Carbon Steel In NaCl Solution Research Articles

Multi-channel preparation and high-throughput screening of coating fillers with optimized corrosion sensing and inhibition properties for smart protective coatings

A high-throughput method was proposed to screen coating fillers with both good corrosion-sensing and inhibition performances. SiO2 nanoparticles loaded with different percentages of phenanthroline (Phen) and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HDMIC) were prepared (Ph-HD@SN) using a multi-channel synthesis instrument. The corrosion-sensing ability of different Ph-HD@SN to detect Fe2+ ions can be determined by spectrophotometric method within 30 s. The corrosion inhibition effect of Ph-HD@SN was evaluated by visual assessment and quantification of iron dissolution from carbon steel in NaCl solutions containing different nanoparticles. The optimized Ph-HD@SN was incorporated into epoxy coating to achieve the corrosion-sensing and self-healing properties.

The inhibition performance of anionic surfactant and zwitterionic surfactant toward the corrosion of carbon steel in NaCl solution

AbstractCarbon steel suffers from serious corrosion in NaCl solution, the development of effective inhibitor has become a hot issue. The corrosion inhibition performance of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (AES) and lauryl betaine (BS‐12) and the mixture of the two inhibitors were studied using electrochemical and weight‐loss methods. Results showed the corrosion inhibition efficiency order is AES + BS‐12 > BS‐12 > AES, the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor increases with the increasing of concentration and the maximum inhibition efficiency is 95.9% in the solution with 200 mg L−1 AES + BS‐12. Inhibitor can adsorb on Q235 surface through physical and chemical interactions and the adsorption obeys Langmuir isotherm. The migration of the corrosive ions to the metal is hindered and the metal is protected.

Corrosion protection performance of silicon-based coatings on carbon steel in NaCl solution: a theoretical and experimental assessment of the effect of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition pretreatment.

Using a plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) process, carbon steel samples were coated with an organosilicon layer less than 2.5 microns thick. Ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the films. Additionally, gravimetric experiments were used to determine the electrochemical properties of the organosilicon coatings. Organosilicon-coated carbon steel specimens demonstrated significantly enhanced resistance to corrosive conditions, such as 3% aqueous sodium chloride solutions. The surface preparation method has a considerable influence on the morphological and electrochemical properties of the steel. Argon pretreatment significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of organosilicon-coated steel. Gravimetric research demonstrated that pretreatment with argon plasma resulted in less weight loss and corrosion than pretreatment with nitrogen plasma. The link between quantum computing and experimental data using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) was used.

Imidazoline Gemini Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel X70 in NaCl Solution.

The Gemini imidazoline surfactants were synthesized from a series of saturated fatty acids. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve, and quantum chemistry methods were used to study the corrosion inhibition behavior of Gemini imidazoline surfactants for X70 carbon steel in NaCl solution. Results reveal that such kind of surfactants has an outstanding inhibition effect on carbon steel X70 in NaCl solution and that the restrained efficiency of Gemini imidazoline in an alkaline solution is better than that in a neutral solution. The shorter the carbon chain length, the higher the suppressive efficiency. The higher the concentration of Gemini imidazoline surfactant, the better the inhibition effect.

Preparation and inhibition behavior of Fe3O4/MBT nanocomposite inhibitor for mild steel in NaCl solution

The hollow Fe3O4 microspheres were firstly synthesized by solvothermal method. And then Fe3O4/MBT nanocomposite inhibitor was obtained by loading 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) inhibitor under negative vacuum impregnation treatment and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and vibrating sample magnetometer. The release behavior of MBT and inhibition behavior of Fe3O4/MBT nanocomposite under different magnetic field (MF) strength were evaluated by UV–vis spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques and immersion tests. The results show that the synthesized superparamagnetic Fe3O4/MBT nanocomposite shows high MBT loading capacity of 55.4 %. Under the application of MF, the release behavior of MBT from Fe3O4/MBT is dominated by Fickian diffusion and diffusion among magnetic nanoparticles, and the release rate and inhibition efficiency are less than that of without MF under the same release time. The nanocomposite has a good inhibition effect for carbon steel in NaCl solution with maximum inhibition efficiency of 95.7 %, and also possesses excellent recycling stability with loading capacity of 45.1 % and inhibition efficiency of 78.8 % after five cycles.

