Carbon Reserves Research Articles

STUDI POTENSI BIOMASSA HUTAN SAGU (Metroxylon Sp) DI DESA TULEHU KECAMATAN SALAHUTU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Sago forests (Metroxylon sp) in Tulehu Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku Regency are one of the staple food sources of the Maluku community that have been consumed for generations. Various parts of sago from leaf stalks to trunks have been widely studied. However, research related to sago biomass has not been done much. In this regard, this paper aims to determine the potential biomass and carbon reserves stored in sago forests in Tulehu Village for the purposes of handling climate change. The biomass and carbon content reserves to be determined are sago at the pole and tree levels. The method used was 3 survey routes with 30 measurement plots using purposive sampling, observation, then analysis and estimation of biomass and stored carbon reserves. The calculation results at the pole level of sago obtained a biomass of 27 tons/ha and stored carbon reserves of 14 tons/ha. At the tree level of sago, a biomass of 42 tons/ha and stored carbon reserves of 20 tons/ha were obtained.

Recent Trends in the Production and Recovery of Bioplastics Using Polyhydroxyalkanoates Copolymers

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters synthesized as a carbon and energy reserve material by a wide number of bacteria. These polymers are characterized by their thermoplastic properties similar to those of plastics derived from the petrochemical industry, such as polyethylene and polypropylene. PHAs are widely used in the medical field and have the potential to be used in other applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Among PHAs, P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymers are thermo-elastomeric polyesters that are typically soft and flexible with low to no crystallinity, which can expand the range of applications of these bioplastics. Several bacterial species, such as Cupriavidus necator, Azotobacter vinelandii, Halomonas sp. and Bacillus megaterium, have been successfully used for P(3HB-co-3HV) production, both in batch and fed-batch cultures using different low-cost substrates, such as vegetable and fruit waste. Nevertheless, in recent years, several fermentation strategies using other microbial models, such as methanotrophic bacterial strains as well as halophilic bacteria, have been developed in order to improve PHA production in cultivation conditions that are easily implemented on a large scale. This review aims to summarize the recent trends in the production and recovery of PHA copolymers by fermentation, including different cultivation modalities, low-cost raw materials, as well as downstream strategies that have recently been developed with the purpose of producing copolymers, such as P(3HB-co-3HV), with suitable mechanical properties for applications in the biomedical field.

Deep learning of Sentinel-1 SAR for burnt peatland detection in Ireland

Peatlands represent vital carbon reserves; however, once ignited, they release stored carbon, inflicting lasting environmental harm and necessitating prolonged recovery periods. An innovative method merging Sentinel-1 satellite imagery and deep learning (DL) is proposed to monitor burnt peat across diverse regions of Ireland, regardless of weather conditions or time of day. Sentinel-2 images and field measurements were used to train deep neural networks (DNN) and the accuracy in detecting burnt peat areas reached 80 %. This was achieved by combining the VV (vertical transmit, vertical receive) and VH (vertical transmit, horizontal receive) from Sentinel-1. Time-series analysis of Sentinel-1 VV backscatter change for Wicklow Mountains in 2018 highlights the Sentinel-1's capacity to detect various phenomena, including snowfall and burnt peat, evident prior to the peat fire event. Furthermore, an examination of peat fire occurrences in Wicklow Mountains from 2018 to 2023 through time series and mapping shows a significant escalation, with the largest burnt areas detected in 2023 spanning over 40 km².

