Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Research Articles

Grading Evaluation and Ranking of CO2 Sequestration Capacity in Place (CSCIP) in China's Major Oil Basins: Theoretical, Effective, Practical and CCUS‐EOR

AbstractBecause it is necessary to focus on differences in regional oil reservoirs and determine the priority of the CCUS‐EOR (Carbon capture, utilization, and storage‐enhanced oil recovery) deployment under China's net‐zero CO2 emission target, systematic and regional evaluations of CO2 sequestration capacity in major oil basins are needed considering the geofluid properties—carbon sequestration capacity in place (CSCIP)—where the ‘in place’ indicates actual geological formation conditions underground, e.g., formation temperature and pressure. Therefore, physical properties of geofluids at different depths with different geologic temperatures and pressure conditions are considered for the CO2 sequestration capacity evaluation in place, including shallow (800–2000 m), medium (2000–3500 m), deep (3500–4500 m) and ultra‐deep (4500–8000 m) depth intervals. A modified evaluation model with four grading levels is proposed, combining the P‐V‐T equations of state (EOS) and evaluation equations of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), including theoretical, effective, practical, and CCUS‐EOR CSCIP, which is more consistent with geofluid physical properties underground, to make the grading evaluation and ranking of the CSCIP in China's major oil basins. Then, the grading CSCIP of 29 major oil basins in China was evaluated based on the petroleum resources evaluation results of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China (MNRC) during China's 13th Five‐Year Plan period. According to the grading evaluation results, suggestions for China's CCUS‐EOR prospective regions are given as follows: shallow oil fields of the Songliao Basin in Northeast China, shallow–medium oil fields of the Bohai Bay Basin in East China, medium oil fields of the Zhungeer Basin in West China, and medium oil fields of the Ordos Basin in Central China; all are potential areas for the CCUS‐EOR geological sequestration in China's onshore oil basins. In addition, in China's offshore oil basins, shallow–medium oil fields of the Bohai Sea and shallow oil fields of the Pearl River Mouth Basin have potential for CCUS‐EOR geological sequestration.

Prospect evaluation of CO2 sequestration in coal beds of Anambra Basin, Nigeria

Sequestrating carbon dioxide (CO2) for enhancing methane production from coal beds is one of the approaches being advanced to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere. Some aspects of CO2 sequestration and coalbed methane (CBM) exploration within three coal seams (seam I-III) in the Anambra Basin, Nigeria was investigated in this study. The rank, grade and type of coals were determined using proximate/ultimate and petrographic analyses, fourier transform infrared reflectance (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results from these analyses were used to determine the suitability of the coal for CO2 storage and CBM/CO2-ECBM production. Physicochemical properties including volatile matter (27.03, 72.74 and 15.14%), fixed carbon (48.60, 30.10 and 54.30%), and the calorific values (13,103, 11,517 and 14,263 Btu/lb), were used to determine the coal rank based on the ASTM standard for coal ranking. This revealed that all the coal samples fell within the subbituminous low-rank coals to high volatile C bituminous coals. Petrographic analysis revealed that the main lithotypes in the coal seams are fusain, durain with few vitrains. The effective storage capacity estimated using the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) methodology, indicated that Seam III is the most promising coal seam with the largest CO2 storage capacity of 5.77 × 109 tons around the Enugu area. Finally, this study has provided insights into the coal beds in the Anambra Basin for the implementation of CBM, CO2-ECBM production, and the potential for CO2 storage projects.

Ranking Of Indonesia Sedimentary Basin And Storage Capacity Estimates For Co2 Geological Storage

The various possible strategies to combat global warming are explored within a wideranging of efforts. Practical solutions will need to stop or even reverse the build-up of CO2 in the environment by using existing technology that has not been integrated, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) (Hansson, 2008). The main objectives of this study are to develop criteria for sedimentary basins ranking system in terms of their suitability for CO2 storage and estimate the storage capacity available. We adapt the method developed by Bachu (2003) to the Indonesia geological characteristics. Once the criteria has been developed and the basins ranked based on their suitability, oil and gas fields located within these basins were estimated their potential storage capacity using the methodology developed by Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF). From 60 identified sedimentary basins, Kutei, Tarakan and South Sumatera basins are respectively positioned in top three of the ranking system. Well known geological structure, adequate data, relatively stable geological structure and established infrastructures are the main factors make these basins have higher suitability. Estimation result showed from 48 fields that are considered depleted from their Np/Ult ratio (hydrocarbon cumulative production over ultimate recovery), Riau and South Sumatera region have large storage capacities which are around 229 and 144 MtCO2 respectively. The ranking of Indonesia sedimentary basins can then be used in making decisions for the large-scale implementation of CCS Project. The potential storage capacity might increase as data more available. The estimates resulted from this study is not a conclusive estimation where degree of geological and economic uncertainty associated with a capacity estimate is still high. However, from this estimation shows that Indonesia has huge potential of CO2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs

Co2 Storage Capacity Estimation Of Depleted Oil And Gas Reservoirs In Indonesia

Implementation of co2 capture and geological storage technology at the scale needed To achieve a significant and meaningful reduction in co2 emissions requires knowledge of The available co2 storage capacity. Various geological formations located across many Islands in indonesia appear to be potential to store the anthropogenic co2, particularly in Depleted oil and gas reservoir. These depleted oil and gas reservoirs are appropriate Candidates for co2 storage. However, the capacity of this geological formation has not Been estimated yet. The objective of this study is to estimate the storage capacity of depleted Oil and gas reservoirs in indonesia using the methodology, developed by carbon Sequestration leadership forum (cslf). Screening result from our databases showed there Were 103 depleted oil and gas fields were considered depleted from their np/ult ratio (hydrocarbon cumulative production over ultimate recovery) which were 55%. However, Only 48 fields had complete data to estimate. We used the methodology that was Initially developed by cslf but then it had been simplified by poulsen et al. We considered This methodology as the most convenient to use in this country scale of assessment despite Of any simplification had been made. Estimation result showed riau and south sumatra Region have large storage capacities which are around 229 and 144 mtco2 respectively. The estimates of co2 storage capacity reflects the actual capacity that was based on data Availability during the assessment. The potential storage capacity might change as data Becoming more available. Hence, the storage capacity map resulted from this study is not Conclusive estimation. However, this study indicates that indonesia has huge potential of Co2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs.

CO2 storage potential in sedimentary basins of Kazakhstan

The terms of the Paris Agreement oblige Kazakhstan to decrease its Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. Annual GHG emissions of the country already went beyond the limit set by the Paris agreement in 2014 and this number is expected to increase with a growing economy showing that current measures of GHG mitigation in the country are insufficient. Despite the energy sector of the country being heavily dependent on its coal and substantial land resources, CCS was not featured in the “Green Economy” plan of the country. To investigate the applicability of this technology, six selected Kazakhstan sedimentary basins (the Precaspian, Mangyshlak, South-Torgay, Ustyurt, Chu-Sarysu, and Zaysan basins) were evaluated and ranked for geologic CO2 storage deployment in terms of containment, capacity, and feasibility. The effective CO2 storage capacities in oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs, and saline aquifers were estimated for each basin using the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) and USDOE methods. The evaluations revealed that the Precaspian Basin is the most suitable for geological CO2 storage, followed by the Mangyshlak, South Torgay, and Ustyurt basins. The total effective CO2 storage capacity of the country is estimated to be ∼583 Gt, of which ∼539 Gt corresponds to the abovementioned four suitable basins where most of injected CO2 is expected to be stored in the hydrodynamic traps. The results suggest that four sedimentary basins identified in this study have prospectivity to reduce GHG emissions of Kazakhstan significantly and thus enable the decarbonization of national economy to achieve the goals set by the Paris Agreement.

Enabling Large-Scale Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Using Offshore Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Infrastructure Developments—A Review

Presently, the only offshore project for enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide, known as CO2-EOR, is in Brazil. Several desk studies have been undertaken, without any projects being implemented. The objective of this review is to investigate barriers to the implementation of large-scale offshore CO2-EOR projects, to identify recent technology developments, and to suggest non-technological incentives that may enable implementation. We examine differences between onshore and offshore CO2-EOR, emerging technologies that could enable projects, as well as approaches and regulatory requirements that may help overcome barriers. Our review shows that there are few, if any, technical barriers to offshore CO2-EOR. However, there are many other barriers to the implementation of offshore CO2-EOR, including: High investment and operation costs, uncertainties about reservoir performance, limited access of CO2 supply, lack of business models, and uncertainties about regulations. This review describes recent technology developments that may remove such barriers and concludes with recommendations for overcoming non-technical barriers. The review is based on a report by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF).

