Carboxymethyl Cellulose Polyvinyl Alcohol Research Articles

Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Diosmetin‐Loaded Membranes for Enhanced Solubility

AbstractDiosmetin (DT) exhibits various biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, estrogenic, and, most notably, anti‐inflammatory properties. Although it has a great deal of promise for advancement in therapeutic usage, DT has yet to be the subject of many applicable investigations in the realm of pharmacology or medicine in oral or dermal form due to the drawback of being insoluble in water. In this study, the fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) nanofibers loaded with diosmetin (DT) using an electrospinning process was conducted to increase the solubility of DT. After electrospinning, PVA, CMC, and DT are a combination under fixed conditions, providing nano DT fibres having a smooth, homogeneous, non‐granular shape and uniform size of P11C2DT fibre (151 nm) with 82.8 % drug loading efficiency. The nanofibrous membrane P11C2DT was characterized via several physicochemical analyses, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Specifically, the nanofibrous membrane carrier dissolved approximately 85 % of the medication in the release medium after 5 h, starkly contrasting to the powdered form of DT, which did not dissolve in the test environment.

Carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol based materials: A review

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) - Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based materials have gained popularity over the years due to ease in synthesis and surface modifications coupled with diverse morphological features. CMC, a cellulose derivative, possesses high viscosity, film-forming ability, biodegradability and cytocompatibility and is a well-known biopolymer with wide abundance in nature. A remarkable improvement in the mechanical strength, thermal stability and flexibility of the polymeric structure of CMC is observed when it is cross-linked with hydrophilic biopolymer PVA. It is a synthetic polymer synthesized via partially or completely hydroxylating vinyl acetate. This review article evaluates various properties and applications of different types of CMC-PVA-based materials (hydrogels, beads, scaffolds, etc.) in agriculture, biomedical, environmental and food packaging.

Electrospun nanofibers based on carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol as a potential antimicrobial wound dressing

In this work, citric acid-based quantum dots (CA-QDs) as a novel and safe crosslinked agent was applied in different feeding ratios (5–15 wt%) to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) nanofibers (NFs) for the first time. Colistin (CL) as an antibacterial agent was also loaded (2 w/w%) during the synthesizing process of CMC/PVA electrospun NFs to trigger antimicrobial properties. The morphological, hydrophilic, and mechanical properties of the prepared NFs were fully investigated with different techniques. The electrospun NFs with crosslinking ratios of 10 wt% CA-QDs revealed appropriate mechanical properties. According to cell culture data, the prepared NFs demonstrated good cytocompatibility against HFF-1 cells (over 80% cell viability). Remarkably, CL-loaded NFs showed desired antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa with 1.0–1.4, 1.3–1.4, 0.8–1.0, and 1.3–1.5 cm inhibition zones, respectively. These outcomes suggested that the fabricated NFs can be useful as wound healing scaffolds.

An active and pH-responsive film developed by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol doped with rose anthocyanin extracts

Many anthocyanins were used in active and pH-responsive packaging. The purpose of the study was to prepare an active and pH-responsive sensitive film based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (CPVA) by a casting process, which contained rose anthocyanin extracts (RAEs) to monitor the freshness of pork. The concentration of RAEs had an important influence on the physicochemical property of RAEs-CPVA films, especially excellent anti-oxidation and light barrier properties. Importantly, the 160-RAEs-CPVA film had a strong response to pH, showing different color at different pHs. Furthermore, when monitoring the freshness of pork stored at 25 °C, the light green color of the 160-RAEs-CPVA film indicated that the freshness of the pork was higher, while the dark green and orange appearance indicated that the pork was spoiled. Therefore, 160-RAEs-CPVA film can be used as a smart indicator for freshness monitoring of pork.

Biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol composite incorporated with Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. essential oil: Physicochemical and antibacterial features.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. root essential oil (GGEO) has well‐known antimicrobial and therapeutic features. In this study, a new antimicrobial carboxymethyl cellulose–polyvinyl alcohol (CMC‐PVA) binary film was developed using GGEO as an active compound. The effects of various concentrations of GGEO (0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) were scrutinized on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of composites. It was discovered that GGEO significantly reduced the composite ultimate tensile strength from 17.01 to 3.86 MPa. Further, by increasing the concentration of GGEO to 0.75%, the water vapor permeability and moisture content increased to 13.61 × 10−9 g/m s−1 Pa−1 and 41.06%, respectively. The results indicated that the active films possessed good inhibitory effects against the gram‐positive bacteria (L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and were less powerful against gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium). Finally, the results highlighted that GGEO can act as an excellent antimicrobial agent in combination with CMC‐PVA composite.