Assessment of carbon reserves in the litter and soil of the Prilenskoe Plateau

The assessment of carbon stocks in the litter and soil of highly productive forests on the Prilenskoe Plateau was conducted using widely accepted methods of general biology, landscape science and geocryology. The research focused on larch-birch and pine-larch forests situated on continuous permafrost, as well as on long-term fallow lands. Notably, the fallow land, in contrast to the forested areas, exhibited a significant loss of organic carbon from the soil, amounting to up to 83 % within a 30 cm depth due to the exploitation of forest resources. The total organic carbon (TOC) reserves in the forest litter ranged from 17 to 35 kg/m². In the larch-birch forb-lingonberry forest, the TOC reserves in the soil were measured at 19.57 kg/m² for the 0–30 cm layer, 26.79 kg/m² at 1 m depth, and 34.98 kg/m² at 2 m depth. Conversely, in the pine-larch lingonberry forest, these values decreased to 9.28 kg/m², 15.41 kg/m², and 18.91 kg/m², respectively, while in the fallow land, the measurements were 3.37 kg/m², 6.35 kg/m², and 8.91 kg/m². The total inorganic carbon (TIC) reserves in the active layer of the larch-birch forest were found to be 3.46 kg/m², in the pine-larch lingonberry forest 5.81 kg/m², and in the fallow land 4.35 kg/m². The forests of South-Eastern Yakutia represent an essential component of the global carbon reservoir; however, they may lose their nutrient accumulation function under anthropogenic pressures. This study serves as the preliminary phase of a long-term research initiative aimed at systematizing carbon pools in representative permafrost landscapes of Yakutia and elucidating the patterns of carbon variation across diverse natural and climatic zones

Carbon Accumulation in Peat Soils of Floodplain Mires of the North-East of the Middle-Russian Upland

The study of the structure of peat deposits of the Bolsheberezovskoye and Podkosmovo inundated mires which were formed during the Atlantic – subboreal periods of the Holocene in the valley of the Nepryadva River, in the north-eastern part of the Middle-Russian Upland. The results of the botanical composition of peat deposits showed that the genesis of mires is represented by eutrophic paleocenoses, which accumulated carbon at a rate of 21.8-95 g/m2 per year. The formed eutrophic peat was characterized by a high degree of decomposition (45-55%) and a low rate of vertical growth (on average, 0.3-0.6 mm/year), which is due to the seasonal dynamics of the level of occurrence of mire waters. The carbon content in peat by peat deposit profiles is 14% for the Podkosmovo mire and 31% for the Bolsheberezovskoye mire. The differences are due to the peculiarities of the water-mineral nutrition of the mires, which is manifested in the high content of carbonates and ash content of the Podkosmovo mire. Carbon reserves in peat soils of inundated mires vary from 51.5 up to 125 kg/m2 for horizons with a capacity of 10 cm. This indicator is determined by the intensity of decomposition of plant residues, which depends on the composition and structure of microbial complexes. On the Bolsheberezovskoye mire the microbial complex is dominated by the fungal component, on the Podkosmovo mire – by the bacterial component. This is the reason for the differences in the microbial biomass of the mires: 222 g/ m2 for the Podkosmovo, 898 g/m2 for the Bolsheberezovskoye mire. The reason for the differences in inundated mires is the range of variation in the level of mire waters during the growing season, due to the reclamation measures carried out in the Bolsheberezovskoye mire. Nevertheless, inundated mires are important “depots” of atmospheric carbon and the intensity of its accumulation is determined by a complex of factors.

Integrated insights into the cytological, histochemical, and cell wall composition features of Espinosa nothofagi (Hymenoptera) gall tissues: implications for functionality.

Many insect-induced galls are considered complex structures due to their tissue compartmentalization and multiple roles performed by them. The current study investigates the complex interaction between Nothofagus obliqua host plant and the hymenopteran gall-inducer Espinosa nothofagi, focusing on cell wall properties and cytological features. The E. nothofagi galls present an inner cortex with nutritive and storage tissues, as well as outer cortex with epidermis, chlorenchyma, and water-storing parenchyma. The water-storing parenchyma cells are rich in pectins, heteromannans, and xyloglucans in their walls, and have large vacuoles. Homogalacturonans contribute to water retention, and periplasmic spaces function as additional water reservoirs. Nutritive storage cell walls support nutrient storage, with plasmodesmata facilitating nutrient mobilization crucial for larval nutrition. Their primary and sometimes thick secondary cell walls support structural integrity and act as a carbon reserve. The absent labeling of non-cellulosic epitopes indicates a predominantly cellulosic nature in nutritive cell walls, facilitating larval access to lipid, protein, and reducing sugar-rich contents. The nutritive tissue, with functional chloroplasts and high metabolism-related organelles, displays signs of self-sufficiency, emphasizing its role in larval nutrition and cellular maintenance. Overall, the intricate cell wall composition in E. nothofagi galls showcases adaptations for water storage, nutrient mobilization, and larval nutrition, contributing significantly to our understanding of plant-insect interactions.

