Carbon Monoxide Emission Levels Research Articles

EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS OF DIESEL - CADOBA FARINOSA FORSKK BIO-ETHANOL BLENDED FUEL SAMPLES RUNNING ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The world is facing declining liquid fuel reserves at a time when energy demand is exploding. As the supply decreases and costs rise, everyone will be forced to adopt the alternative energy resources. In order to achieve a secure and stable energy supply that does not cause environmental damage, renewable energy sources must be explored and promising technologies should be developed. This study investigates the effects of exhaust gases of diesel-Cadoba farinosa forskk bio-ethanol blended fuel samples run on a compression ignition engine. The test fuels were prepared; BDE2 (97% Diesel and 2% bio-ethanol volumetric proportion), BDE4, BDE6, BDE8 and BDE10 with 1% biodiesel (palm oil methyl esters) was maintained throughout to prevent phase separation of the ethanol and diesel respectively. The engine performance and exhaust gas analysis were also conducted to investigate the effect of bio-ethanol as diesel fuel extender, with a TD110-115 single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled, compression ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions, and incorporated with an SV-5Q automobile exhaust gas analyzer was used to monitor and measure the concentration of gaseous emissions, such as; exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) from the engine tail pipe. Results of the test revealed an appreciable increase in exhaust gas temperature of 16.66% due to the rise in cylinder pressure and temperature respectively. An appreciable decrease in HC, CO and CO 2 15.7%, 37.5% and 15% respectively emissions was recorded for all blended fuel samples with the exception of diesel. While, the least CO and CO 2 emission levels were observed for BDE10 fuel samples. On the account of its satisfactory engine performance behavior, fuel conservation advantages, and inherent greenhouse gas mitigation potentials, the candidacy of Cadoba Farinosa Forskk bio-ethanol and diesel blends, offers the promise of a prospective fuel for compression ignition engines.

Enhancement of Efficiency and Mitigation of Pollutan Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine by the Utilization of Rice Bran Oil as Green Fuel

The current investigation involved the implementation of a research experiment aimed at assessing the operational and emission attributes of a compression ignition direct injection engine comprising a single cylinder. The engine was fuelled with rice bran oil (RBO), and its performance was analysed under different engine loads. The performance metrics that were analysed included the brake specific fuel consumption BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and cylinder pressure. The exhaust emission parameters that were investigated include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxide of nitrogen (NOX). The study compares the results obtained from an experimental investigation involving different variants of rice bran oil (RBO50, RBO75, RBO100) with those obtained from a diesel engine (RBO00). The lowest BSFC obtained for RBO100 is around 0.29 kg/kWh at maximum load conditions (75 %), while the highest obtained for RBO00 is 0.33 kg/kWh. For all operations of diesel and RBO blends, it was discovered experimentally that the BSFC increases until 25 % of engine load and then starts to decline as the engine load is raised. At normal engine load circumstances, RBO75 has the highest thermal efficiency, while RBO00 has the lowest. The high EGT reading of RBO50 blends was due to the high calorific value (CV) of the fuel blends, which produced more heat per unit mass than RBO75 and RBO100. RBO75 achieved the highest cylinder pressure under both half and full load scenarios. RBO00 (pure diesel) achieved the lowest cylinder pressure under both half and full load scenarios. RBO outscored diesel in terms of efficiency of engine. The exhaust emission characteristics that were assessed included NOX, CO2, HC, and CO. The experimental outcomes of the study using rice bran oil-based fuels, specifically RBO50, RBO75, and RBO100, are being contrasted with those of diesel fuel (RBO00). The findings indicate that emissions of CO, CO2, HC, and NOX are lower when using RBO75 and RBO100 compared to diesel fuel. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted to determine the HC emissions of both RBO75 and RBO100 fuels at two distinct engine speeds, specifically 3500 rpm and 2000 rpm. The HC emission level for RBO75 was observed to be at its peak of 211 ppm when the engine speed reached 3500 rpm. The RBO50 fuel exhibits lower levels of CO emissions, measuring at 1.2% (3500 rpm) and 0.32% (2000 rpm). Similarly, CO2 emissions are also reduced with RBO50, measuring at 8.3% (3500 rpm) and 6.9% (2000 rpm). These exhaust emission reductions are observed when comparing RBO50 to diesel (RBO00) and other fuel mixtures, under a 75% load condition. Elevated levels of NOX emissions were detected in diesel fuel (RBO00) at concentrations of 499 ppm (3500 rpm) and 599 ppm (2000 rpm). In comparison to other fuels such as RBO50, RBO75, and RBO100, these higher NOX emissions were noted. In summary, the emission properties of RBO were shown to be superior to those of diesel fuel. The optimal blend for emissions reduction, including CO2, CO, NOX, and HC, was determined to be RBO50.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRODE TYPES ON THE CARBON MONOXIDE FORMATION DURING THE WELDING PROCESS

