily live weight gain, total and final live weight gains, cold carcass weight, compactness index, external carcass length, external chest depth, and buttocks circumference and did not modify (P>0.05) the cold dressing percentage, degree of carcass fat cover score and conformation. The live yeast decreased plasmatic lactate (P<0.05), did not affect (P>0.05) plasmatic glucose, and reduced (P<0.05) serum urea, only on the higher concentrate diets. The proportion of concentrate did not affect (P>0.05) the plasmatic glucose and lactate. Supplementation of live yeasts did not improve (P>0.05) the rib eye dimensions and the carcass subcutaneous fat thickness measured by ultrasound. Lambs on diet with greater concentrate level had smaller (P<0.05) ingestion and rumination time. The supplementation with live yeast increased the rumination time and did not modify the ingestion time. It can be concluded that live yeast supplementation increases the weight and the carcass length, regardless of the amount of concentrate added to the diet.

Dietary Carob Pods on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Fattening Pigs

In this experiment the effect of dietary carob pods in the growth performance of fattening pigs and their meat quality, including steak chemical composition and fatty acid profile, were examined. A total of 160 weaning piglets, 30 days old, were allocated into four equal groups with 4 subgroups of 5 female and 5 males each. The animals were fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets, containing either 0 or 75 or 100 or 125 g of carob pods per kg of feed. At the end of the experiment, on the 180 day of age, carcass subcutaneous fat thickness, steak chemical composition and steak fatty acid profile were determined. The results of the experiment showed that the dietary addition of 75 or 100 g/kg carob pods increased body weight at slaughter and carcass weight. No significant effect was noticed on the other examined carcass parameters. Consequently, carob pods could be suggested as a potential feed for fattening pigs without any adverse effect on their meat quality.

The assessment of carcass traits of Awassi lambs by real-time ultrasound at different body weights and sexes

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography to measure subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and LM traits (area, depth, and width) in live Awassi lambs of different sexes, predict actual SFT and LM traits without damage to the carcass, and improve carcass classification. Data were obtained from ultrasound scans of 20 female and 10 male lambs. Female lambs were randomly divided into light (FL; n = 10) and heavy (FH; n = 10) finishing groups. Slaughter weights of lambs in FL were 30 kg and for FH and male groups were 40 kg. Subcutaneous fat thickness and LM traits, cross-sectional area between the 12th and 13th rib were measured using real-time ultrasound in vivo and on the carcass after slaughter. All ultrasound and carcass measurements were different (P > 0.05) except carcass yield and carcass LM width in female lambs (FL and FH). Between different sex groups, all ultrasound and carcass measurements were the same except ultrasound SFT (USFT; P = 0.04) and carcass SFT (CSFT; P = 0.03). Significant correlation coefficients were between USFT and CSFT (0.93, P < 0.01; 0.76, P = 0.02), ultrasound LM depth (ULMD) and carcass LM depth (CLMD; 0.64, P = 0.05; 0.77, P < 0.01), and ultrasound LM area (ULMA) and carcass LM area (CLMA; 0.88, 0.84; P < 0.01) for female lambs in FL and FH groups. Also, similar correlations were determined significantly between USFT and CSFT (0.84, P < 0.01; 0.76, P = 0.02), ULMD and CLMD (0.69, P = 0.03; 0.77, P < 0.01), and ULMA and CLMA (0.88, 0.84; P < 0.01) for male lambs in male and FH groups. The introduction of USFT and ULMA as independent variables in addition to BW in the multiple regression equations further improved the variations for CSFT (88, 75, and 81%) and CLMA (78, 90, and 80%) for lambs in FL, FH, and male groups, respectively, whereas no improvement was observed for cold carcass weight with the exception of the FH group and carcass yield. These results indicate that in vivo USFT and ULMA in association with BW could be used to estimate CSFT, CLMA, and cold carcass weight ultrasound findings about LM, and SFT can be included to the selection programs for different BW and sex of Awassi lambs.