Predictions of Carbon Stock in the Southern Moscow Region Forests Under Different Forest Use Scenarios

The results of forest simulation modelling of the dynamics of carbon pools and fluxes in forest ecosystems under different forest management scenarios were considered on the example of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (south of the Moscow region, subzone of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests). The impact of such changes in forest management practices, as the reserve regime, the reduction in the proportion of forest lands as a result of residential development, and zoning of the territory with an emphasis on increasing the recreational use of forests on the carbon balance was analysed. In computational experiments, a set of Russian models was used: the dynamic model of a forest stand FORRUS-S, the model of soil organic matter dynamics Romul_Hum, the model of the hydrothermal regime of soils SCLISS. Calculations were performed for a time period of 100 years at the forestry unit level, and were also aggregated at the level of the entire forestry district. The diversity of types of forest growth conditions (FGC), together with the species diversity and the initial different ages of stands, determined significant variations of the calculated indicators of forest stands’ production, the quantity and quality of plant litter entering the soil. For all cases, model estimates of changes in carbon reserves occurred in the forest stands within the initial 40–60 years with a subsequent decrease in the calculated values. Under the conservation scenario, an increase in the organic substances reserves in forest litter and soil was observed: for FGCs C2 and C3, an increase over 100 years was approximately 5–10 kg m–2, for the remaining FGCs — at the level of 2–3 kg m–2 in terms of carbon. Under the economic use scenarios, a relative “levelling” of forest enterprise area towards the lower end of the spectrum was shown in terms of soil carbon reserves. The maximum ecosystem carbon stock was calculated for FGC C2 and C3, the minimum — for A5 and C4. Depending on the scenario, over 100 years, the total net sequestration of carbon by the forests of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (with a total area of forested land of 6836 ha) was estimated within the range of 0.15–0.57 Tg.

Reservas de carbono en tres sistemas silvopastoriles de la Amazonía peruana

Silvopastoral systems (SS) combine productivity with climate change mitigation and improve carbon (C) stocks. The objective of the research was to estimate C stocks in three silvopastoral systems of the high jungle. Three silvopastoral systems were selected for the study: Cedrelinga cateniformis (Tornillo), Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus) and Inga edulis (Inga). Soil samples of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were collected and analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. The estimation of C reserves was carried out from biomass with allometric equations. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive analysis (means and standard deviation) and ANOVA and use of the Scott Knott test. Soil properties did not show significant differences between SS, except for P, Al and CEC. Carbon reserves were higher in the screw system and lower in the inga system. In general, C reserves in the SS were greater in the soil and represented the main C reserve, surpassing the vegetation. The results highlight the importance of soil as a carbon sink and its role in mitigating climate change.