A study on the dependence of the carbon monoxide concentration in the working area on the magnitude of the welding current and welding time while using electrodes of different types was conducted in order to choose the methods and means for the protection of welders. An analysis of the latest research and publications on air pollution in the working area by aerosols and gases generated during arc welding was performed. For the experimental determination of carbon monoxide concentrations in the welding area, an individual gas detector-analyzer was used. The research results conducted during arc welding in laboratory conditions using the full factorial planning of the FFE2 type experiment are presented. Based on the obtained regression models, graphical dependences of carbon monoxide concentration in the working area on the welding current and welding time were constructed when using the most common brands of electrodes. It was established that the largest amount of carbon monoxide is formed during welding at a current of 200 A with electrodes having a rutile-cellulose coating, in second place - with electrodes having a basic coating, and in third place - having rutile coating; after 5 minutes of welding with an electric current of 100 A, a larger amount of this gas is formed when using the electrodes having the basic coating. The obtained dependences make it possible to practically choose welding modes that ensure minimum levels of carbon monoxide emissions. A complex of modern solutions for reducing air pollution in the working area with carbon monoxide is given, which consists in the use of neutralization methods, ventilation means, and the use of appropriate means of individual respiratory protection, as well as controlling the air environment state during work.

CFD analysis of combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel under conventional and late-injection based premixed combustion conditions

The simultaneous reduction in NOx and smoke emissions can be achieved with biodiesel under a late-injection based low temperature combustion (LTC) strategy. However, this occurs at the expense of a substantial increase in unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. It is worthwhile to understand the reasons behind the formation of these emissions, emphasizing comparison with conventional combustion, which is known to result in significantly low HC and CO emission levels, particularly with oxygenated biodiesel fuel. The present investigation attempts to examine the same with 3D CFD simulation. Experimental data were obtained from a light-duty diesel engine using biodiesel from non-edible Karanja oil. The unmodified engine with OEM low-pressure mechanical fuel injection system was utilized for conventional combustion operation. It is replaced with a modified common rail injection system for a late-injection-based LTC mode of operation. By combining retarded high-pressure injection with EGR, sufficient premixing was sustained to enable late injection-based premixed combustion (LI LTC). The combustion simulation was performed using CONVERGE CFD tool, utilizing a two-component surrogate of methyl butanoate (MB) and n-dodecane to represent biodiesel. A reduced chemical kinetic mechanism, developed and validated in an earlier investigation on biodiesel combustion, was utilized in the current study. The mechanism was solved using the SAGE Detailed CHEMKIN solver in CONVERGE. Validation was conducted at two engine operating conditions defining low and high loads for both combustion modes. The cylinder pressure and heat release rates were predicted with a maximum error of 1.5 and 13%, respectively. The validated CFD tool was employed to compare and analyze the equivalence ratio, in-cylinder gas temperatures, and HC and CO contours between conventional and LI LTC modes. Under LTC mode, the cylinder pressure and heat release rates were predicted with a maximum error of 10 and 15%, respectively. The comparison revealed fuel-rich regions concentrated near the bowl in conventional combustion, while the fuel was spread throughout the combustion chamber in LI LTC mode with over-rich and over-lean regions near the cylinder wall. The cylinder temperature is significantly higher for conventional combustion than LI LTC mode. The O and OH radical concentrations are higher for conventional combustion, corroborating with lower CO emissions, as they aid in CO oxidation. Fuel-rich regions contribute to increased CO emissions, whereas over-lean regions at a low-temperature result in high HC emissions, exhibited by the emission contours. Possible countermeasures to reduce high HC and CO emissions in LI LTC mode include maintaining higher coolant temperatures to enable HC and CO oxidation in the near-wall regions and fuel injection system modification to alter the air–fuel mixing.

