Carbon Paste Electrode For Determination Research Articles

Development of an efficient electrochemical sensor based on MoS2 nanosheets and ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode for determination of ascorbic acid in the presence of vitamin B6

Development of an efficient electrochemical sensor based on MoS2 nanosheets and ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode for determination of ascorbic acid in the presence of vitamin B6

Development of nano titanium dioxide modified carbon paste electrode for determination of chloramphenicol in vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pond water by cyclic voltammetry

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that has activity against aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal bacteria and is often used in vaname shrimp farming pond water. Behind its usefulness, chloramphenicol has side effects for health, such as aplastic anemia, bone marrow suppression, stomach intestinal disorders, and optical and peripheral neuropathy. This study aims to determine the ability of carbon paste electrodes modified with nano titanium dioxide to detect chloramphenicol levels in vaname shrimp pond water by cyclic voltammetry. This research has successfully made an electrochemical sensor as a nano titanium dioxide-modified carbon paste electrode to detect chloramphenicol in vaname shrimp pond water samples. Nano titanium dioxide used as a modifier in carbon paste electrodes was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), while the study of electrochemical characteristics using cyclic voltammetry method. The electrochemical sensor that has been made is a nano titanium dioxide-modified carbon paste electrode that can detect chloramphenicol in vaname shrimp pond water using the cyclic voltammetry method.

Exploiting ZnO nanoparticles as a modifier for carbon paste electrodes for determination of difloxacin HCl

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are used to modify carbon paste electrodes for a fast, stable, and sensitive electrochemical determination of difloxacin HCl in pharmaceutical formulation and their photodegradation rate. The small particle size and large surface area of ZnONPs enhance the diffusion rates of the chosen target analyte to many accessible binding sites, increasing the range of the linear structure with a low detection limit and improving the stability and lifetime of the electrode. An initial optimization study included sixteen modified carbon paste electrodes to achieve optimal electrode composition in carbon paste composition, plasticizer type, and the amount of ZnO nanoparticles added as a modifier. We studied the performance parameter of two electrodes, one with ZnONPs (E11) and the other without (E5) to evaluate using ZnONPs as a modifier. The optimized electrode is electrode number eleven (E11), with a paste composition of 39% graphite powder, 39% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer, 15% difloxacin HCl-sodium tetraphenylborate (DIF-TPB) ion-pair as an ion exchanger, and 7% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as a modifier, it maintained a Nernstian response over 4 months, with a slope of (57.0 ± 0.4) over the linearity concentration range 6.3 ×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document} 10−6–10−2 M with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.998 and detection limit 6.3 ×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document} 10−6 M within pH range 2–5. The applications of the proposed electrodes are the determination of difloxcine HCl pharmaceuticals formulation and their photocatalytic degradation rate in water samples. The statistical comparison shows no significant difference in accuracy or precision between the reported and the proposed methods.Graphical

Fabrication non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on methyl red and graphene oxide nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for determination of nitrite in food samples

The purpose of this work was to create a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on methyl red and modified carbon paste electrodes (MR/GO/CPE) that can measure nitrite in food samples. FE-SEM images showed that the assembly of MR on the surface of GO nanosheets caused the combination of GO nanosheets and MR particles to form a MR/GO nanocomposite with a high density of holes and crevasses. Amperometry, CV, and DPV techniques were used to study the electrochemical responses of MR/GO/CPE to the determination of nitrite. The results revealed that the MR/GO/CPE demonstrated sensitive, selective, and stable responses to determination nitrite. According to amplitude studies, the proposed nitrite sensor should have a sensitivity value of 0.12735 μA/μM, a large linear range of 0–7000 μM, and a low detection limit value of 0.011 μM. In the current study, the accuracy and applicability of the proposed nitrite electrochemical sensor for the determination of nitrite in prepared meat specimens were examined. The results showed good recovery values (more than 96.00 %) and appropriate precision (RSD less than 5.10 %), as well as good agreement between the amperometric measurements and the Test Kit for Nitrate assays. These findings demonstrated that MR/GO/CPE can be used as trustworthy nitrite sensors for tracking nitrite levels in food specimens.