Levels of Land Cover Density on Carbon Reserves and Income in Dongo Baru Community Forest (HKm)

Community Forest (HKm) in Dongo Baru, Mount Rinjani forest area, in land management applies a mixed agroforestry pattern. The application of this pattern is the result of forest rehabilitation activities covering 138 ha in 2019. This HKm has a variety of different types of land management in one management area. This study aims to describe the condition of HKm using an environmental approach by estimating carbon stock data and economic value by looking at the value of arrive efficiency. The strategy utilized in this inquire about is graphic method by means of observation, Center Gather Discourse, and interviews, to 27 respondents / owners of land economic aspects by taking carbon stock data to 27 farmer-owned land. The environmental assessment to measure carbon stocks used a sample of 27 plots, measuring 50m x 20m for trees, 10m x 10m for poles, and 5m x 5m for saplings. The plots represent the density level of the forest area, i.e. dense, medium, not dense. Determination of forest density classification using Landsat-7 satellite image analysis in 2022. Based on the comes about within the ponder, it can be concluded that there are 3 density classifications that exist in the Dongo Baru HKm forest area, namely Meeting density, Moderately Meeting density and Not Meeting density. their respective incomes are meeting land density (Rp. 21,273,889), Moderately Meeting land density (Rp. 19,210,333) and Not Meeting land density (Rp. 22,431,556). Meeting land has carbon stock (256.86 tonnes/ha), Moderately Meeting land has carbon stock (95.34), and Not Meeting land has carbon stock (52.90 tonnes/ha). Land management with the density of Rapat land is considered to have fulfilled the principles of forest management from the economic and environmental aspects.

Local carbon reserves are insufficient for phloem terpene induction during drought in Pinus edulis in response to bark beetle-associated fungi.

Stomatal closure during drought inhibits carbon uptake and may reduce a tree's defensive capacity. Limited carbon availability during drought may increase a tree's mortality risk, particularly if drought constrains trees' capacity to rapidly produce defenses during biotic attack. We parameterized a new model of conifer defense using physiological data on carbon reserves and chemical defenses before and after a simulated bark beetle attack in mature Pinus edulis under experimental drought. Attack was simulated using inoculations with a consistent bluestain fungus (Ophiostoma sp.) of Ips confusus, the main bark beetle colonizing this tree, to induce a defensive response. Trees with more carbon reserves produced more defenses but measured phloem carbon reserves only accounted for c. 23% of the induced defensive response. Our model predicted universal mortality if local reserves alone supported defense production, suggesting substantial remobilization and transport of stored resin or carbon reserves to the inoculation site. Our results show that de novo terpene synthesis represents only a fraction of the total measured phloem terpenes in P. edulis following fungal inoculation. Without direct attribution of phloem terpene concentrations to available carbon, many studies may be overestimating the scale and importance of de novo terpene synthesis in a tree's induced defense response.

Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Carbon Reserves in Shaanxi Province Under Different Scenarios in the Future

To understand the land use development trends in Shaanxi Province under different scenarios and effectively assess the spatiotemporal evolution of terrestrial ecological carbon stocks in Shaanxi Province under land use changes, the study used Markov-FLUS and InVEST models to analyze the impact of land use changes in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2020. The impact of carbon storage changes and the spatiotemporal changes in land use structure, carbon storage, and carbon density under three different scenarios were simulated and assessed in Shaanxi Province in 2025 and 2030. The results showed： ① The ROC values of various categories in the coupled Markov-FLUS model were all above 0.7, showing high accuracy and excellent classification performance. The model had a good ability to explain the land use driving factors in the study area, with high accuracy and excellent classification performance. ② From 2000 to 2020, the cultivated land in Shaanxi Province increased significantly. Forest land increased significantly, and the increase in forest land area with high carbon sequestration efficiency caused the carbon storage in Shaanxi Province to increase from 1 546.95 Tg to 1 616.25 Tg. The changes in various regions in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2020 were different, among which the carbon storage in Yan'an was significantly increased by 18.89 Tg, whereas the carbon storage in Yulin significantly decreased by 3.29 Tg in 20 years. ③ Altitude, precipitation, and temperature became the main factors affecting the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2030. In three of the years between 2025 and 2030, under different scenarios, the carbon stocks under the ecological priority scenario were 1 632.27 Tg and 1 647.43 Tg, respectively. The carbon storage and its growth rate were significantly higher than in the natural development scenario and the cultivated land protection scenario. ④ The proportion of carbon storage increase areas under the ecological priority scenario was high. In the cultivated land protection scenario, the proportion of reduction areas was lower than that of the natural development scenario, and the distribution of carbon storage was the most balanced. At the same time, the southern and northern areas of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi need to focus on the protection of the ecological environment in future development. The research results can, to a certain extent, provide reference for promoting the construction of ecological Shaanxi and formulating carbon neutral strategic planning.