Preparation and controlled inhibition behavior of Fe3O4/CS/inhibitors nanocomposite for carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution

The superparamagnetic Fe3O4/CS/inhibitor nanocomposite was synthesized by using ionic gel method with Fe3O4 as superparamagnetic core, chitosan as nanocarrier and molybdate (MoO42−) and benzoate (C6H5COO−) working as loaded inhibitors. The morphology, structure and magnetic property of nanocomposite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The release behavior of nanocomposite with and without external magnetic field (“no MF” mode and “MF ON” mode) was conducted by UV–vis spectroscopy, and the corrosion inhibition performance of nanocomposite for carbon in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated by polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectrum methods. The results show that the obtained Fe3O4/CS/inhibitors was in a well-defined core-shell structure with MoO42− and C6H5COO- loaded flake-like chitosan shell stacking closely to Fe3O4 surface. Under no MF mode, the release behavior of nanocomposite was mainly ion exchange and Fickian diffusion mechanism. Under MF ON mode, the swelling of polymer chains and diffusion between magnetic nanoparticles were involved apart from the ion exchange and Fickian diffusion mechanism. With the addition of nanocomposite inhibitors in NaCl solution, the charge transfer resistance and inhibition efficiency of steel increased firstly and then decreased with the prolonging of immersion time. The highest inhibition efficiency of nanocomposite inhibitors in NaCl solution under on MF and MF ON mode was located in 30 min and 90 min respectively. The inhibition of nanocomposite for carbon steel in NaCl solution is resulting from the reduction of aggressive Cl- concentration in the solution due to the ion exchange between Cl- ions in solution and MoO42− and C6H5COO- ions in the nanocomposite, and the formation of ferric/ferrous molybdate, ferric/ferrous benzoate and basic ferric benzoate inhibition films on steel. This novel as-prepared composite owns superior loading capacity of inhibitors and its preparation process is especially simple relative to other nanocomposites in previous reported works.

The Effect of Flow Rate and NaCl Concentration on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in NaCl Solutions Containing H2S

Most of components in industry are made of carbon steel which has low corrosion resistance. Therefore, the industry’s equipment is highly susceptible to corrosion. This study is focused on the characterization of carbon steel corrosion in flowing NaCl solutions with H2S impurities. The corrosion rate was measured by using potentiostat. H2S gas was generated from the Kipp apparatus to produce a concentration of 600 ppm. The NaCl concentration was varied at 50, 40, 000, and 60, 000 ppm. The flow rate was varied at 0.5, 2.3 and 4.1 ft/s by utilizing a Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE). Corrosion mechanism was predicted by utilizing Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and confirmed by analysing the composition of the corrosion product using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the breakaway velocity for NaCl solutions containing H2S of 600 ppm are around 4, 500 rpm. At low level conductivity, corrosion rate increases as NaCl concentration increases. Then, after reaching 40, 000 ppm, NaCl corrosion rate decreases along with the increase of NaCl concentration. The flow rate, NaCl concentration, and interaction between both variables are influential variable for corrosion rate. There is antagonistic influent to corrosion rate at 1000 rpm flow rate, 50 ppm NaCl, and 60, 000 ppm NaCl.