Electrochemical sensor based on a poly-murexide modified carbon paste electrode for determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin

Electrochemical sensor based on a poly-murexide modified carbon paste electrode for determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin

Ultrasonic aided synthesis of a novel mesoporous cobalt-based metal-organic framework and its application in Cr(III) ion determination in centrum multivitamin and real water samples

A novel Co-based metal organic framework (Co-MOF) was applied as an electroactive material in carbon paste electrode for determination of Cr(III) ion with high selectivity and sensitivity. This Co-MOF was established by transforming the monoclinic structure of the Schiff base as a linker into a 3-D Co-MOF tetragonal system using the cobalt ion as a node under a 1.5:1 M ratio between the Schiff base and cobalt ion by using sonochemical synthesis under optimal conditions. Many characteristic tools were used to test the newly synthesized Co-MOF. The Co-MOF would have a nanometric, mesoporous character (average particle size 45–73 nm and pore diameter 5.0467 nm), 270.201 m2g−1 surface area, and hydrophobicity (average contact angle = 143.23°). Because of its large surface area, porous structure, and electrocatalytic behavior, metal organic framework is a fascinating material to use as an ionophore. This newly synthesized Co-MOF ionophore has been used to determine Cr(III) ions in a variety of samples with high accuracy and precision (RSD % = 0.75–2.55) and the data illustrated a concord with those acquired by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The proposed carbon paste electrode showed a Nernstian slope of 19.96 ± 0.53 mV decade-1 with a detection limit of 4.3 × 10-9 mol L-1, covering a linear range of 5.0 × 10-9 – 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and fast response time of (<10 s) with long-time stability of 2 months over pH range of 3.0 – 6.2. The proposed sensor was highly selective for Cr(III) ions, and the values of selectivity coefficients assessed using the fixed interference method (FIM) and the separate solution method (SSM) which were long recognized.

Preparation of an electrochemical sensor based on a HKUST-1/CoFe2O4/SiO2-modified carbon paste electrode for determination of azaperone

The CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1 were prepared via a multi-step self-assembly technique. X-ray diffraction spectrum and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to characteriz the CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1. A sensitive modified carbon paste electrode was constructed utilizing CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1 (CPE/CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1) to determine azaperone (AZN). A comprehensive evaluation performed on the AZN electrochemical process through diverse potentiostatic and galvanostatic techniques such as chronoamperometry, cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Decreased over-potential with sharply boosted electrochemical current evoked the impressive electrocatalytic effect of CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1 on AZN oxidation. The AZN oxidation on the CPE/CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1 surface obeyed a diffusion-adsorption dual-process favorable for response boosting. At the optimal condition, the better conductivity and greater surface areas of the modified CPE helped to achieve a wide linear range for AZN determination (0.05 to 10000 nM) with a trace detection limit of 0.01 nM. The satisfactory results of the selectivity studies revealed performable AZN sensing in the standard and real samples by CPE/CoFe2O4@SiO2@HKUST-1. Also, validation of the method showed good precision for repetitious experiments and satisfactory accuracy (relative recovery 85 % to 103.4 %) for AZN determination in the ostrich meat and rat blood serum.

Fe3O4-CuO Bimetallic Composite/Functionalized CNTs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Dexamethasone as a Doping Agent in Sports

Fe3O4-CuO Bimetallic Composite/Functionalized CNTs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Dexamethasone as a Doping Agent in Sports

Synthesis of AgNPs functionalized CuMOF/PPy–rGO nanocomposite and its use as an electrochemical sensor for metronidazole determination