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (Cslf) Capacity Building Program: Exploring Ccus Financing Roadmap for China

As a method of mitigating the emissions of fossil fuel, industrial processes and other emitters to tackle global climate change by capturing and using or storing the CO2, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is regarded as a critical greenhouse gas reduction solution. In China, considering the demand of high early-stage capital investments and operation costs, the actual investments into CCUS demonstration projects have recently extensively decreased. There has thereby been found a large financing gap that current CCUS demonstration projects are facing with. This research is funded by Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), managed by Global CCS Institute (GCCSI), and implemented by the Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21 (ACCA21), aiming at analyzing the financial channels, stakeholders and risks of CCUS projects, designing and evaluating the CCUS business models, and finally providing an early and mid-term financing roadmap in China. The roadmap is likely to provide a scientific base for the investment and support decision making of CCUS stakeholders, especially of the government and investors, promote the development of China’s CCUS demonstration deployment practice, and contribute to China’s future CCUS development.

Recent Activities of the Technical Group of the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF)

The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) is an international climate change initiative at ministerial level, with the mission to advise ministers and other decision makers on the acceleration of deployment of CO2 capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). To this end, CSLF’s Technical Group issues a Technology Roadmap every three – four years. The roadmap receives input from two other major activities of the Technical Group, reports on selected issues, prepared by Task Forces; and cooperation with CCUS projects that are recognized by the CSLF, as well as from the CSLF delegates and external experts. Its representation of 80% of global CO2 emissions along with its high political backing and legitimacy, makes CSLF an excellent and unique avenue for the promotion of CCUS related issues with the aim to accelerate deployment. The paper describes the work mode of the CSLF Technical Group and its latest activities and achievements of its three major activities.

Assessment of geological CO2 storage potential in central Luconia province

The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the suitability of the Central Luconia Province as a potential geological storage site for CO2 in Malaysia and to estimate the theoretical storage capacity of the basin by using Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) and US Department of Energy (US-DOE) methods. The Central Luconia that has a limited faulting and located within seismic-free zone and possessing suitable geothermal condition which is an attractive characteristic for potential site for CO2 storage are found to be suitable for geological CO2 storage in Malaysia. The Central Luconia Province is estimated to be able to store CO2 from 56 Gt up to 75 Gt. The Central Luconia Province is believed to be a potential site for geological CO2 storage and will give much help in reducing CO2 emissions in atmosphere of Malaysia.

Capacity and suitability assessment of deep saline aquifers for CO2 sequestration in the Bohai Bay Basin, East China

CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers has proven to be one of the most promising options to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Sedimentary basins are chosen as targets of CO2 sequestration due to the existence of deep saline aquifers. This paper presents the first systematic investigation on the occurrence and characteristics of potential reservoirs for CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers in the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) and offers detailed estimates on the storage capacity within the depth range from 800 to 3500 m. A preliminary suitability assessment for preferential sites is also presented. Geological analyses show that deep saline aquifers in Guantao formation (Ng) of Neogene, Dongying (Ed) and Shahejie formations (Es1, Es2, Es3, Es4) of Paleogene are potential reservoirs. Deep saline aquifers in the BBB may accommodate about 3922 Mt CO2 with 50 % confidence level, according to a modified CSLF (Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum) method. The CO2 storage capacity of individual depression varies from 65 Mt (Liaohe depression) to 934 Mt (Liaodongwan-Bozhong depression). The Guantao formation (Ng) of Neogene is a regionally distributed reservoir with low TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) and favorable depth and thickness, the capacity of which accounts for 84 % of the total and is therefore considered as the most promising reservoir. Preliminary suitability assessment is carried out in terms of sedimentology, tectonic stability, geothermal conditions, saline water characteristics, potentially conflicting resources development as well as CO2 emission sources. The Liaodongwan & Bozhong, Jiyang & Changwei and Huanghua depressions are chosen as the most suitable sites for CO2 storage. Jizhong and Liaohe depressions are less suitable while Linqing depression is not suitable due to its lower tectonic stability, geological information and CO2 emission sources. Although uncertainties exist, the estimate in this study is significant for future study and implementation of CO2 sequestration in the basin.