Enhancement on protonation (H+) with incorporation of flexible ethylene carbonate in CMC–PVA–30 wt % NH4NO3 film

In the present work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–NH4NO3 with the addition of ethylene carbonate (EC) based polymer blend electrolyte (PBE) was explored. The complexes of PBE with addition of EC revealed that an interaction of the –OH and –COO− of the CMC–PVA blend with the dissociation of H+ from NH4NO3 provides a flexibility pathway for ion hopping. The optimum ionic conductivity at room temperature was found to be 3.92 × 10−3 S/cm for the sample containing 6 wt.% EC with an increment of amorphous phase and thermal stability. Based on the Impedance-Nyquist theoretical approach, it was shown that the ionic conductivity with cation transference number (tH+= 0.48) of the PBE is primarily influenced by the ionic mobility as well as the ions diffusion coefficient. The findings verified that the CMC–PVA–NH4NO3–EC possesses favorable conduction properties upon physical structural modification as a promising polymer electrolyte.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plectranthus Amboinicus Leaf Extract for Preparation of CMC/PVA Nanocomposite Film

In the present study, the biogenic silver nanoparticles have been synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (PA), which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The PA synthesized silver nanoparticles were blended with carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) biocomposite. The prepared AgNPs as well as the biogenic AgNPs incorporated CMC/PVA films were investigated using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X–ray diffraction (XRD). The DLS results showed that biogenic AgNPs had the average particle size of 65.70 nm with polydispersity index of 0.44. The surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs, which was determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry, showed the value of 410.00 nm. These results therefore confirmed the reduction Ag+ into Ag° and the formation of AgNPs in the medium. The SEM imaging showed that AgNPs was quasi-spherical and monodisperse. The XRD peaks at 33.07°, 44.19°, 64.58° and 77.47° confirmed the crystalline nature and presence of AgNPs. The CMC/PVA films that incorporated with AgNPs displayed best mechanical strength and morphological properties than the pure CMC/PVA film. The film of CMC/PVA-AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activities against Bacillus spizizenii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia Coli.

Enhancement of proton conduction in carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol employing polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer

The present study deals with the enhancement of proton transport and conduction properties of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)-based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and plasticized with various compositions of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The SPE system was successfully prepared using an economical method, the solution casting technique, and analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy. The infrared spectra show that interaction had occurred at O–H and COO− from CMC when PEG was added which prevailed the enhancement of ion dissociation. Glass transition measurement highlighted that the interaction between CMC–PVA–NH4NO3 and ethylene carbonate at 8 wt% give the most plasticization effect that achieved the lowest Tg. The highest conductivity of the SPE system achieved at ambient temperature was 1.70 × 10−3 S cm−1 for a non-plasticized sample, and further enhanced to 3.00 × 10−3 S cm−1 when 8 wt% PEG was incorporated into the SPE system. The sample with the highest conductivity was found to obey the Arrhenius behaviour with a function of temperature. The ionic conductivity of the SPE system was shown to be primarily influenced by a number of ions (η), ion mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D).

Proton (H+) transport properties of CMC–PVA blended polymer solid electrolyte doped with NH4NO3

This present work investigated the proton (H+) conduction behavior of the blended polymer solid electrolyte (BPSE) derived from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that was doped with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The properties of this CMC-PVA-AN BPSE were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transference number measurement (TNM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We found that doping (NH4NO3) improved the chemical and thermal stability of the CMC-PVA BPSE. The highest ionic conductivity (~10−3 S/cm) of the BPSE at ambient temperature was achieved with a CMC:PVA:NH4NO3 composition of 56:14:30 wt%. This was due to the interplay of segmental motion between the CMC and PVA and also the H+ hopping mechanism as revealed by FTIR. XRD and morphology analysis showed that the peak intensity decreased which implied an increase in its amorphous nature. Based on the transport properties, the CMC-PVA-AN BPSE conduction mechanism was governed by number of ions, ionic mobility and also free ions diffusion coefficient. The proton transference number (tH+= 0.42) in the present study indicated that the charge transport in the BPSE was predominantly due to the H+ carrier conduction.

Ethylene Carbonate and Polyethylene Glycol as Efficient Plasticizers in CMC-PVA-NH4NO3-Based Polymer Electrolyte

This study deal with the investigation of the influence of plasticizer (PEG and EC) on ionic conduction of CMC-PVA-NH4NO3. Blended biopolymer electrolytes (BBEs) based on carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol (CMC-PVA) doped with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were obtained via casting technique incorporating with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ethylene carbonate (EC) which were act as plasticizer. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the effect of plasticization on the ionic conduction properties. The ionic conductivity was improved from 1.70 x 10-3 S/cm for un-plasticized BBEs to 3.92 x 10-3 S/cm for plasticized BBEs with EC and 3.00 x 10-3 S/cm for plasticized BBEs with PEG. The improvement was corresponding to ability of plasticizer to weaken the Columbic force and promote further dissociation in the ionic dopant. The highest ionic conductivity was achieved for BBEs plasticized with EC hence suggesting the suitability of EC as plasticizer in this present system The BBEs system showed the Arrhenius characteristic at elevated temperature and demonstrating increasing ionic conductivity. Dielectric properties of all BBEs system was found to improve upon addition of EC and PEG and demonstrating their correlation with the trend in conductivity.