AbstractIn this research, a simple and sensitive electrochemical technique based on using nanocomposite of (AgNP/CuMOF/PPy–rGO) modified carbon paste electrode for determination of metronidazole (MTZ) is described. Polypyrrole (PPy) hemispherical molecules coated reduced graphene oxide (PPy–rGO) was combined with CuMOF, a typical metal–organic framework, by hydrothermal method. AgNP/CuMOF/PPy–rGO was simply fabricated by creating AgNP inside and on the surface of the nanocomposite. The composition and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite were investigated by SEM, FT‐IR, EDX, and XRD. Cyclic voltammetry and ASSWV were utilized to determine the electrocatalytic activity of the sensor regarding the reduction of MTZ. Interestingly, some outstanding properties of the nanocomposite including high surface area of CuMOF, good conductivity of PPy–rGO, and the catalytic activity of AgNPs could result in the enhancement of the electron transfer rate, electrochemical behavior, and the reduction of peak currents at the surface of the proposed sensor. Sensitive, promising, and stable electrochemical sensor exhibited linear detection range of 0.08–160 μM at pH 5.0 with detection and limit of 24 nM (S/N = 3). The system was validated for precision with standard deviation less than 2.0%. Moreover, its feasibility was successfully assessed through analysis of tablet and human urine.

Design and fabrication of carbon paste electrode for determination of Cr(III) ion in real water samples using a new synthesis Schiff base as selective ionophore

Chromium has been widely applied in industrial of pigment, stainless steel and electroplating and tanning procedure that enters the water sources. In this work, a simple and reproducible potentiometric sensor was developed for the determination of Cr(III) ions in real solid samples. For this purpose, a new Schiff base (4-((E)-(2-amino-4 chlorophenylimino) methyl) -5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol) were synthesized based on a chemical methods and utilized as a novel and sensitive ionophore for the preparation of Cr(III)-carbon paste electrode. Percentage of carbon paste electrode composition including, graphite powder, ionophore, paraffin oil as a binder, and graphene oxide(GO), was optimized with a chemometric approach using a central composite design method. The optimum percentage of ionophore and nanomaterial in the electrode was obtained 15%w/w. The predicted slope by the computational method and the obtained slope by the experimental method for the proposed sensor was not significantly different. The sensor was linear in the range of 1×10-10- 1×10-2 M for the determination of Cr(III).The effects of other parameters such as pH, response time, lifetime, and interfering ions were studied with one factor at the time method in the optimal composition of the sensor. Proper range of pH, lifetime and response time were acquired 3.5-9.0, 8 weeks and 10 s, respectively. The essential advantages of the proposed sensor were the suitable linear range, a wide range of pH, proper sensor stability, and fast response for the Cr(III) determination. Finally, the analytical application of prepared sensor evaluated to determine Cr(III) in waste and tap water samples.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Citrate stabilized Fe3O4/DMG modified carbon paste electrode for determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in blood plasma and urine samples of cement factory workers

In this paper, a novel mercury-free electrochemical probe was constructed for the trace determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in some biological fluids by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The platform is based on the adsorptive accumulation of Ni(II) onto a carbon paste electrode modified with citrate stabilized Fe3O4 (Cit-Fe3O4) and dimethylglyoxime (DMG). It was shown that trace levels of D4 enhance the electrochemical adsorptive stripping signal of Ni(II) on the electrode platform. It was shown that electrochemical signals are proportional to concentrations of D4. The supporting electrolyte, pH and instrumental parameters associated with the electrode response, including scan rate, accumulation potential and deposition time were optimized. The electrode platform demonstrated well resolved, reproducible peaks, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.8% and detection limit (3Sb/m) of 27.0 ng/mL. The sensor exhibited good D4 detection and quantification in human blood plasma and urine samples.

An electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode for the determination of buserelin

This study presents a rapid, simple, sensitive, and selective electrochemical sensor prepared using a carbon paste electrode for the electrochemical determination of buserelin—an anti-prostate cancer drug.

A novel sensor aluminum silicate modified carbon paste electrode for determination of anti-depressant dothiepin HCl in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids

A novel sensor aluminum silicate was used as a cheaper modifier for the rapid and sensitive voltammetric determination of dothiepin HCl (DTP). Cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA) and square-wave voltammetry techniques were used to characterize the properties of the sensor.The best results were obtained when the measurements are carried at pH 7 using a Britton-Robinson buffer.Under optimum conditions, the linearity range was 2 × 10−7–1 × 10−4 M with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.9998. LOD and LOQ were determined to be 4 × 10−8, 12.1 × 10−8, M respectively. The obtained results were compared successfully with respect to those obtained using the official method. Moreover, this sensor is sensitive for the determination of DTP in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and common interference molecules. The high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and wide linear range make the modified electrode suitable for determination of DTP in pharmaceutical preparation, human serum and urine sample with excellent recoveries. The possible electro-oxidation pathway and the number of transferred electrons were also investigated.