Seasonal Comparison of the Wildfire Emissions in Southern African Region during the Strong ENSO Events of 2010/11 and 2015/16 Using Trend Analysis and Anomaly Detection

This study investigates the wildfire biomass-burning emission levels during strong El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) events of 2010–2011 (characterized by a strong La Niña event) and 2015–2016 (characterized by a strong El Niño event) over the southern African region. Specifically, the biomass-burning parameters of black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were investigated. Of interest in the current study was the strong El Niño (2015–2016) and La Niña (2010–2011) events during the main fire seasons in southern Africa, i.e., June–July–August (JJA) and September–October–November (SON). Furthermore, the study looks at how meteorological parameters (temperature and precipitation) are influenced by the two strong ENSO events. The sequential Mann–Kendall (SQMK) test is used to study the long-term trends of the emission and meteorological parameters. Anomaly detection on the long-term emission trends and meteorological parameters are performed using the seasonal and trend decomposition loess (STL) and generalized extreme studentized deviate (GESD). Overall, the results show higher emission levels of SO2, CO, and BC during the JJA season compared to the SON season. The SQMK results show an increasing trend of SO2, CO, and BC over time, indicating an increase in the amount of biomass burning. The GESD showed significant anomalies for BC, SO2, and CO emanating from the two strong El Niño and La Niña events. On the other hand, no significant anomalies were detected for temperature and precipitation. The results in this study highlight the significant effect of strong ENSO events on wildfire emissions, thus retrospectively showing the potential effect of future events, especially in the context of climate change.

KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG PADA SI ENGINE 4 STROKE-LPG FUEL DENGAN VARIASI BUKAAN KATUP GAS

Abstract The use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines continues to be developed, including the use of converter kits as a conversion tool from gasoline to LPG. However, the use of converter kits is not optimal because the mixture of air and gas has not been mixed heterogeneously in the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is necessary to redesign the converter kits that speed up the mixing process between air and gas. This study aims to evaluate the use of LPG fuel in spark ignition engines with converter kits on variations in throttle valve openings on exhaust gas emissions and exhaust gas temperatures. The research method used is an experiment with variations in the throttle valve opening on the engine are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Data that will be compared on the use of gasoline and LPG fuels include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and mean gas temperature. The results showed that the use of fuel between gasoline and LPG on exhaust gas emission levels in spark ignition engines with variations in throttle valve openings was able to reduce CO emissions by 92% on average, HC by 72%, and increase the mean average temperature by 17%. This shows that the use of converter kits at each valve opening is able to reduce levels of CO and HC exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. However, it is inversely proportional to the mean gas temperature, at each variation of the gas valve opening there is a significant increase in temperature. This is because the heating value of LPG is greater than that of gasoline.Keywords—Exhaust gas emission, spark ignition engine, throttle valve open

Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Three-Wheeler Auto Diesel Engine Fueled with Pongamia, Mahua and Jatropha Biodiesels

Background: In India, three-wheeler auto diesel engines are also known as autorickshaw, play a vital role in day to day transportation. On the other hand, it pumps huge amount of harmful exhaust emissions into the atmosphere. As per the study by European Union 1% of India’s over two billion tonnes of annual vehicular CO2 emissions are from autorickshaws. Objective: To address the issue of high exhaust emissions from diesel engine, this paper has proposed Pongamia (PME), Mahua (PME) and Jatropha (JME) biodiesels as an alternative fuel. Methods: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification process; exhaust emissions analysis is carried out on a single cylinder four stroke three-wheeler auto diesel engine at constant speed of 1500rpm. Diesel as a reference fuel and cent percent of PME, MME, and JME as an alternative fuel. Results: Exhaust emissions reveals that there is a maximum reduction of Unburnt Hydrocarbons (UHC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), NOx, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and smoke compared to diesel fuel. At maximum load the NOx emission reduced by 18.41% for JME, 17.46% for MME and 7.61% for PME. Low levels of CO emissions are recorded for JME (66%) followed by MME (33%) and PME (22%). UHC were reduced by 85.75% for JME, MME and for PME 14.28% reduction is observed. Smoke emissions are also reduced for PME and MME by 18.84%, for JME 14.49%. Conclusion: It is observed that all the methyl esters exhibit significant reduction in harmful exhaust emissions compared to diesel fuel and jatropha biodiesel is noted as a better choice.

