Cast Carbon Steel Research Articles

Large Inclusions in Continuously Cast Carbon Steel Billets

Large Inclusions in Continuously Cast Carbon Steel Billets

Structure of cast carbon steel with niobium

Structure of cast carbon steel with niobium

Influence Of Changing Of Microstructure ByThe Heat Treatment On Fatigue Crack GrowthProperties Of The Carbon Cast Steel

An influence of the surface heat treatment on the GSN 422660 carbon cast steel, which is equivalent to the German GS-60 steel (DIN 1681), with a various content of Al on fatigue crack growth rates and threshold values of physically long cracks was studied. The microstructure is the most important factor, which determines the fatigue crack growth mechanism and resistance. Oxide debris on the crack faces reduce significantly the threshold values.

連続鋳造ビレットの巨大介在物に関する研究

連続鋳造ビレットの巨大介在物に関する研究

The diffusion layer between cast iron and tin ? lead solder

1. The thin diffusion layer formed during soldering of cast iron, carbon steel, and Armco iron with POS-30 solder consists mainly of a solid solution of iron and tin in lead. 2. Cementite and graphite hardly react at all with the solder. The strength of the soldered joint increases with the amount of ferrite in the base metal. 3. The increase in the strength of the soldered joint when the metal is coated with copper before soldering is due to the higher purity of the surface of the base metal. During copper deposition from solutions containing copper salts the surface of the base metal is etched and covered by a layer of copper, which protects it against oxidation. The copper layer is dissolved in the solder during soldering.

特殊鋳鋼の摩耗特性について

The wear tests on several kinds of special cast steels, “Adamite” cast steel s and a “Ductile” cast iron were carried out, using a Nishihara's wear testing machine, the load being 20Kg, and the revolution slip 9.09% in the absence of lubricant.The wear resistivities of the normalized cast steels containing 0.56-0.91% carbon increased with increases in both the hardness and the carbon content of the steel. In these cases, it was found that for the lower carbon steel, adhesive were firstly occured and followed by oxidation wear, while only oxidation wear for the higher carbon steel.“Adamite” cast steels containing 1.46-2.26% carbon were mainly worn by abrasive wear, which resulted in less superior wear resistivities than those of the lower carbon cast steels. There was a contrary tendency such that their total wear loss increased with increases in the hardness and carbon content.A “Ductile” cast iron (3.38%C) was found to have a far superior property than the others, owing to the protective lubrication of free graphite contained within itself.

超硬合金の耐摩耗性について

The wear resistance of cemented carbide is usually estimated from the hardness, but it is often inadequate to interpret the practical problems only from the hardness. The present study dealt with the relations between the wear resistance and the properties of WC-Co sintered alloys which were prepared by varying the cobalt content, particle size of WC powder, small addition of TaC and sintering temperature.The wear resistance was measured from the flank wear land produced by the turning of cement-mortar, gray cast iron and carbon steel. Generally, as mentioned previously, the wear resistance increased with increasing hardness and coercive force or decreasing cobalt content and WC grain size of the alloys. The wear resistance increased linearly with decreasing WC grain size of the alloys in spite of the particle size of the WC powder used as raw material. However, the relations between hardness or coercive force and wear resistance were affected by the particle size of the WC powder; that is, both hardness and coercive force were the same, but the wear resistance of the alloys made of coarse WC powder was better than that of fine WC powder. Such a difference in wear resistance by the particle size of the WC powder was more remarkable in the turning of gray cast iron than that of cement-mortar. The effect of a small addition of TaC was observed in the turning of steel, but not in the turning of the cement-mortar or gray cast iron, and the effect of the grain size of the WC powder of the alloys was predominant in the latter.

Fatigue Strength of Carbon-Steel Castings

This paper summarizes the results of fatigue tests of round specimens of carbon-steel castings 10, 35, 50 and 100 mm in diameter. The specimens were tested under rotating bending, pulsating tension, and completely reversed tension and compression in order to investigate the effects of various defects on the fatigue strength. The various defects were all deliberately made and included artificially drilled holes, blowholes, and shrinkage cracks. The fatigue strength, the fatigue ratio, and the fatigue strength reduction factor were obtained from the fatigue test results of specimens having these various defects, and the fatigue strength of steel castings was compared with that of steel forgings. The following results were obtained. (1) The fatigue strength, the fatigue strength reduction factor, and the size effect on the fatigue strength are smaller in the case of steel castings than in the case of steel forgings. (2) The fatigue strength of specimens having artificially drilled holes is approximately equal to that of specimens having blowholes of the same size. (3) In the case of small blowholes (d/D<0.2) the size effect is extremely small. (4) There is a correlation between the defect ratio, obtained from radiographic inspection or fatigue fracture of the specimens, and the fatigue strength. (5) From these fatigue test results, we obtained the endurance limit diagram of carbonsteel castings under direct stress.