The Role of Intergovernmental Organizations in Cross-border Knowledge Transfer and Innovation

Nonmarket organizations play a supportive role in knowledge transfer and innovation domestically, but national differences between them can create barriers to cross-border knowledge transfer. Internationally oriented nonmarket organizations—ones that develop international ties and partnerships—may generate commonalities among participants and promote a set of similar rules, expectations, and norms across different countries and thus may be effective in supporting cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation. We focus on one such kind of organization, the intergovernmental organization (IGO), as a country’s connectedness to learning-oriented IGOs may have a positive influence on national innovation. Using an illustrative caselet on one IGO, the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum, and an empirical analysis spanning 83 countries from 1996 to 2006, we find that the extent of connectedness to the learning-oriented IGO network enables national innovation. But countries differ in the extent to which they can leverage external knowledge for innovation because of the variation in relationships among local constituencies.

Negotiating failure: understanding the geopolitics of climate change

Negotiating failure: understanding the geopolitics of climate change

CO2storage potential of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea

The Qiongdongnan Basin, located off Hainan Island, South China, is a petroliferous basin containing what is currently the largest offshore-producing gas field in China (YA13–1). This paper evaluated the potential of CO2 storage in the Qiongdongnan Basin to provide background data on CO2 storage capacities for regional planning purposes. Four regional seals and high-quality reservoirs exists in the basin, in mostly marine sequences. The estimated mean effective CO2 storage capacity of the basin is 41 GtCO2, determined from published data and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum methodology for assessing oil and gas storage capacity; the majority of the storage capacity is in saline formations and oil and gas field (15 MtCO2 and 832 MtCO2, respectively). The prospective areas for CO2 storage in the Qiongdongnan Basin are in the belts of the Northern Depression and the Central Uplift. The Yacheng Uplift, as the most favorable area for CO2 storage, contains the YA13–1 gas field, which has an estimated mean effective CO2 storage capacity of 73 MtCO2. The Qiongdongnan Basin may provide storage sites for CO2 stripped from the CO2-enriched gas from the basin itself, or from the emission sources in Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. However, industrial development on Hainan Island is weak, as the island was defined as an ‘island for international tourism’ by the Chinese government in 2009. The feasibility of transporting CO2 to storage sites in the Qiongdongnan Basin using the pipeline now transporting gas from the YA13–1 gas field to Hong Kong should be explored.

Commercial-scale CCS Project in Decatur, Illinois – Construction Status and Operational Plans for Demonstration

Abstract United States Department of Energy (DOE) and Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) has made substantial progress in the development and construction of the largest saline storage project in the U.S. This commercial-scale project is located at the ADM's agricultural processing and biofuels complex in Decatur, Illinois. The Office of Fossil Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory manages this project. Detailed design, installation of the CO2 compression, dehydration, and transmission system, and installation of related piping, electrical, and instrumentation was completed and commissioning of this system was initiated. The construction of a 100-MW electrical substation, which will supply power to the compressors and other equipment, is in progress. A 2206 m deep monitoring well and a 1083 m geophysical well were drilled. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a draft permit for a Class VI injection well with a capacity to inject 3000 tonnes of CO2 per day. This is expected to be the first geological sequestration project to operate with EPA's Class VI well permit in the U.S. The project is scheduled to begin CO2 injection into the Mount Simon Sandstone, a deep saline reservoir, early 2015. The project team members include Schlumberger Carbon Services, Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS)-University of Illinois, and Richland Community College (RCC). Public education and outreach for CCS is an integral part of this ICCS project and to this end, the project has established the National Sequestration Education Center (NSEC) at RCC in Decatur. NSEC is implementing a new associate degree program, first in the United States, with an emphasis on CCS. This project was recognized by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum.

Comparison of methods for geologic storage of carbon dioxide in saline formations

Preliminary estimates of CO2 storage potential in geologic formations provide critical information related to Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies to mitigate CO2 emissions. Currently multiple methods to estimate CO2 storage and multiple storage estimates for saline formations have been published, leading to potential uncertainty when comparing estimates from different studies. In this work, carbon dioxide storage estimates are compared by applying several commonly used methods to general saline formation data sets to assess the impact that the choice of method has on the results. Specifically, six CO2 storage methods were applied to thirteen saline formation data sets which were based on formations across the United States with adaptations to provide the geologic inputs required by each method. Methods applied include those by (1) international efforts – the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (Bachu et al., 2007); (2) United States government agencies – U.S. Department of Energy – National Energy Technology Laboratory (US-DOE-NETL, 2012) and United States Geological Survey (Brennan et al., 2010); and (3) the peer-reviewed scientific community – Szulczewski et al. (2012) and Zhou et al. (2008). A statistical analysis of the estimates generated by multiple methods revealed that assessments of CO2 storage potential made at the prospective level were often statistically indistinguishable from each other, implying that the differences in methodologies are small with respect to the uncertainties in the geologic properties of storage rock in the absence of detailed site-specific characterization.