Effect of geometric parameters on the performance of motorcycle catalytic converters

The critical environmental issues of the Indonesian automotive market growth are the increase in air pollution. Vehicle exhaust emission can cause significant problems for the human health and the environment. Therefore, vehicle emission control is indispensable to mitigate the environmental problem. One of the most widely used methods to reduce automotive emission is utilization of catalytic converter in exhaust system. In fact, the catalyst performance in the reduction of noxious gases depends on its material and geometric design. This study aims to evaluate the effect of geometric parameter on the performance of motorcycle catalytic converters. In this experimental study, the catalytic converter made of brass foil plate is mounted on motorcycle muffler. The effectiveness of three catalyst geometry models namely flat perforated plate, folded perforated plate and rolled brass sheet, will be evaluated in relation to the reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) content. HC and CO emission levels are measured by four gas analyzers. The results show that the geometric parameter has a significant effect on HC and CO’s composition in the exhaust gas. For idle speed test, the second geometry model of catalyst presents the best performance in reduction of Hydrocarbon and CO2 concentration.

Influence of Propyl gallate antioxidant on performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine fueled with Madhuca Indica B20 ester blends

ABSTRACT Biodiesels have received much attention due to depletion of world fossil reserves and increased environmental concerns. However, the biodiesel has lower oxidation stability which degrades its properties. Hence, biodiesel is treated with antioxidants to enhance the oxidation stability which also affects the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel. In this investigation, the influence of synthetic antioxidant Propyl Gallate (PG) on the diesel engine performance and emissions was studied at 1,500 rpm by varying the engine load from no load to full load by using non-edible Mahua biodiesel, and PG was added to the B20 biodiesel blend with the concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750 ppm. The addition of PG marginally decreases the brake-specific fuel consumption and significantly reduces the NOx emission. This is because of free-radical scavenging property of PG which reduces the combustion temperature. However, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission levels are higher than the B20 blend without antioxidant.

Application of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends under Idle Operating Conditions in a Common-Rail Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

This study describes the effects of palm oil biodiesel blended with diesel on the combustion performance, emission characteristics, and soot morphology in a 4-cylinder common-rail direct-injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The operational condition is idle speed, 750 rpm (the lowest speed of the test engine without any operation by driver), and the load conditions of the engine are 0 Nm and 40 Nm. Five kinds of biodiesel fuels are blended with diesel in 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 100% proportions by volume. A pilot injection was applied at BTDC 15 °CA and 20 °CA. Part of the pilot injection affects the combustion of the main injection due to the deterioration of the spray because of the high viscosity of palm oil biodiesel. Palm oil biodiesel is sufficient to keep the engine stable in an idling state, but the fuel economy deteriorated. The deterioration of the spray due to the high viscosity of palm oil biodiesel is offset by the effect of oxygen content and high cetane number, resulting in a constant nitric oxide (NOx) emission. However, particulate matter (PM) is reduced. When the engine load is increased, the carbon monoxide (CO) emission amount increased because of the insufficient intake air and oxygen content to reduce the fuel-rich areas. However, when the palm oil biodiesel blend ratio was above a certain level, the influence of oxygen content in the palm oil biodiesel increased, resulting in reduced CO emission levels. Hydrocarbon (HC) was reduced by oxygen atoms in palm oil biodiesel. The sizes of particulates emitted from diesel engine using palm oil biodiesel decreased with an increased blend ratio because of oxidization of hydrocarbons absorbed on PM.