Production of High Quality Direct Cast Carbon and Alloy Steel Billets

Production of High Quality Direct Cast Carbon and Alloy Steel Billets

Cavitation Erosion Resistances of Cast Iron and Chromium Films Plated on Cast Iron under Various Conditions

It is well known that pitting has often occurred on the water side of water cooled diesel cylinder liners. There has been but scanty record of studies made of the interrelations of cavitation erosion, the microstructure of cast iron, the hardness of chromium films plated on cast iron and the hardness of base metals studied.The present study was made with the aim to prevent pitting and to make clear the mechanism of cavitation erosion of cast iron and such chromium films. The magnetostrictive cavitation tests were carried out on specimens that are chromium films with various hardness plated on cast iron, various heat treated cast iron, chromium films with same hardness plated on various heat treated cast iron, carbon steel and chromium films plated on carbon steel.The results obtained are as follows(1) The high cavitation erosion resistance was obtained with plated chromium films of hardness between 850 and 900 Vickers hardness on specimens of chromium films with various hardness plated on cast iron.(2) The cavitation erosion resistance of cast iron increased with increasing hardness of cast iron. It seems that at first the cavitation erosion in the portion with graphite structure was caused by impact stress when cavities collapse, secondly the cracks grew up between graphite and graphite, and finally the destruction occurred.(3) The cavitation erosion resistance increased with increasing hardness of cast iron for specimens of chromium film with 874 Vickers hardness plated on various heat treated cast iron.(4) The high cavitation erosion resistance was obtained on specimens of chromium film plating on carbon steel.

NICKEL COPPER CAST ALLOY 410

Abstract Nickel Copper Cast Alloy 410 is one of the most useful cast materials to withstand corrosives encountered in industry. It has tensile strength comparable to cast carbon steel and gives good performance under conditions of abrasion and erosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-85. Producer or source: High alloy foundries.

Fire and Quench Tests of Refinery Valves

Valve bodies made of seven materials from five suppliers were thermal-shock tested by heating to 1300 F, 1500 F, 1600 F, or 1800 F and then quenching with a fire-hose stream. None cracked when quenched from 1300 F. Nodular, malleable, and gray cast iron cracked when quenched from 1600 F and 1800 F, because of the combination of differential-cooling stresses and the stresses produced by the transformation of high-carbon austenite to martensite. Austenitic cast nickel iron, with either flake or spheroidal graphite, cast carbon steel, cast 5% chromium-0.5% molybdenum steel, and cast 9% chromium-1% molybdenum steel did not crack in any of the tests. Spheroidal graphite structures produced by treatment with magnesium or with yttrium behaved the same. Based on a consideration of both these results and the melting temperature of the materials, ferritic cast-steel valves are classed as safe for refinery hydrocarbon service, austenitic cast-nickel-iron valves as intermediate, and cast-iron valves of any type as not safe for this service.

X-ray Investigation on the Fatigue Damage of Metals

In the present paper, the fatigue process is studied by observing the half-value breadth of the X-ray diffraction lines taken from (310) atomic plane with C0-Kα radiation, which were obtained from the specimens of carbon steel wire, cast iron and cast steel stressed alternately in rotary bending. It is found that during the fatigue process the change of half-value breadth is directly related with the change in micro-stresses. Considering from the change of half-value breadth due to stress cycles, the authors think that the fatigue process consists of three sequent stages, namely the first stage of fatigue, secondary stage of fatigue, and tertiary stage of fatigue. At the end of the secondary stage of fatigue the half-value breadth has a constant value irrespective of the magnitude of applied stress. The relation between b/B and log n/N (b and B are the current and the initial value of half-value breadth, and n and N are the current and the ultimate number of stress cycles) is represented by a straight line irrespective of the magnitude of alternate applied stress. This relation supplies a possibility for the non-destructive prediction of the fatigue life.

カーボン・アーク・ブラスティングについて(第1報)

In our plant major part of finishing work of large steel casting except machining is effected by chipping which needs heavy labour, occupying considerable time.So we introduced carbon-arc-blasting process for large steel castings, which blow away molten metal by compressed air as rapidly as it is melted by carbon arc.This process promoted efficiency and reduced finishing costs of the fettling plant remarkably, and its special features are as follows:1. Cracks caused by heat effect are never appeared in plain steel castings.2. Alloy steel castings sensitive to cracks could be cut without the danger of cracking, providing a proper preheating is used.3. Surface grade of the arc air blasted casting is far more smooth than gas scarfed one and almost equal to as cast surface.4. Working efficiency of the process on the carbon steel casting is about eight times compared with the conventional process and shows it's superiority on the alloy steel casting especially for stainless steel.

Determination of Cerium in Ferrous Alloys

The method is applicable to the determination of cerium in cast iron, carbon and stainless steel. The cerium is co-precipitated with barium as fluorides in an hydrochloric-perchloric acid solution. The ignited precipitate is analyzed spectrographically using the D.C. arc. The lowest detectable amount is of the order of .003% cerium for stainless and somewhat lower for iron and steel. Synthetic standards for comparison are made by the addition of a standardized cerium solution to a cerium-free alloy similar to the unknown and then carried through the procedure simultaneously.

