Raw Materials Carbon Research Articles

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Mango Nuclei and Study of Its Physical Properties and Chemical Using Carbonization and Chemical Treatment

Abstrac In this study, activated carbon is made from the mango nuclei (Mangifera indica L) which is used during the preparation process of alkaline hydroxides. Alkaline hydroxides simultaneously served as an activating and carbonating agent. The hydroxyl ion increases the raw material's carbon content by removing hydrogen from it in the form of water molecules. The size of the pores generated in the prepared activated carbon is determined by the positive ion in the alkaline hydroxyl. In order to determine the qualities of the manufactured activated carbon, measurements of the adsorption of the dyes methylene blue and iodine from their aqueous solutions are made, which provide information about the values of the outer and inner surface areas, respectively. Also, the density, moisture content, and ash content are measured. Compared to the BDH Company's commercial model, certain produced models provided better adsorption qualities.

In Ukrainian

In this paper, changes in the porous structure of carbon material are investigated during chemical activation of apricot pit at different temperatures. The main purpose of the research has been to study the features of the internal micro- and mesostructure of the carbon surface, as well as to find patterns in the size distribution of pores dependent on the carbonization temperature of plant raw materials and subsequent chemical activation. The object of the study is porous carbon material, obtained from dried apricot fruit pits, pre-crushing, and cleaned from the core. This raw material has been carbonized at 300–900 °C with an interval of 100 °C and subjected to chemical activation by potassium hydroxide in the weight ratio XК, where ХК = m(KOH)/m(C). Thereby, a series of samples C3÷C9 has been obtained. The porous structure characteristics (specific surface area and total pore volume) of porous carbon material have been determined based on the analysis of nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherms. It has been found that these materials have a frame structure with a large number of micropores. The analysis of literature data has revealed that the experimental curves belong to the isotherms that are characteristic of multilayer adsorption in micro- and mesopores of materials of organic origin. The hysteresis loop observed on these isotherms is related to the sorption processes in narrow pores. It has been found that carbonization of raw materials and chemical activation contribute to the cleaning of the frame structure, and there are acceptable modes of heat treatment of raw materials of plant origin, which determine the optimal pore size distribution and have a specific surface area S = (1042–1313) m2/g. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, the peculiarities of the formation of impurities on the surface of the original samples have been studied and their nature has been elucidated. It has been found that the largest total pore area has a sample carbonized at 600 ºC, and the largest pore volume Vtotal = 0.68 cm3/g for sample C3 is associated with a significant number of mesopores in the porous structure. As the carbonation temperature increases to 800-900 °C, narrow micropores degenerate and the carbon matrix transforms, resulting in a decrease in both the total pore area and the total porous volume.

Carbon black makers upgrade plants

Two makers of the tire raw material carbon black are on track to complete plant upgrades before a US Environmental Protection Agency–imposed deadline of April 2021. Orion Engineered Carbons says it...

Exploration Sustainable Base Material for Activated Carbon Production Using Agriculture Waste as Raw Materials: A Review

Activated carbon can be call as “material of the future” due to its versatility usage from medical aspect, water and air treatment and a very good adsorbent characteristic. Process involved in the production of activated carbon were carbonization of raw material and activation of the charcoal to be a carbonized material. Basically the activation can be either physical or chemical activation or a combination of it. This paper is to review the potential of agricultural waste and introduce the potential base material that can be utilized as raw material for activated carbon. The process and the material selected on agricultural waste is coconut shell, palm kernel shell and rubber seed shell. The downstream industry of agricultural waste could look into material for the product development in the near future.

A Novel Global Warming Solution: Use of Flue Gas to Produce Urea

Urea is a nitrogenous organic compound which is widely used as a fertilizer and in the agricultural industry. On an industrial scale, urea can be manufactured from the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia. The goal of this research is to design a plant that produces 46.84 tons/hr of urea from the raw materials carbon dioxide and ammonia. The quantities of carbon dioxide and ammonia consumed in the process were 37.32 tons/hr and 28. 84 tons/hr, respectively. The carbon dioxide is obtained using a sustainable approach from the waste products, the flue gas, of a nearby power plant. In the first step of the process, carbon dioxide is extracted in an absorption column that uses ammonia and stripping columns from the flue gases emitted from a power plant. This ensures that the whole production process is environmentally sustainable and contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide that cause global warming.