Características da carcaça de novilhos não-castrados ou castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 16 ou 26 meses de idade

Realizou-se este trabalho para avaliar as características de carcaça de novilhos castrados ou não-castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 16 (superjovem) ou 26 (jovem) meses de idade. A dieta, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 50:50, continha 11,8% de proteína bruta e 2,83 Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca. Novilhos não-castrados, independentemente da categoria, apresentaram carcaças mais pesadas. A diferença de peso da carcaça entre animais não-castrados e castrados superjovens (14%) foi mais evidente que nos animais jovens (33%). A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) na categoria superjovem foi similar entre animais não-castrados e castrados (5,17 e 4,54 mm), ao passo que, na categoria jovem, as carcaças dos não-castrados apresentaram menor EGS (2,90 vs 4,72 mm). Melhor conformação (15,16 vs 14,12 pontos), maior área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (86,96 vs 72,66 cm²) e maiores comprimentos de carcaça (134,70 vs 125,86 cm) e perna (69,09 vs 65,28 cm) foram observados nas carcaças dos animais não-castrados. Carcaças de animais não-castrados apresentaram maior porcentagem de músculo (62,70 vs 58,40%) e menor de gordura (22,60 vs 27,01%) em comparação a carcaças de animais castrados, o que resultou em cortes cárneos mais magros nos animais não-castrados, com maior relação músculo:gordura (3,25 vs 2,74).

Correlações entre as características obtidas in vivo por ultra-som e as obtidas na carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento

Avaliou-se a relação entre as características in vivo obtidas por meio de ultra-som e as obtidas na carcaça de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros não-castrados, deslanados mestiços Santa Inês com peso inicial de 20,0 kg e 103 dias de idade. As medidas obtidas in vivo por ultra-som foram determinadas utilizando-se o equipamento Aloka SSD500 com transdutor linear de 3,5 MHz. Antes do abate, com a utilização de ultra-som, foram mensuradas entre a 12ª e a 13ª costela a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSU), a área de olho-de-lombo (AOLU), o peso vivo (PVA) e a condição corporal (CC). Após o abate, estimaram-se o peso de carcaça quente (PCQ), o percentual de gordura interna (PGI), o rendimento de carcaça quente (RCQ), a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSC) e a área de olho-de-lombo (AOLC). Houve correlação significativa entre as características medidas in vivo e as obtidas na carcaça, exceto entre o PVA e a EGSC (0,22) e entre o PCQ e a EGSC (0,33). Verifcou-se alta correlação entre a área de olho-de-lombo obtida por ultra-som e a mesma medida determinada na carcaça. As medidas de EGSU e EGSC também apresentaram correlação significativa. A utilização do ultra-som foi um método eficaz para estimar a área de olho-de-lombo e espessura de gordura subcutânea in vivo em cordeiros.

Relação entre medidas ultra-sônicas e espessura de gordura subcutânea ou área de olho de lombo na carcaça em bovinos de corte

Foram utilizados 162 animais, avaliados em dois anos para determinar a exatidão do ultra-som em estimar a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSC) e a área do músculo Longissimus (AOLC) no sítio anatômico entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Dentro de 24 horas antes do abate, foram mensuradas por ultra-som a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSUS) e a área de músculo Longissimus (AOLUS). Os coeficientes de correlação simples entre as características medidas por ultra-som e a espessura de gordura subcutânea e área do músculo Longissimus da carcaça foram de 0,95 e 0,97, respectivamente. Diferenças entre medidas ultra-sônicas e da carcaça foram expressas em base atual (EDIFF e ADIFF) e em base absoluta (EDEV e ADEV) para espessura de gordura e área do músculo Longissimus, respectivamente. As médias da EDIFF e ADIFF indicaram que o ultra-som superestima a EGSC em 0,16 mm e subestima a AOLC em 0,26 cm² considerando-se ambos os anos. As médias globais da EDEV e ADEV, que são indicações da taxa média de erro, foram 0,34 mm e 1,28 cm², respectivamente. A análise do efeito do ano revelou que EDIFF foi maior no ano 1 e que ADIFF foi maior no ano 2. A análise da EDIFF indicou que animais com EGSC &lt;2 mm foram superestimados e com EGSC &gt;4 mm serem subestimados pelo ultra-som. Similarmente, houve tendência de animais com AOLC &lt;50 cm² foram superestimados e com áreas &gt;50 cm² foram subestimados por ultra-som. Os erros-padrão de predição ajustados para viés das medidas ultra-sônicas foram de 0,40 mm para espessura de gordura subcutânea e de 1,66 cm² para área do músculo Longissimus. Estes resultados indicam que o ultra-som pode ser um estimador acurado das características de carcaça em bovinos de corte.