The Influence of Varying Amounts of Elements in Steel and Cast Irons on Spectral Intensity

The effect upon spectral intensity of varying amounts of elements in approximately sixty Bureau of Standards steel samples have been investigated. Samples used in the study included cast iron, low and high carbon steels, and low and high alloy steels. Of all the certified analyses, only varying amounts of carbon, chromium, and phosphorous appeared to affect spectral intensity. Experimental data and spectrochemical techniques are discussed.

石炭酸樹脂の耐摩耗性の研究

In this report we made experiments on the abrasion resistance of phenol resin by the Amsler abrasion testing machine under the condition of water lubrication. Phenol resin applied to tests was the laminate of canvas base which is often used as machine parts, that is, bearing materials, piston rings, brake linings, silent gears, cams, rollers and etc. For comparisons sake expriments were made also on casted bronze under the condition of oil lubrication. In the abrasion tests the materials paired with the specimens were medium carbon steel and gray cast iron, which were rotated at the peripheral velocity of 0.5m/s, while the specimens were fixed. Experiments were made till the rubbing distance of about 302 kilometer, and amount of wear, frictional moment and temperature were measured. As the rerults, it was clearedt hat the abrasion resistance of phenol resin is very superior to that of casted bronze when the contact pressure is high.

The Behaviour of a Nominally Isotropic 0.17 per cent Carbon Cast Steel under Complex Stress Systems at Elevated Temperatures

The work described in this paper is part of an approved programme, undertaken to investigate the behaviour of an isotropic 0·17 per cent carbon steel under general stress systems at elevated temperatures. It relates to an experimental study, and analysis of the time independent plastic strain properties in short-time tensile and torsion tests at temperatures between 20 and 550 deg. C. (68 and 1,022 deg. F.). The object of the investigation is to obtain relations between stress, strain, time, and temperature, to afford a basis of design in cases where steels are subjected to plastic deformation under general stress systems at elevated temperatures. Pure tensile and torsion tests have been made at temperatures of 20, 150, 350, 450, and 550 deg. C. (68, 302, 662, 842, and 1,022 deg. F.), and at various rates of stressing. The results of these tests have been analysed, and information derived concerning the nature of the criterion of elastic failure for this material, and the nature of the stress-plastic strain relations after plastic strain has been established. The effect of rate of stressing on these latter relations has been examined.

Recent Developments Concerning the Properties of Cast Steels

Abstract The properties of a number of low-alloy cast steels have been determined from production heats, hence the values obtained represent the values normally expected in the manufacture of steel castings. The cast low-alloy steels, in general, have slightly higher hardenability and strength and slightly lower ductility than wrought steels of similar composition, on heat-treatment. In this paper property ranges for strength and ductility are given for cast steels receiving different heat-treatments. The depth of section to which cast steel will harden can be estimated by the employment of the end-quench hardenability test. This test was used to study a number of carbon and alloy cast steels. It was found that the hardenability values of cast steels are similar to those of wrought steels of comparable analyses and grain sizes. Hardenability curves for typical carbon cast steels are given and hardenability bands for a number of low-alloy cast steels are illustrated. All degrees of hardenability, shallow- to deep-hardening, may be attained by the proper selection of cast steels. Studies on notched-bar impact specimens of cast steel revealed that by varying the structure of a single cast steel by heat-treatment, it is possible to change the low-temperature notched-bar impact values of the steel. Based upon the results of the investigation, it is concluded that no one alloy cast steel produces the best impact resistance, for all types of heat-treatments, at all testing temperatures. Alloy cast steels demonstrate excellent notched-bar impact properties at low-temperatures, which make them ideal for low-temperature-service applications.

高温度に於ける金屬に對する硫黄の作用(第1報)

In order to investigate the reaction of sulphur or sulphur compounds with several metals and alloys at high temperatures, Armco iron, carbon steel and gray cast iron were at first used. The specimens were heated at various temperatures ranging from 300° to 900° in vapour of sulphur for different periods of time up to 240 hours' and the thickness of sulphide layer formed on the specimens was measured. The thickness of the sulphide increases with the rise of heating temperature and the increase of reaction period, though the rate of formation differs according to metals, i. e. Armco iron is the most rapid and gray cast iron is the most sluggish of the three used in the present experiment. The thickness x of the sulphide layer formed is expressed by an equation, x2=kt, in which t is the reaction time and k, a constant. Between the reaction constant k and reaction temperature T°K, the following relation exists, log k=A+B/T, in which A and B are constants, that are nearly unvariable in temperatures below and above the transformation point of specimens, the boiling point of sulphur or the peritectic point, FeS+S_??_FeS2. The sulphide formed on the surface of specimen consists of two layers; the composition of these layers correspond nearly to the formula FeS, though the sulphur content is slightly less in the inner layer than in the outer. From the result above described and that of microscopic examination, a mechanism of the formation of sulphide is proposed.