Synthesis of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyvinyl Alcohol Film as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue

The glutaraldehyde (GA)-crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film had been synthesized and used as a methylene blue adsorbent. The films were prepared using a solution casting technique and characterized using FTIR spectrophotometer, SEM. Adsorption studies include pH, contact time, methylene blue initial concentration. Furthermore, the desorption study of films was carried out using NaCl, HCl and distilled water. The results of FTIR characterization showed similarities between the spectra of CMC-PVA-GA films with their component materials. The SEM image of CMC-PVA-GA films showed a non-porous surface. In the adsorption study, GA-crosslinked CMC-PVA films (1:2 w/w) exhibited the largest adsorption capacity of methylene blue at optimum conditions for adsorption at pH 7, contact time 200 min, methylene blue concentration of 200 mg L–1 which was 194 mg g–1. Methylene blue adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The desorption studies show that adsorption takes place through an ion exchange mechanism.

Citric acid crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel films for extended release of water soluble basic drugs

The aim of present work was to develop carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel films for extended delivery of water soluble basic drug, using citric acid (CA) as a cheap and non-toxic crosslinking agent. Gentamicin sulfate (GTM) was used as a model drug. The hydrogel films were evaluated for carboxyl content, tensile strength, swellability, drug loading and release, hemocompatibility and characterized by 13C-CP-MAS NMR, ATR-FTIR and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). The instrumental analysis helped to confirm the formation of ester crosslinks. CMC-PVA hydrogel films exhibited greater carboxyl content, tensile strength and swellability than the pure CMC hydrogel films. The GTM loading increased with an increase in the amount of PVA in the hydrogel films. The CMC-PVA hydrogel films showed propensity to extend the release of GTM above 24 h. Hemolysis assay revealed the hemocompatible nature of the hydrogel films. Altogether, the CMC-PVA hydrogel films can be envisioned as promising biomaterial for the delivery of water soluble basic drugs.

Electrical study on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyvinyl alcohol based bio-polymer blend electrolytes

The present work deals with the formulation of bio-materials namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for bio-polymer blend electrolytes (BBEs) system which was successfully carried out with different ratio of polymer blend. The biopolymer blend was prepared via economical & classical technique that is solution casting technique and was characterized by using impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The ionic conductivity was achieved to optimum value 9.12 x 10-6 S/cm at room temperature for sample containing ratio 80:20 of CMC:PVA. The highest conducting sample was found to obey the Arrhenius behaviour with a function of temperature. The electrical properties were analyzed using complex permittivity ε* and complex electrical modulus M* for BBEs system and it shows the non-Debye characteristics where no single relaxation time has observed.

Novel carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol blend films stabilized by Pickering emulsion incorporation method

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of increasing the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of biodegradable active films stabilized via Pickering emulsions. The blend films were prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), emulsified with oleic acid (OL) and incorporated with rosemary essential oil (REO). Formation of Pickering emulsion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, mean droplet size and emulsion stability. Morphological, optical, physical, mechanical, thermal, antifungal and antioxidant properties of the films incorporated with different concentrations of REO (0.5, 1.5 and 3%) were determined. The results showed an increase in UV absorbance and elongation at break but, a decrease in tensile strength and thermal stability of the films. Interestingly, films containing REO exhibited considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In vitro microbial tests exhibited 100% fungal inhibition against Penicillium digitatum in the films containing 3% REO. In addition, no fungal growth were observed after 60days of storage at 25°C in bread slices were stored with active films incorporated with 3% REO, could attributed to the slow and regular release of REO caused by Pickering emulsions. The results of this study suggest that Pickering emulsion is a very promising method, which significantly affects antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the films.

Effect of Nanoclay (Montmorillonite) on Water Vapour Permeability, Contact Angle and Thermal Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-polyvinyl Alcohol Based Nanocomposite Films

The high hydrophilic property of biopolymer based plastics is one of the most important defects of them. Blending biopolymers with compatible synthetic polymers and using nano particles such as nanoclay as nanofiller are improving methods that have been extensively considered in recent years. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the lowest cost biopolymers that have enormous applications in different industries and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer which has a high compatibility with biopolymers. In this research, CMC-PVA nanocomposites containing 3-10% Montmorillonite (W/W CMC) were prepared by casting method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated the formation of an exfoliated nanostructure in all MMT content samples. Nanocomposites containing 10% MMT exhibited 29.06% reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) compared to the blend film without nanoclay. Samples with 10% MMT, showed the lowest surface hydrophilisity (contact angle = 65.1o). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that by increasing of MMT contents, the glass transition disappeared gradually and no glass transition was observed in the thermograms of the films containing 5, 7 and 10% MMT.