Benzotriazole encapsulation in spray-dried carboxymethylcellulose microspheres for active corrosion protection of carbon steel

Biopolymeric microspheres containing corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTA) were prepared by a spray-drying technique using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) as encapsulating material. The resulting microspheres were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM and TEM analysis. Microspheres containing BTA have an average diameter of 1.1 μm. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of the core and encapsulating components. The release studies by UV−Vis spectrophotometry showed that the mechanism of inhibitor release from CMC-Na biopolymeric matrix is based on a hydrogel-swelling-driven mechanism triggered by water presence. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on bare carbon steel in NaCl solution revealed that the presence of CMC-Na does not affect the corrosion inhibition mechanism associated with BTA. Furthermore, the microcapsules were added to an epoxy coating and its active corrosion protection performance was also investigated by EIS. The results obtained indicate that capsules loaded with BTA do not affect negatively the barrier properties of the coating, and contribute for the enhancement of the corrosion protection of the metallic substrate. Therefore, this work shows the potential application of carboxymethylcellulose microspheres for development of new environmentally-friendly microcontainers for corrosion inhibitors.

Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Using Carbimazole/Zn<sup>+</sup> System in NaCl Medium

The degradation of metallic materials under the effect of the environment is defined as a corrosion process. Under the aggressive environment, corrosion leads to the formation of corrosion products. The use of inhibitor substance is considered as one way to protect the metal surface against corrosion. The inhibitor is chemically adsorbed py the surface of the metal and forms a protective thin film with inhibitor effect. The protection can also be achieved by a combination of inhibitor ions and metallic surface. The current work was evaluated using corrosion inhabitation of carbon steel in NaCl solution by carbimazole\Zn system. The ability of carbomazole as a good corrosion inhibitor is enhanced by the presence of Zn+2 when the concentration of carbomazole increased and this may be attributed to the protective film formed on the metal surface was withstand the continuous attack of corrosive ions. Also, the formation of complex Fe-carbomizole/Zn+2 linkages on the anodic sites of the metal surface during the immersion time may play a role in the improvement in adsorption of inhibiter system via coverage more area of the metal surface which reduced the exposure of anode sites to the corrosive media. By using Langmuir isotherm model to identify the inhibitor mechanism performance, the values of linear correlation coefficient were close to (1) suggested that the adsorption of the studied inhibitors follows Langmuir isotherm model. Generally, values of ΔGads up to -9.7 kJ/mol are attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the inhibitor molecules and the metal surface (physical adsorption), whilst those at -10.6 kJ/mol or a little more negative are consistent with chemical bonding of the inhibitor to the sample (Chemisorption).

Corrosion protection of carbon steel using hydrotalcite/graphene oxide nanohybrid

Zinc aluminum hydrotalcite/graphene oxide (HTC-GO) nanohybrid as inhibition additive for organic coatings was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized HTC-GO was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Surface charge properties of HTC-GO were evaluated with zeta potential measurement. The corrosion inhibition effect of HTC-GO on carbon steel in NaCl solution was investigated using electrochemical methods, energy-dispersive X-ray, and SEM. The effect of HTC-GO on corrosion resistance of epoxy coating applied on carbon steel was evaluated by salt spray test. It was shown that hydrotalcite structures were formed on GO surface, subsequently becoming hydrotalcite/graphene oxide nanohybrid. The results obtained by electrochemical measurements indicate that HTC-GO is an anodic corrosion inhibitor with an inhibition efficiency of about 92% at 1 g/L concentration. The presence of intercalated GO improved the barrier properties and adsorption of HTC-GO on steel surface. The corrosion resistance of epoxy coatings was improved with 1 wt% HTC-GO.

Effect of tannic acid on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in NaCl solution

Corrosion behavior of unrusted Q235 carbon steel was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solutions with 1–5 wt% tannic acid addition, using electrochemical methods including electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) combined with surface analysis. Results show that the corrosion rate decreases with increasing tannic acid concentration. As compared with tannic acid-free solution, 1% tannic acid does not provide inhibition effect during the whole immersion, while inhibition effect is observed for 3% tannic acid after 8 h and for 5% tannic acid after 4 h. The inhibition efficiency by weight loss measurements (ηw) for 1%, 3%, and 5% tannic is around −17.2%, 40.3%, and 51.5%, respectively. Corrosion of unrusted carbon steel in the presence of tannic acid is attributed to the joint effect of tannic acid adsorption and pH decrease. Formation of ferric-tannates is verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectra. The reaction mechanism between tannic acid and unrusted carbon steel is proposed.