Analysis of stored carbon reserves in trees in the green open spaces of Panatayuda Park, Bandung City, and surrounding areas

Climate change and global warming are partly caused by increasing air pollution. This air pollution results in incomplete carbon combustion, producing toxic gases. Carbon is a key component used by plants in the photosynthesis process. Therefore, trees play an important role in reducing pollution and lowering environmental temperatures that trigger climate change and global warming. The purpose of research on carbon reserves is to provide data for the future management of urban parks, utilizing them for climate change mitigation. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. Sampling in this study used the census method with purposive sampling, where all trees with a diameter of ≥ 20 cm were taken as samples. The highest biomass and carbon reserve values stored in trees in Panatayuda Park were found in Ficus elastica, with a biomass value of 51,752.77 kg and a carbon reserve value of 25,876.39 kg. Meanwhile, the lowest values were found in Pterocarpus indicus, with a biomass value of 807.39 kg and a carbon reserve value of 403.69 kg. The total carbon reserve in trees in Panatayuda Park is 79,122.21 kg, with a total biomass of 140,244.41 kg.

Organic Carbon Dynamics In Mangrove Sediments Of North Minahasa, Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the carbon content in mangrove sediments within the North Minahasa District Marine Conservation Area and to understand the factors affecting organic carbon dynamics. It is revealed that the carbon content is significantly varied. Carbon content ranged from 13.874 to 132.65 Mg C ha-1 across different sampling locations, with an overall stored carbon content estimated at approximately 645.19 Mg C ha-1. Soil density and depth were identified as key factors influencing carbon storage, with thicker soil density associated with higher carbon reserves. These findings highlight the importance of understanding local sediment characteristics for effective blue carbon ecosystem management and conservation strategies. Keywords: carbon, sediment, mangrove, North Minahasa

The Carbon Stocks Estimation on Tangga Community Forests of Lombok Utara

Forests are one of the largest carbon dioxide absorbers, the forest's function as a carbon dioxide absorber causes an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is stored in forest biomass. Forest development to increase carbon dioxide absorption can be carried out in state forest areas or private forests, which also include community forests. This research aims to estimate carbon stocks in the Tangga community forest (HKm) , in the Tangga HKm, Lombok utara, NTB. This research uses quantitative methods. The data collected is standing vegetation data. Standing vegetation data includes saplings, poles and trees by measuring diameter and height using purposive sampling collection techniques. Carbon stocks are estimated using the allometric equation formula. The total carbon reserves in the HKm Tangga obtained from each stand were 9.972,11 ton/ha. The highest carbon stock value is at the tree level with a value of 8.785,08 tons/ha, followed by the sapling level at 731,34 ton/ha, and the pole level at 455,69 tons/ha with the highest amount at the candlenut tree level (Aleurites moluccana) at 2.200,63 ton/ha and the lowest was the breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) with a value of 1,96 ton/ha.