Recovery of useful chemicals from palm oil mill wastewater

A two-step process consisting of pyrolysis of dried sludge and catalytic upgrading of pyrolysed liquid was proposed. Wastewater from a palm oil mill was separated to solid cake and liquid by filtration. The solid cake was dried and pyrolysed at 773 K. Liquid product obtained from the pyrolysis had two immiscible aqueous and oil phases (PL-A and PL-O). Identification of chemicals in PL-A and PL-O indicated that both phases contained various chemicals with unsaturated bonds, such as carboxylic acids and alcohols, however, most of the chemicals could not be identified. Catalytic upgrading of PL-A and PL-O over ZrO2 ·FeOx were separately performed using a fixed bed reactor at various conditions, T = 513-723 K and mass of catalyst to feed rate = 0.25-10 h. The main components in the liquid products of PL-A upgrading were methanol and acetone whereas they were acetone and phenol in the case of PL-O upgrading. More than 15% of carbon in raw material was deposited on the catalyst. To reduce the carbon deposition, the used catalyst was treated with air at 823 K. This simple treatment could reasonably regenerate the catalyst only for the case of PL-A catalytic upgrading.

Effect of Carbon Content on Morphology, Size and Phase of Submicron Tungsten Carbide Powders by Salt-assisted Combustion Synthesis

Abstract The diluent NaCl was introduced into the WO 3 -Mg-C-Na 2 CO 3 system to prepare submicron tungsten carbide (WC) powders via salt-assisted combustion synthesis. The products were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD, and the effects of C content on morphology, average particle size and phase composition of the products were studied. Results show that on basis of the m = 0.125 (the number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 ), when the number of moles of carbon in raw material increases from l =2 to 2.25 and 2.5, before leaching, the product is made up of a small number of large size particles and a large number of small size particles; after leaching, samples are composed of aggregates of submicron particles, and the sintering phenomenon between particles is very weak, indicating low degree of aggregation. Particle size distribution of leached product almost falls into the normal distribution, and the particle sizes range from 200 nm to 350 nm. Under the condition of l =2.25, a main target product is WC, and the content of by-products W 2 C is extremely few. That is, k = 2.0 (the number of moles of NaCl), m = 0.125, and l =2.25 are the process conditions for single-phase WC synthesis.

水性インキ用自己分散型顔料の特性に及ぼす原料カーボンブラックの物性の影響

近年, インクジェットプリンター (以下IJP) 用インキには, 記録物の画質, 耐久性などを向上させるために, 黒色色素として染料系から顔料系を用いるようになりつつある。その結果, 黒色顔料として使用されるのは, ほとんどがカーボンブラック・ (以下CB) となって来ている。使用に当って, 酸化や有機反応を利用してCB表面に水分散性に優れた表面官能基を付与して, 水へ自己分散させる方法がとられている。それゆえ, このIJP用インキに適した自己分散型CBを選定するには, CBの基本特性を考慮することが必要不可欠である。そこで, ASTM (アメリカ材料試験協会規格) に準拠したCBを主原料とし, それらに酸化反応を加えた後, 水中へ自己分散させ, IJP用顔料としての基本特性を検討した。その結果, 粘度は, CBの大きさとストラクチャーの発達度合いを掛けた値, 分散2次凝集体径および黒色度は, ストラクチャーの発達度合いをCBの大きさを示すパラメーターで除した値, 沈殿残渣率は, CBの大きさに密接な関係を有することが判明した。

Apparatus for continual carbonization of raw materials to produce carbonaceous material with water quenching to improve yields

Apparatus for continual carbonization of raw materials to produce carbonaceous material with water quenching to improve yields