Improvement of the electrochemical characteristics of medium carbon steel using atmospheric-controlled induction-heating fine particle peening

Atmospheric-controlled induction-heating fine particle peening (AIH-FPP) using Cr and Mo shot particles was introduced to improve the electrochemical characteristics of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel in NaCl solution. AIH-FPP can form transferred and diffused layers of shot particles on the surface of carbon steel. The corrosion potential of the AIH-FPP-treated steel was higher than that of the untreated steel in a NaCl environment. Furthermore, a passivation region was observed in the carbon steel treated with AIH-FPP using Cr shot particles after peening with Mo shot particles through the formation of a surface-modified layer with high Cr and Mo concentrations in 20% NaCl solution.

INVESTIGATION OF CERIUM (III) ACTIVATED-CERIA NANOPARTICLES AS CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR CARBON STEEL

The present work investigated the corrosion protection performance of ions Ce3+ activated-cerium(IV) oxides nanoparticles for carbon steel in a NaCl solution. Ceria nanoparticles were synthesized by homogeneous precipitation in ethanol/water mixed solvent. The obtained CeO2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The corrosion inhibition action of the activated nanoparticles by cerium(III) ions on carbon steel in NaCl solution was evaluated by electrochemical measurements (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization). Then, the effect of cerium salt activated-CeO2 on the protection properties of poly-vinyl-butyral (PVB) coating deposited onto carbon steel plate was studied by salt spray test. The obtained results showed that the salt activated-nanoparticles are anodic corrosion inhibitors. The presence of Ce3+ activated CeO2 in the coating improved the barrier properties and corrosion protection performance of the PVB coating. No swellings of coating were observed after 48 hours of exposure in salt spray chamber.

Corrosion Inhibition effect of Antimony Potassium Tartrate for Q235 Carbon Steel in NaCl Solutions

Corrosion Inhibition effect of Antimony Potassium Tartrate for Q235 Carbon Steel in NaCl Solutions

Corrosion behaviors of polysiloxane-ferroferric oxide coating coated on carbon steel in NaCl solution and geothermal water

Corrosion from plants and pipelines made of carbon steel is a severe problem for the utilization of geothermal energy. In order to control corrosion, various polysiloxane-ferroferric oxide composite coatings were successfully fabricated on carbon steel substrates. The morphologies and chemical compositions of these composite coatings were characterized. The thermal stability was tested by thermal gravity analysis (TGA). Wettability was investigated by contact angle measurement. Equivalent thickness was measured by weight method. The corrosion behaviors of composite coatings were tested by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution and simulated geothermal water of Huabei oilfield. According to potentiodynamic polarization curve and EIS, the inhibition of corrosion for each carbon steel coated with composite coating is improved, because the corrosion current density decreases by one or two orders of magnitude. Corrosion mechanism for carbon steel coated with composite coating was analyzed with EIS measurement and equivalent circuit simulation. TGA of various polysiloxane coatings shows less than 8% weight losses for all polysiloxane coatings tested at 300°C. The composite polysiloxane coatings show good corrosion resistance and thermal stability.