Issuances of Automotive Vehicles and the Impacts on Air Quality in the Largest City in the Brazilian Amazon

Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

Experimental investigation of tribological characteristics and emissions with nonedible sunflower oil as a biolubricant

ABSTRACTPlant (vegetable) oil has been evaluated as a substitute for mineral oil–based lubricants because of its natural and environmentally friendly characteristics. Availability of vegetable oil makes it a renewable source of bio-oils. Additionally, vegetable oil–based lubricants have shown potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions when utilized in internal combustion (IC) engines and industrial operations. In this study, sunflower oil was investigated to study its lubricant characteristics under different loads using the four-ball tribometer and the exhaust emissions were tested using a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. All experimental works conformed to American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM D4172-B). Under low loads, sunflower oil showed adequate tribological characteristics (antifriction and antiwear) compared with petroleum oil samples. The results also demonstrated that the sunflower oil–based lubricant was more effective in reducing the emission levels of carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, and hydrocarbons under different test conditions. Therefore, sunflower oil has the potential to be used as lubricant of mating components.Implications: An experimental investigation of the characteristics of nonedible sunflower oil tribological behaviors and potential as a renewable source for biofluids alternative to the petroleum oils was carried out. The level of emissions of a four–stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using sunflower oil as a biolubricant was evaluated.

Experimental investigation on the efficiency of a diesel oxidation catalyst in a medium-duty multi-cylinder RCCI engine

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is one of the most promising low temperature combustion (LTC) techniques, as it is able to provide ultra-low NOx and soot emissions together with higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion (CDC) in a wide range of operating conditions. However, the unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission levels are orders of magnitude higher than CDC, which can result in a major problem for implementing the RCCI concept in real engines. In this sense, the high levels of UHC and CO emissions together with the low exhaust temperatures during RCCI operation could compromise the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) conversion efficiency.The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of a conventional DOC in oxidizing the UHC and CO emissions from RCCI combustion. To do this, a medium-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine equipped with its original after treatment system has been used. First, the DOC conversion efficiency is evaluated under some steady-state conditions. Later, the influence of the thermal inertia on the DOC response has been evaluated by means of transient tests. In this sense, different engine load-speed steps as well some simplified conditions from the worldwide harmonized vehicle cycle (WHVC) and the supplemental engine transient cycle (SET) are evaluated. In steady-state conditions, with DOC-inlet temperatures of 200–300 °C, the results show conversion efficiencies of 100% for CO and 85–95% for HC. At 10% and 25% load, the DOC-outlet UHC levels are unacceptable considering the EURO VI regulation, while at 50% load the tailpipe emissions fulfill the emissions standard. The results in transient conditions are more promising thanks to effect of the thermal inertia, showing 100% conversion efficiency for CO and greater than 90% for UHC during large periods of engine operation.

Effects of small backward inclination on characteristics of a stack-issued combusting transverse jet in crossflow

Effects of small backward inclination on the flame behaviors and thermochemical structures of a stack-issued transverse combusting gaseous fuel jet in crossflow were examined in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel was used to supply the crossflow. A combusting jet was released vertically into the crossflow through a burner tube to serve as the benchmark. The case that the jet released at a small backward inclination angle of 20o was studied for comparison with the benchmark. The jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio ranged from 0.005 to 12. The flame behaviors were studied with photography techniques while the temperature fields were probed using a fine-wire R-type thermocouple. The combustion product concentrations were detected with a gas analyzer. It was found that the flames of the jet issued vertically into the crossflow never detached from the burner tube tip, whereas those of the jet issued from a burner tube at a small backward inclination angle may detach and stabilize above the burner tube exit at high fuel jet velocity before blow-off. The slightly backward inclined combusting jet in crossflow presented slower development to turbulent flames as the jet velocity increased and longer flame length than the flames of the vertically issued jet in crossflow. However, injecting the fuel jet at a small backward inclination angle into a crossflow may lead to a reduction in the emission levels of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide when compared with fuel jets released vertically.

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and charge inlet temperature on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel engine with bael oil blends

The threat of fossil fuel depletion and augmented environmental pollution caused by diesel fleets can be curbed by adopting suitable fuel and engine modifications. In the present work, effects of engine speed (r/min), injection timing, injection pressure and compression ratio on performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine were investigated. The ternary test fuel of 65% diesel + 25% bael oil + 10% diethyl ether has been used, where the tests have been conducted at different charge inlet temperature and exhaust gas recirculation. All the experiments were conducted at the trade-off engine load that is 75% engine load. When the diesel engine operating with 320 K charge inlet temperature, brake thermal efficiency has been improved to 28.6%. Meanwhile reduced emission levels of carbon monoxide (0.025%) and hydrocarbon (12.3 ppm) were observed during the engine operation with 320 K charge inlet temperature and compression ratio of 18:1. The oxides of nitrogen have been reduced to 226 ppm at 16:1 compression ratio with 30% exhaust gas recirculation mode.