Development of a new electrochemical sensor based on silver sulfide nanoparticles and hierarchical porous carbon modified carbon paste electrode for determination of cyanide in river water samples

In this study, a new electrochemical sensor for determination of cyanide is proposed. The sensor is formed by a carbon paste electrode modified with hierarchical porous carbon and silver sulfide nanoparticles. The morphology characterization was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the chemical and electrochemistry characterization were performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the Ag2SNPs-HPC300 sensor presented a large concentration linear range of 5.9 × 10−7 to 1.1 × 10-3 mol L-1, and limit of detection of 7.0 × 10-8 mol L-1 using square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (SWAdASV) technique. The analytical response of the Ag2SNPs-HPC300 sensor was evaluated in presence of different compounds, and the results showed a RSD of 4.3% in triplicate experiments. The applicability of the Ag2SNPs-HPC300 sensor in river water samples contaminated with cyanine showed recoveries values near 100%. The developed method exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, good reproducibility, repeatability and low-cost, demonstrating to be a very promising analytical alternative for determination of cyanide in this matrix.

Extractive stripping voltammetry at carbon paste electrodes for determination of biologically active organic compounds

In this review, procedures based on extraction accumulation into carbon pastes as main principle of voltammetric determination of biologically active organic compounds are summarized for the first time. This combination is commonly presented as rapid, effective, and advantageous alternative to standard analytical methods based on chromatographic and spectrometric principles. However, to date, a comprehensive review focusing exclusively on different applications of extractive stripping voltammetry has not been reported yet. Herein, the main attention is paid to the principles of extraction-based methods, and all the important factors, working conditions, and parameters influencing more or less the respective analytical performance, including the task of often extraordinary selectivity and good detection capabilities. Various properties as sensitivity, experimental arrangement, scope of application, and theoretical background are also assessed and critically commented. As a point of special importance, medium-exchange procedures are surveyed and shown as effective tools offering a very high selectivity and well applicable in clinical and pharmaceutical analysis. It is assumed that presented information can contribute to a wider applicability of extractive stripping voltammetry, helping in the development of other methods based on these still nonconventional stripping voltammetric procedures. This review also contains a systematic part, in which various methods and approaches of this kind that have already been published, concerning various biologically active organic compounds, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, food additives, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals.

A Potentiometric Sensor for Determination of Doxycycline Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids

This article focused on the construction and characteristics of novelty and sensitivity of modified carbon paste electrodes for determination of doxycycline hydrochloride (DC.HCl) in urine, serum and pharmaceutical preparations. It was based on the incorporation of α-cyclodextrine (α-CD) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ionophores which improved the characteristics of the electrodes with tricresylphosphate (TCP) (electrode I) and o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE) (electrode II) as plasticizers, respectively. The constructed electrodes, at optimum paste composition, exhibited good Nernstian response for determination of doxycycline hydrochloride over a linear concentration range from 1.0 × 10–7 to 1.0 × 10–2 and 1.22 × 10–7 to 1.0 × 10–2 mol L–1 with detection limit of 1.0 × 10–7 and 1.22 ×10–7 mol L–1 and with slope values of (58.7 ± 0.2) mV decade–1 and (58.0 ± 0.6) mV decade–1, for modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPEs; electrodes I and II), respectively. The results showed fast dynamic response time (about 6–7 s) and long lifetime in the range from 4 to 5 months where the response of the electrodes was not affected by pH variation within the range from 2 to 8 and 2 to 7.5 for electrodes I and II, respectively. Electrodes I and II showed high selectivity for doxycycline hydrochloride with respect to a large number of interfering species including foreign inorganic, organic species, excipients and the fillers added to the pharmaceutical preparation. The constructed electrodes were successfully applied for determination of DC.HCl in pure form, its pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids (urine and serum) using standard addition, calibration curves and potentiometric titration methods. The results obtained using these potentiometric electrodes were comparable with those obtained using official method. The results were satisfactory with excellent percentage recovery comparable or better than those obtained by other routine methods.