Synergic and conflicting issues in planning underground use to produce energy in densely populated countries, as Italy: Geological storage of CO2, natural gas, geothermics and nuclear waste disposal

In densely populated countries there is a growing and compelling need to use underground for different and possibly coexisting technologies to produce “low carbon” energy. These technologies include (i) clean coal combustion merged with CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS); (ii) last-generation nuclear power or, in any case, safe nuclear wastes disposal, both “temporary” and “geological” somewhere in Europe (at least in one site): Nuclear wastes are not necessarily associated to nuclear power plants; (iii) safe natural gas (CH4) reserves to allow consumption also when the foreign pipelines are less available or not available for geopolitical reasons and (iv) “low-space-consuming” renewables in terms of Energy Density Potential in Land (EDPL measured in [GWh/ha/year]) as geothermics. When geothermics is exploited as low enthalpy technology, the heat/cool production could be associated, where possible, to increased measures of “building efficiency”, low seismic risks building reworking and low-enthalpy heat managing. This is undispensable to build up “smart cities”. In any case the underground geological knowledge is prerequisite.All these technologies have been already proposed and defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Road Map 2009 as priorities for worldwide security: all need to use underground in a rational and safe manner. The underground is not renewable in most of case histories [10,11]. IEA recently matched and compared different technologies in a unique “Clean Energy Economy” improved document (Paris, November 16–17, 2011), by the contribution of this vision too (see reference).In concert with “energy efficiency” improvement both for plants and buildings, in the frame of the “smart cities” scenarios, and the upstanding use of “energy savings”, the energetic planning on regional scale where these cities are located, are strategic for the year 2050: this planning is strongly depending by the underground availability and typology. Therefore, if both literature and European Policy are going fast to improve the concept of “smart cities” this paper stresses the concept of “smart regions”, more strategic than “smart cities”, passing throughout a discussion on the synergic and conflicting use of underground to produce energy for the “smart regions” as a whole.The paper highlights the research lines which are urgent to plan the soundest energy mix for each region by considering the underground performances case by case: a worldwide mapping, by GIS tools of this kind of information could be strategic for all the “world energy management” authorities, up to ONU, with its Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the G20, the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) and the European Platforms such as the “Zero Emissions Fossil Fuel Power Plants” (EU-ZEP Platform), the Steel Platform, the Biomass Platform too. All of these organizations agree on the need for synergistic and coexistent uses of underground for geological storage of CO2, CH4, nuclear waste and geothermic exploitation.The paper is therefore a discussion of the tools, methods and approaches to these underground affecting technologies, after a gross view of the different uses of underground to produce energy for each use, with their main critical issues (i.e. public acceptance in different cases).The paper gives some gross evaluation for the Lazio Region and some hints from the Campania Region, located in Central Italy. Energy Density Potential in Land (EDPL), is calculated for each renewable energy technology (solar, wind, geothermal) highlighting the potentiality of the last.Why the Italian case history among the densely populated countries? on the Italian territory is hard to find suitable areas (mostly if greenfields) to use the own underground, with respect to other European countries, due to the presence of seismotectonic activity and many faulted areas characterized by Diffuse Degassing Structures (DDSs, which are rich in CO2 and CH4). In this cases, public acceptance must be facilitated by the concerted efforts of researchers, universities, NGOs and policy-makers.

CCS in the Media: An Analysis of International Coverage

Internationally, the level of public awareness of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology remains low. The mainstream media have a salient influence in shaping the debate on CCS's implementation and its risks. This paper presents the results of analysis of print media coverage of CCS worldwide between August 2009 and June 2010. A total of 1138 articles from the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum were reviewed and analysed. The majority of these articles were balanced or neutral in tone and lacking in technical detail. Fifteen key themes were identified. Two of these emerged the most frequently across all sources: CCS pilot and demonstration projects, and funding issues. This suggests a pattern of media curiosity over how financial support for CCS is provided and what results are occurring at pilot and demonstration efforts. Cross-regional key risks included: Time, cost, and implementation issues; technical validity; and storage capacity issues.