Land Use Optimization and Carbon Reserve Assessment in the Shiyang River Basin

Studying the response relationship and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon reserve and land use change and predicting the change trend of carbon reserve caused by the change of land use type in the future can provide some reference for watershed policy formulation, land use structure adjustment, and the realization of the "two-carbon" goal. Based on the land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, the InVEST model was used to calculate carbon reserves and analyze the change characteristics and to simulate the land use change and its impact on carbon reserves in natural development, urban development, and ecological protection in 2030 with the help of the PLUS model. The study found that ① the main land types in the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 were cultivated land, grassland, and unused land. The area of cultivated land, water area, and construction land in the Shiyang River Basin showed a significant increasing trend, and the construction land area increased the most. ② In the natural development scenario of 2030, cultivated land, water area, and construction all increased by 6.15%, 9.56%, and 29.9%, respectively. In the urban development scenario, the area of construction land increased the most. Compared with that in the other two scenarios, the area of forest land and grassland increased in the ecological protection scenarios. ③ The carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 showed a steady increase, with an overall increase of 0.035×108 t. The increased carbon reserves were mainly due to the increase in cultivated land area. ④ In 2030, the carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin showed an increasing trend in all three scenarios. The carbon reserves in the three scenarios were 5.65×108, 5.64×108,and 5.73×108 t, respectively, with the largest increase in carbon reserves in the ecological conservation scenario, mainly due to the increase in grassland and woodland. The results showed that the expansion of construction land was the main cause of the loss of carbon reserves. If effective ecological protection measures are taken, the carbon reserves in the Shiyang River Basin will be improved, and the problem of the loss of carbon reserves caused by economic development can be solved.

Susceptibility Modeling and Potential Risk Analysis of Thermokarst Hazard in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Permafrost Landscapes Using a New Interpretable Ensemble Learning Method

Climate change is causing permafrost in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau to degrade, triggering thermokarst hazards and impacting the environment. Despite their ecological importance, the distribution and risks of thermokarst lakes are not well understood due to complex influencing factors. In this study, we introduced a new interpretable ensemble learning method designed to improve the global and local interpretation of susceptibility assessments for thermokarst lakes. Our primary aim was to offer scientific support for precisely evaluating areas prone to thermokarst lake formation. In the thermokarst lake susceptibility assessment, we identified ten conditioning factors related to the formation and distribution of thermokarst lakes. In this highly accurate stacking model, the primary learning units were the random forest (RF), extremely randomized trees (EXTs), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and categorical boosting (CatBoost) algorithms. Meanwhile, gradient boosted decision trees (GBDTs) were employed as the secondary learning unit. Based on the stacking model, we assessed thermokarst lake susceptibility and validated accuracy through six evaluation indices. We examined the interpretability of the stacking model using three interpretation methods: accumulated local effects (ALE), local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The results showed that the ensemble learning stacking model demonstrated superior performance and the highest prediction accuracy. Approximately 91.20% of the total thermokarst hazard points fell within the high and very high susceptible areas, encompassing 20.08% of the permafrost expanse in the QTP. The conclusive findings revealed that slope, elevation, the topographic wetness index (TWI), and precipitation were the primary factors influencing the assessment of thermokarst lake susceptibility. This comprehensive analysis extends to the broader impacts of thermokarst hazards, with the identified high and very high susceptibility zones affecting significant stretches of railway and highway infrastructure, substantial soil organic carbon reserves, and vast alpine grasslands. This interpretable ensemble learning model, which exhibits high accuracy, offers substantial practical significance for project route selection, construction, and operation in the QTP.

Особенности лесных подстилок в разных типах среднетаёжных лесов

The article presents the features of forest litters of spruce, pine and aspen forests in the middle taiga subzone of the European north-east of Russia. Litter studies were carried out on the territory of the Lyalsky nature reserve (62 о15’N,50о40’E). The thickness, density, mass, fractional composition and carbon reserves in litter in different forest types were determined. The study showed an increase in humidity and litter reserves during the transition from non-swampy to swampy forest types, as well as high variability in the structure and properties of litter depending on the parcellation of forest biogeocenoses. In blueberry spruce forests the litter reserve in green moss parcels is about 49±17 t/ha, in sphagnum parcels is about 77.0±1.7 t/ha. In green moss pine forests the litter reserve in green moss parcels is 54±17 t/ha, and in microdepressions it reaches 67±15 (long-moss parcels) – 101±19 (sphagnum parcels) t/ha. In blueberry-sphagnum pine forests the litter reserve range from 90±16 to 150±25 t/ha. In aspen blueberry forests the above parameter is about 60±16 t/ha, increasing in long-moss plots to 71±27 t/ha. Carbon reserves in spruce forests are about 18 tC/ha, in green moss pine forests – 26 tC/ha, in sphagnum pine forests – 63 tC/ha, in aspen forests – 24 tC/ha. The litter parameters in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic are significantly affected by soil moisture. The relationship between litter stocks and their field moisture is described by the equation: y=5.3588ln(x)–20.56 (R 2=0.7537), where x is field humidity in the middle of the growing season, %, and y is litter stock, kg/m2.