Effect of acetic acid on CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in NaCl solution

AbstractPotentiodynamic sweep and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were applied to investigate the effects of both temperature and acetic acid (HAc) on the anodic and cathodic reactions in CO2 corrosion of P110 steel in 3.5% NaCl solution. The temperatures were controlled at 30 and 60 °C. The concentrations of HAc were controlled at 0, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm. In this work, the corrosion parameters of polarization curves, such as corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (icorr), and anodic and cathodic branch slopes (ba and bc), are presented and discussed in detail. In addition, the equivalent circuit models and ZsimpWin software were utilized to discuss the Nyquist plots. The plots showed that the Ecorr values shifted in the positive direction as the HAc concentration increased. The icorr values increased with the increase in HAc concentration, indicating that HAc could accelerate the corrosion. The impedance spectra measured at 30 and 60 °C have different time constants and characterization. The coverage fraction θ and the thickness L of corrosion film are two most important controlled variables that influence and control the CO2 corrosion mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study of the variational patterns for corrosion kinetics of carbon steel as a function of dissolved oxygen and NaCl concentration

The simultaneous occurrences of electrochemical reactions responsible for corrosion of carbon steel in NaCl solutions have been analyzed on the basis of the mixed potential theory in order to determine the combined effect of dissolved oxygen and NaCl concentration on corrosion potential, corrosion current density and hydrogen evolution. This was achieved through the estimation of the functional dependence from both, the dissolved oxygen and the NaCl concentration for each of the kinetic parameters involved in the corrosion process. The main finding is the existence of the critical dissolved oxygen value at which a notorious change in variational pattern for corrosion potential, corrosion current density and hydrogen evolution is observed. The validity of this feature is supported from experimental evidence reported in previous investigations. In this context the role of pitting corrosion, oxide film and diffusional effects are discussed.

Effect of yttrium and chromium ion implantation on crevice electrochemical behavior of carbon steel in sodium chloride solution

In order to study the effect of yttrium (Y) and chromium (Cr) ion implantation on the crevice corrosion behavior of carbon steel, the carbon steel was implanted with Y and Cr ion using MEVVA source at an energy of 40 keV. Electrochemical measurement was employed to evaluate the crevice corrosion of implanted carbon steel in NaCl solution. The results indicated that, after Y and Cr ion implantation, the carbon steel's crevice corrosion resistance and electrochemical characteristic were significantly improved in NaCl solution when the implantation dose of Y increased. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis of the implanted carbon steel manifested that the surface layer was mainly composed of elements Fe, Cr, O, and Y. Most of element Y was located near the outside region of the surface layer/solution interface, whereas Cr was enriched in the transition area between surface layer and matrix. By X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the implanted Y was in the form of Y 2O 3, whereas Cr in the form of Cr 2O 3 in the surface layer. The mechanism of the crevice corrosion resistance and electrochemical characteristic improvement was that, after Y and Cr ion implantation, the surface layer seemed to be constituted by Y 2O 3 and Cr 2O 3. The surface layer acted as a barrier to reduce the metal matrix to contact with the corrosion medium such as inhibiting Cl − ions from corroding the layer.

Corrosion resistance of AISI 1018 carbon steel in NaCl solution by plasma-chemical formation of a barrier layer

Abstract The oxidizing OH and NO radicals generated by a gliding electric discharge in humid air induce passive film formation at the surface of AISI 1018 steel discs, as showed by changes in corrosion electric parameters (Ecor, Jcor) in aqueous (0.5 M) NaCl solution with the exposure time to the plasma. The protecting treatment and wettability are largely improved by rotating the sample during exposure. X-rays analysis evidences the apparition of α-Fe phase at the surface and Mossbauer spectra enlights a slight contribution of lepidocrocite FeOOH phase.

Numerical reconstruction of digital holograms for the study of pitting dynamic processes of the X70 carbon steel in NaCl solution

In this paper, a new image processing method to reconstruct digital holograms is proposed. After the digital holograms were recorded in situ during the electrochemical experiment, three-dimensional images were numerically reconstructed to study pitting dynamic processes of the X70 carbon steel in neutral solution containing chloride ions. Compared with the digital holograms, the reconstructed images can capture subtle changes more readily, therefore, more revealing. The radii of the pits were different, for they were induced at different times and propagated at different rates. It is expected that this method can be used extensively in studying the electrochemical dynamic processes at the electrode/electrolyte interface.