Application of a nanostructured sensor based on graphene‐ and ethyl 2‐(4‐ferrocenyl[1,2,3]triazol‐1‐yl)acetate‐modified carbon paste electrode for determination of methyldopa in the presence of phenylephrine and guaifenesin

We introduce a new method to determine methyldopa without the interference of phenylephrine and guaifenesin. For this purpose, a carbon paste electrode was modified with graphene and ethyl 2‐(4‐ferrocenyl[1,2,3]triazol‐1‐yl)acetate. According to electrochemical studies, oxidation current of methyldopa on the surface of the modified electrode increased and shifted towards negative potentials. This modified electrode demonstrated two linear ranges of 0.4–30.0 μM and 30.0–500.0 μM with a detection limit of 0.08 μM. No change was observed in the sensitivity of the modified electrode towards methyldopa in the presence of phenylephrine and guaifenesin, which enables the simultaneous or independent measurement of the three moieties. The efficiency of the proposed modified electrode was evaluated through the determination of these substances in real samples.

Evaluation of MWCNTs/TiO2/Chitosan Composite as a Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Pazufloxacin

New carbon paste electrode for pazufloxacin mesylate determination modified with MWCNTs/ TiO2/Chitosan nanocomposite was developed. It was based on the covalent linkage of chitosan to the MWCNTs/TiO2 nanoparticle surface to enhance the sensor electrical properties, sensitivity and selectivity. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform-Infrared, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscope and Thermal gravimetric analysis. The sensor under optimal conditions exhibited high accuracy, precision and reproducibility with a stability of 123 days. It was efficiently applied for the determination of pazufloxacin mesylate in pure standard solution and spiked human plasma. It showed a linearity range of 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−3 mol L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 and a nernestian slope of 56.76 mV/concentration decade. The LOD was 4.8 × 10−10 mol L−1.

Fabrication of an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor based on a mesoporous silica material functionalized by copper ion (SBA-15-Cu(II)) modified carbon paste electrode for determination of antibiotic ceftazidime and its application in pharmaceutical and biological samples

A simple, sensitive and selective sensor based on carbon paste electrode modified by functionalized mesoporous silica material was developed for the electrochemical determination of ceftazidime (CFZ). The functionalized mesoporous silica was synthesized through a self-assembly process using triblock copolymer as template under acidic conditions and then incorporated in the carbon paste electrode as a modifier. This modifier was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The oxidation of CFZ was studied on modified carbon paste electrode using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the oxidation peak current of CFZ on the modified carbon paste electrode was significantly improved compared to that obtained on the bare carbon paste electrode. Under optimum conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response over the CFZ concentration range of 1–2500 nM, with a detection limit of 0.3 nM. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for monitoring of CFZ in the pharmaceutical and biological samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Application of Montmorillonite Clay and Mesoporous Carbon as Modifiers to Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Amoxicillin Drug

Two types of mesoporous carbon (MC and MC−) were prepared. MC was synthesized using the prepared SBA-15 as a hard template and sucrose as the carbon source. While, MC− has been fabricated using polyethylene-polypropylene glycol (F127) as a soft template and resorcinol as a carbon source. The prepared mesoporous carbon and commercial sodium montmorillonite clay (Na-MMT) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption isotherm (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Carbon paste electrode modified with MC, MC− as well as Na-MMT were used as sensors for determination of amoxicillin drug using linear sweep and square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (LS- and SW-AdASV) methods. The most developed peak current was observed at MC modified carbon paste electrode (MC/CPE) indicating its strongest adsorptive property which can be attributed to its highest surface area and lowest charge transfer resistance. MC/CPE was successfully applied for the determination of amoxicillin drug in its pharmaceutical formulation and in biological fluids. LOD values of 6.0 × 10−9 and 1.5 × 10−9 M bulk amoxicillin were obtained using LS- and SW-AdASV, respectively.