Utilisation of Sentinel-2A Imagery for Estimation of Mangrove Carbon Stock in Mamminasata Area, South Sulawesi

Population growth and land conversion have led to the degradation of mangrove forests on the southern coast of South Sulawesi, especially the Mamminasata area. Reduced mangroves increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, data on the potential carbon absorption of mangroves is still lacking. To overcome this, remote sensing is used to estimate carbon reserves. This reseach utilises Sentinel-2A imagery to estimate mangrove carbon stocks in Mamminasata. The image processing process includes radiometric correction, atmospheric correction, image classification, and extraction of NDVI values. The NDVI value is used to classify the density of mangroves into sparse, medium, and dense, covering 1,244.75 hectares. Field data collection was carried out through a survey of forest stand measurements. The results of NDVI transformation show a value range of 0.2 to 0.8 for mangrove objects in the Mamminasata area. The NDVI data on the analysed images were then made into three density classes. The rare density class has a carbon value of 3.56 – 21.16 Ton C/ha, the medium density class is between 21.17 – 31.49 Ton C/ha, and the dense density class is between 31.50 – 39.18 Ton C/ha. Regression analysis shows a strong correlation between NDVI and carbon stock (R² = 0.7134). This study confirms the effectiveness of remote sensing in environmental monitoring and mangrove conservation. These findings support conservation efforts and sustainable management policies by highlighting areas with high carbon sequestration potential.

Controversies and Misconceptions related to Forest Carbon Storage and the Policy of Forest Bioenergy and Sustainability

The present commentary elaborates on the question whether the sequestration of carbon in forests can be interpreted as a renewable form of energy. Serious concerns have been raised regarding this classification of forest wood among the alternatives for fossil carbon reserves. The hypothesis of (Zhao et al. 2022), namely that taller forests (as a volumetric measure) procure a larger C-sequestration (storage) to the planet’s biosphere, not only is extrapolated to all latitudes. Moreover, a number of 10 misconceptions is envisaged and critically answered, that are well-known from discourses of deforestation lobbyists. Finally, a case study is presented of the impact of deforestation and landscape reforms on bird biodiversity in the Netherlands, measured using a newly developed quick-scan for bird diversity in European temperate regions. It is observed that with broadening and increasing the impact of the political decision making process, the risk of generating bigger ecological mistakes may increase too.

PENDAMPINGAN MASYARAKAT DESA HUTAN (BINAAN PT. WWI) DALAM PENERAPAN METODE PENGUKURAN CADANGAN KARBON DI DESA WAPSALIT KABUPATEN BURU

Carbon reserves in forests play a crucial role in climate change mitigation and the preservation of global ecosystems. Forests act as primary absorbers of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, storing carbon in the biomass of trees, soil, and leaf litter. This community service aims to provide understanding and education to the public about carbon storage, factors influencing storage capacity, and the implications of sustainable forest management. The methodology used includes direct measurement of carbon reserves in various forest types and the analysis of secondary data from scientific literature. Survey results indicate that the village forest of Wapkalit still has significant potential, emphasizing the need for community awareness to continue managing and preserving the forest. Socialization conducted through the FGD (Focus Group Discussion) method can directly impart knowledge to the community.