Combustor concept for industrial gas turbines with single digit NOx and CO emission values

Natural gas, when compared to other solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, offers a cleaner and more environmentally friendly combustion. Nevertheless, it also produces unwanted pollutant species such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) when fired in combustors of industrial gas turbines under high temperature and pressure. These emissions of NOx and CO are harmful for human and nature and need to be kept below the regulatory limits.This problem has been the subject of numerous research and development activities for decades. The current state of the art provides well-developed firing systems for industrial gas turbines, which ensure NOx and CO emission levels well below the legal limits [1 - 5]. A comprehensive overview of the characteristics currently available gas turbines on the German market is offered by the revised version of the ASUE brochure from 2015 in [6], where beyond the reference list about industrial and municipal gas turbines, NOx reduction methods and achieved NOx emission values are recorded.Nevertheless, there still is the need for additional research in order to contribute to both the simplification of the still complicated design of the overall combustor concepts and the further reduction of harmful emissions.

Effects of Iron Nanoparticles Blended Biodiesel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine

The technology for use of biodiesels (up to 20%) as alternative fuel in diesel engines has already been established. In this regard, some suitable modification of biodiesel with appropriate additives may help in increasing the biodiesel component in the biodiesel fuel blends. In order to evaluate the effects of iron nanoparticles (INP) blended palm biodiesel (PB) on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine, an experimental investigation is carried out in a single cylinder diesel engine. Methodically, biodiesel prepared from palm oil and commercially available nanosized INP is used in this study. Iron nanoparticles are suspended in the biodiesel in proportions of 40 ppm to 120 ppm using an ultrasonicator. The intact study is conducted in the diesel engine using the four fuel samples, namely diesel, PB20, INP50PB30, and INP75PB30, consecutively. The addition of nano-additive has resulted in higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 3% and break-specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 3.3%, compared to diesel fuel. The emission levels of carbon monoxide (∼56%) and NOx (∼4%) are appreciably reduced with the addition of INP. Increase of INP in the blend from 50 ppm to 75 ppm, BTE and BSEC tend to reduce, but CO and NOx emissions are reduced.

Numerical model of a shaft furnace operation

PurposeThe model of a shaft furnace operation is presented in this paper. Aim of this model is to predict concentrations of carbon monoxide and dioxide, the temperature of the lava and the heat losses.Design/methodology/approachThe mathematical model is based on 1D mass and heat balance laws for flue gas, coke and four materials used in a mineral wool production. Process parameters should be optimized for the minimal heat loss and the carbon monoxide concentration while keeping the prescribed lava temperature. The model consists of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions for coke combustion, dolomite decomposition, rock and coke heating and a rock-melting model. The resulting system of partial differential equations is discretized by the finite volume method and solved with the explicit Euler scheme together with the point-implicit preconditioning of sources in species balance equations.FindingsNumerical results are compared with the measured data on the pilot-scale device and show good agreement. It is found that in the lower region of the furnace, the large amount of carbon monoxide is present despite high oxygen levels.Practical/implicationsBased on the numerical model, the parameters of the secondary air stream could be studied (position, volume flux, oxygen enrichment and temperature) to decrease levels of carbon monoxide emissions while keeping lava temperature at needed levels.Originality/valueThe paper includes mathematical and numerical model needed for simulation of shaft furnaces in mineral wool industry. It can be used as a valuable tool for design engineers and furnace operators during research or redesign of existing devices.

Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis and its Utilization in Compression Ignition (C.I.) Engine

Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis and its Utilization in Compression Ignition (C.I.) Engine Sumit Bhat and Rohit Singh Lather Department of Mechanical Engineering, The North Cap University, Sector-23A, Gurgaon – 122017, Haryana, India; sumitbhat@ncuindia.edu, rohitlather@ncuindia.edu Abstract Objectives: Utilization of waste effectively and efficiently is one the major concern in today’s world. The depleting natural resources (like fossil fuels) add further to this concern. If we continue to use and exploit fossil fuels at the existing rate, then after another 150 years or so they would be no longer available for our use. Therefore, it is the duty of present generation to use fossil fuels judiciously so that something is left for the generations to come. The need of the hour is to adopt some measures which can help to manage wastes and at the same time to create some alternate fuels out of the waste only to conserve the precious fossil fuels. Thus pyrolysis these days is catching everybody’s attention due to its potential to utilize variety of waste feedstock’s to generate combustible products and may prove to be potential technology for society in the times to come. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: The process known as “Pyrolysis” which can be a possible solution for conversion of waste to fuel. In pyrolysis wastes like plastic, polythene, tyres and biomass etc. can be used as feedstock’s, using heat in absence of air are converted to fuel oil, chemicals and gas. In the present work pyrolysis is used for converting waste plastic into fuel oil termed as pyrolytic oil. A semi batch type pyrolysis reactor was used to carry out pyrolysis. The pyrolysis was carried out at 3500C.The vapours of the waste plastic and polythene generated during pyrolysis were condensed using condensing unit into oil. The pyrolytic oil obtained was filtered using multiple pass filter paper. The following test fuels were developed: blends (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume) of this oil with diesel were prepared and they were compared with 100% diesel. Performance parameters such as, Thermal Efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and Torque were measured. These performance parameters were measured at different loads at 1500rotations per minute (r.p.m).Now this derived oil was further checked for emissions like Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydro Carbon( HC) etc. on Gas Analyser. Findings: Properties like calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density were measured and compared with diesel. The calorific value of pyrolytic oil was about 39.769 MJ/kg. Viscosity of the pyrolytic oil was checked with Redwood Viscometer and was 0.0038 stokes at 600C. The density of the derived fuel was 780 kg/m3. The results clearly indicated that these three properties were comparable with other conventional fuel oils especially diesel. Therefore, this derived pyrolytic oil was further used for carrying out investigations on compression ignition engine for checking its performance parameters. The results clearly indicated that indicated thermal efficiency and Brake thermal efficiency obtained with 20% blend was more in comparison with 100% diesel. The value of torque at different loads came out almost similar for different blends and 100% diesel. The results were clearly in favour of pyrolytic oil. The value of NO emissions were higher in comparison to 100% diesel but the emission levels of CO, HC, and CO2 were found lower. than 100% diesel. The absorption coefficient of this oil was checked on Smoke meter and compared with 100% diesel. It was observed that absorption coefficient with 20% blend was much lower as compared to 100% diesel. From the research work it is established that pyrolytic oil can serve as a good alternate fuel as compared to diesel because of its performance and less emissions. From investigations it is seen that various factors like calorific value, density, viscosity etc. obtained with this oil are comparable with other fuel oils especially diesel. Results obtained with different blends (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of pyrolytic oil with diesel have shown that the various performance parameters like indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, torque etc. are more or less at par with diesel fuel. Application/ Improvement:With some suitable alterations in the reactor the efficiency and yield can still be improved keeping economic viability into consideration at the same time

Dual fuel engines fueled with three gaseous and biodiesel fuel combinations

ABSTRACTAlternative fuels have numerous advantages over fossil fuels as they are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings, and help in addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues. Renewable fuels such as biodiesel and gaseous fuels can be used for transportation and power generation applications. Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) biodiesel and three gaseous fuels – compressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG), and producer gas – were used as injected and inducted fuels. This paper presents the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection stationary diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode on a combination of HOME and the gaseous fuels CNG, HCNG and producer gas. For a diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode with HOME–gaseous fuel combinations, experimental results showed decreased brake thermal efficiency, smoke and nitric oxide emission levels and increased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission levels when compared with single fuel mode of operation. Compared to CNG and producer gas dual fuel operation, HCNG operation resulted in overall improved performance (with HOME being the common fuel in all dual fuel modes of operation). Enriched CNG with hydrogen (20%) i.e. HCNG improved the dual fuel engine performance with HOME when compared to CNG operation.