Carboxymethyl Gum Research Articles

Tuned Gum ghatti and pectin for green synthesis of novel wound dressing material: Engineering aspects and in vivo study

Gum Ghatti(GG) on topical application accelerates wound healing,similarl ypectin is widely used in wound dressing materials. However development of composite hydrogel using synergistic interaction of both gum ghatti and pectin and research characterizing their properties is scare. Synergistic advantages of both natural polymers were utilized in designing new antibiotic eluting biodegradable hydrogel film without using synthetic polymer for slow release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and the engineering aspects of the film were emphasized. Initially gum ghatti (GG) was modified to sodium carboxymethyl gum ghatti (NaCMGG) and then NaCMGG-pectin film were prepared by solvent casting method followed by crosslinking in AlCl 3 solution (18% to 22% w/v) for 2 to 20mins. Swelling indices of low crosslinked film (LCL) and high crosslinked film (HCL) were 67% and 53% respectively that prevent accumulation of exudates in wound . The water vapour transmission rate of HCL and LCL were 511.36 gm/m2/day and 568.18 gm/m2/day respectively,maintaining moist environment over the wound. Molecular evidence of probable healing mechanism could be found in in-vivo model.

Efficacy of carboxymethyl cellulose and gum arabic edible coatings in combination with moringa leaf extract in improving postharvest quality of ‘Maluma’ avocado fruit

Efficacy of carboxymethyl cellulose and gum arabic edible coatings in combination with moringa leaf extract in improving postharvest quality of ‘Maluma’ avocado fruit

Using carboxymethyl gum from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula seeds with Chromolaena odorata leaf extract to develop antibacterial gauze dressing with hemostatic activity.

Background and purpose:Gauze dressing is a barrier against microbial infection in wounds. The seed gums of Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula are abundant in tropical countries; we used them as a coating material of cotton gauzes to improve the liquid absorption ability. Moreover, Chromolaena odorata leaf extract was loaded on the gums for antibacterial gauze dressing with hemostatic activity.Experimental approach:Crude gums were extracted from T. indica and C. fistula seeds and carboxymethyl gums were then derived and chracterized. C. Odorata ethanolic extract was also prepared by maceration and its antimicrobial and blood clotting activities were determine coated gauze dressing containing different concentrations of carboxymethyl gum was prepared in the presence of various concentrations of C. odorata extract. Then, the physical properties, antibacterial activity, and skin-irritating effects of the coated gauze were analyzed.Findings/Results:The results indicated that the amount of carboxymethyl gum affected the physical properties and absorption capacity of the coated gauze. C. odorata extract exhibited better bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus than against Escherichia coli. The blood clotting effects of C. odorata extract indicated that it had dramatic hemostatic efficacy. The coated gauze exhibited bactericidal activity against S. aureus. In the human skin irritation test, the coated gauze caused no adverse effects on human skin.Conclusion and implication:Coated gauze has the potential to serve as a prototype for primary hemostasis in first aid for opened wounds such as abrasions and lacerations.

Modified karaya gum colloidal particles for the management of systemic hypertension

This study undertakes the development of colloidal carriers for the purpose of oral delivery of bosentan and subsequent management of systemic hypertension. Karaya gum, a natural polymer was carboxymethylated to improve its hydrophilic character and then the carboxymethyl gum was hydrophobically modified by forming propyl ethers. The modified polymer acquired amphiphilic property and self-aggregated in water to form amphiphilic colloidal particles (ACPs) at critical concentration of 3.35 mg/L with spherical shape (<200 nm) and smooth surface morphology. The colloidal particles could entrap >90% drug in the lipophilic domain. The ionic crosslinking of the hydrophilic shell of ACPs imparted greater stability to the colloidal system. The crosslinking extended the duration of drug release under simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The crystalline drug physically turned into amorphous state after hosting into the lipophilic cores of ACPs. The entrapment resulted in significant improvement of drug dissolution rate. The polymer relaxation contributed to the diffusion process of drug from ACPs. Pre-clinical testing via oral route demonstrated that the crosslinked colloidal particles could effectively control the systemic hypertension over a period of 12 h. Hence, bosentan-loaded self-assembled colloidal particles may advance the management of systemic hypertension.

Polyelectrolyte complex of carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan: Preparation and characterization

In the present study polyelectrolyte complex between carboxymethyl gum katira and chitosan were prepared and evaluated for drug delivery using ofloxacin as model drug. The carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex was characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, DTG, XRD and SEM. The influence of concentration of CMGK/CH and drug loading (%) on yield (%) and drug entrapment (%) was studied using response surface methodology. The result of the study revealed that increasing the relative proportion of CMGK/CH in carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex decreases the % yield and increases the % drug entrapment. The optimal calculated parameters were polymer ratio (CMGK/CH) 2.13 and drug loading 50 (%w/w). The optimized batch of carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex had yield of 69.04%, entrapment efficiency of ofloxacin 84.86%. Further, the optimized batch of carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex releases ofloxacin 84.32% following Higuchi’s square-root kinetics.