CO2 geological storage: A review on present and future prospects

CO2 can be stored in geological media for hundreds to thousands of years depending on the location and trapping mechanism(s) involved. A saline aquifer presents the largest capacity available for CO2 storage among all geological storage options. Two main methodologies proposed by the Department of Energy, US (DOE) and carbon sequestration leadership forum (CSLF) are used for capacity estimation of geological locations for CO2 storage. A study conducted by Global CCS Institute in 2010 identified 80 large scale integrated projects which will prove to be a huge step in building confidence and commercialization of storage projects in the near future. Use of reliable monitoring tools and accurate simulation software is a must for safe and cost-effective CO2 storage.

The IEA CCS Technology Roadmap: One Year On

Abstract In October 2009, the International Energy Agency’s CCS Technology Roadmap was launched at the Carbon Sequestration Leadership forum (CSLF) Ministerial Meeting in London. The Roadmap builds on the IEA BLUE Map scenario that leads to the stabilisation of CO2 emissions at 450 ppm by 2050. Achieving this scenario will require an energy technology revolution involving a portfolio of solutions: greater energy efficiency, increased renewable energy technologies and nuclear power, and the near decarbonisation of fossil fuel-based power generation via carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this scenario CCS contributes almost 20% to the total emissions reductions required in 2050. Recommendations are made in the IEA CCS Roadmap on what is required to achieve this level of deployment not only technically, but also from a financial and regulatory point of view as well as in terms of public engagement and international collaboration, including the sharing of knowledge. This paper looks at progress made against these recommendations in the 12 months since the release of the roadmap. • Analysis undertaken by the IEA consistently identifies a significant role for CCS in mitigating global CO2 emissions. IEA analysis suggests that there will be a need to capture and store 10 Gt CO2 per year in 2050, from 3400 projects globally to achieve the BLUE Map emissions reduction targets. • Significant progress is being made to launch large-scale demonstration facilities across the globe, with some 80 large-scale integrated demonstration projects identified. As of April 2010, public funding commitments were in the range of USD 26.6 billion to USD 36.1 billion. • While 5500 km of CO2 pipelines already exist and further infrastructure development is planned, it is however clear that to enable large-scale deployment of CCS, more joint planning of CO2 transportation infrastructure is required globally. • The status and availability of data on CO2 storage varies significantly around the world and is potentially a major constraint to rapid, widespread CCS deployment. In regions with the potential to store large volumes of CO2, a concerted effort will be required to characterise the basins in sufficient detail. • Much progress has been achieved in the legal and regulatory area. The first movers in establishing legal frameworks have generally been OECD countries. It is now important that the large emerging economies start developing their legal and regulatory frameworks. • Public awareness and acceptance is a key element in making CCS possible. Public concerns are legitimate and require a close dialogue and sharing of information with the local population. While companies developing transport and storage will need to lead on the engagement processes, governments and politicians have a vital role to play. • Several initiatives are in place for international dialogue and collaboration on the development and deployment of CCS. • While much progress has been made, many challenges still remain if CCS is to deliver at the scale required. The challenges are well-known and require concerted action by industry, governments, international organisations and civil society. Continued political leadership remains absolutely essential.

Capacity building in developing economies: building on the APEC and CSLF experience

Developing countries such as China, India, Mexico and Brazil are major energy producers and users, and emitters of CO2, and these countries are becoming aware of both the need to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) as an enabling technology. One of the challenges faced in the implementation of CCS technologies, particularly in developing countries, is the shortage, sometimes absence, of a skilled technical and scientific workforce, but also a lack of knowledge about, and understanding of this technology among decision makers. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) initiated in 2004 the development of a capacity building program that consisted of developing training modules and offering training workshops in developing countries around the Pacific Rim that are major CO2 emitters such as China, South Korea and Mexico. At the same time, the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) has established a Task Force on Capacity Building that has similarly developed a program for providing capacity building to the seven CSLF members that are developing economies. A series of capacity building workshops has been offered throughout 2007 and 2008. Based on the experience to date of both initiatives, some of the key learnings for future capacity building workshops are: 1) holding workshops in conjunction with a technical conference or similar event; 2) ensuring participation of key decision makers; 3) ensuring a varied workshop format; 4) ensuring that the workshop material addresses also the specific conditions of the host country; 5) ensuring organization of the material that allows flexible participation; and 6) providing printed material and simultaneous translation.