Facile Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Carboxymethyl Gum Karaya, Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Detection of Copper (II) Ions

Herein, we developed a gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based label free colorimetric probe for the sensitive and selective detection of Copper (II) ions (Cu2+). Fabrication of the detection system involves a single step in which plant derived, nontoxic polysaccharide carboxymethyl gum karaya (CMGK) acts as reducing, stabilizing and functionalizing agent. Synthetic conditions were optimized by using UV–Vis spectra, zeta potential and DLS analysis and as synthesized AuNPs were thoroughly characterized by TEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. They exhibited excellent stability to conditions like pH, salt and have a longer shelf life. These CMGK capped AuNPs exhibited a selective colorimetric response to Cu2+ ions with a visible colour change from red to blue, which could be due to the Cu2+ induced aggregation and the same was confirmed by TEM and DLS analysis. The detection conditions such as pH, amount of nanoparticles used and incubation time were optimized. Under the optimal detection conditions, the present system exhibited a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.998) in the range of 10–1000 nM of copper with a limit of detection 10 nM. Further the method was successfully applied for the detection of copper in real water samples and biological samples (human plasma and urine).

Carboxymethyl gum katira: synthesis, characterization and evaluation for nanoparticulate drug delivery

In the present study a carboxymethyl derivative of gum katira was synthesized and explored for drug delivery applications.

Aqueous carboxymethyl gum kondagogu as vehicle for ocular delivery

Aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl gum kondagogu (CMGK), an anionic bioadhesive polymer were evaluated as vehicles for ophthalmic delivery using tropicamide as a model drug. Aqueous ophthalmic solution of tropicamide (1 %, w/v) in CMGK (5 %, w/v) dispersions were formulated. The aqueous CMGK vehicle, formulated tropicamide eye drops and commercial tropicamide formulations were assessed comparatively for ex vivo ocular tolerance using hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane assay. The results indicated ocular tolerability of aqueous CMGK vehicle. The results of comparative ex vivo corneal permeation study of tropicamide from the aqueous CMGK vehicle (5 %, w/v) conducted across isolated goat cornea revealed a no significant difference in the corneal permeation of tropicamide from the CMGK vehicle based formulation as compared to the commercial formulation. Further, the results of in vivo mydriatic response study conducted in rabbits revealed a non significant difference in the mydriatic response of tropicamide from the aqueous CMGK vehicle and commercial formulations. In conclusion, CMGK can be used as an ocularly tolerable polymer for formulating ophthalmic dosage forms.

Carboxymethyl gum kondagogu–chitosan polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles: Preparation and characterization

The interaction between carboxymethyl gum kondagogu and chitosan was optimized to prepare polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles using ofloxacin as the model drug. The effect of concentrations of carboxymethyl gum kondagogu and chitosan on the particle size and % drug entrapment was screened using 2-factor, 3-level central composite experimental design. The results revealed that the concentration of carboxymethyl gum kondagogu has a pronounced effect on the particle size while the concentration of chitosan affected the drug entrapment prominently. The optimized concentrations of carboxymethyl gum kondagogu and chitosan were 0.031% (w/v) and 0.059% (w/v) respectively. The optimized batch of nanoparticles had a particle size of 285.9nm, entrapment efficiency of 63% and was observed to be ovoid in shape. Screening of ofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles for antibacterial activity with aqueous ofloxacin solution revealed no significant difference between the two formulations. Nanoparticles provided a sustained release with 50% of the drug getting released in 24h following Higuchi's square-root kinetics.

Carboxymethyl gum kondagogu: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation as mucoadhesive polymer

The objective of the study was to modify gum kondagogu by carboxymethylation and to evaluate it for potential pharmaceutical applications. Carboxymethylation of gum kondagogu was carried out by reacting gum kondagogu with monochloroacetic acid under alkaline conditions. The results of characterization studies revealed that carboxymethylation of gum kondagogu increases its degree of crystallinity and surface roughness, reduces its viscosity and improves its mucoadhesive properties. Further, carboxymethyl gum kondagogu was explored for pharmaceutical applications by formulating ionotropically gelled beads using metformin as the model drug and calcium chloride as cross-linking agent. Ex vivo bioadhesion study conducted using isolated chick-ileum by wash-off test revealed bioadhesion of >80% over a period of 24h. It was observed that increasing the concentration of cross-linking agent increases the % drug entrapment and reduces the release rate. The beads were found to release the drug by Fickian-diffusion mechanism and following zero-order release kinetics.

Carboxymethylation of cashew tree exudate polysaccharide

Cashew tree gum was carboxymethylated in aqueous alkaline medium using monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as etherifying agent. The effects of reaction parameters such as alkali concentration, MCA/cashew gum (CG) ratio and temperature on reaction yield and degree of substitution (DS) were investigated. Products were characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and flow capillary viscosity. Carboxymethyl gum samples with DSs between 0.10 and 2.21 were prepared. The reaction yield was in the range of 31–70%. The best MCA efficiency towards production of carboxymethylated macromolecules was obtained in 5.5 M sodium hydroxide concentration, 55 °C, 3 h reaction time and 1:1 MCA/CG molar ratio. Degradation of the chain length of the starting material during carboxymethylation occurred with intensity dependent on reaction conditions.

Carboxymethylation of Cassia occidentalis seed gum

AbstractThe seeds of Cassia occidentalis, an annual weed occurring throughout India, are a rich source of galactomannan gum. The gum derived from seed endosperm can be utilized in a number of industries to replace conventional gums. With a view to utilize the gum for broader applications, carboxymethylation of Cassia occidentalis seed gum was carried out. The reaction conditions were optimized with respect to concentration of monochloroacetic acid, sodium hydroxide, solvent ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature. Rheological studies of carboxymethyl gum exhibited relatively high viscosity and stability vis‐a‐vis unmodified Cassia occidentalis gum. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1606–1611, 2004