Carbon Hybrid Composites Research Articles

Finite element analysis of drilling-induced damage responses on FRP hybrid bio/composite laminates

Machining/drilling is crucial in the joining process of composites. However, drilling composite materials often leads to hole dimensional inaccuracy, surface roughness and delamination, among others. These drilling-induced damage (DID) responses are associated with torque and thrust (principal drilling forces), and rampant in fibre-reinforced polymeric (FRP) hybrid bio/composite laminates. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical approach, using finite element method (FEM) was undertaken to analyse the DID responses of FRP hybrid bio/composite laminates. Drilling simulation was performed at spindle velocity and feed rate of 3000 rpm and 5 mm/s, respectively. Both thrust force and torque were produced, computed and interpreted. From the results obtained, it was evident that drilling of synthetic (glass, G and carbon, C) FRP hybrid composites demanded higher or substantial torque and thrust forces, due to their superior strengths, exemplified by the (2G+2F)13 samples, when compared with the weaker natural/plant (flax, F; jute, J and hemp, H) FRP hybrid bio/composites, especially (J+F)27 samples. In addition, the investigation established the advantages of dual layup methods over single arrangements. Carbon and glass FRP hybrid composites exhibited excellent hybridisation properties, but their brittleness necessitated careful management of torque and thrust forces to prevent high DID responses. Summarily, this investigation provided a guide for FRP hybrid bio/composites design and drilling, in addition to opportunities for additional research on other process parameters towards further study.

An ordered mesoporous carbon-silica hybrid for the detection of the antiviral drug ribavirin in clinical samples.

Ribavirin (RIB) is widely used for the treatment of viral diseases such as herpes, hepatitis C, and Lassa fever. Moreover, to control the spread of COVID-19, the consumption of antiviral medicines, including RIB, has increased significantly worldwide. By combining ordered mesoporous carbon with silica nanoparticles via ultrasound, we synthesized silica/ordered mesoporous carbon (SiO2-OMC) hybrid composites that show excellent electrochemical performance. The hybrid composite was found to contain spherical SiO2 nanoparticles having diameters ranging from 21 to 29 nm. A sensor comprising a carbon paste electrode and SiO2-OMC (SiO2-OMC/CPE) facilitated the ultrasensitive and selective detection of RIB at an oxidation potential of 0.71 V, having a linear range of 0.1-40 μmol L-1, limit of detection of 0.067 μmol L-1, and sensitivity of 1.969 μA μmol-1 L. Furthermore, the results indicate that charge transfer at the interface of the SiO2-OMC hybrid results in a synergistic effect compared to OMC and SiO2 alone. The advantages include the potential for regenerating the sensor surface, rapid and facile production, and suitability for the detection of RIB in capsule, human plasma, and urine samples, making SiO2-OMC/CPE a promising interface for bioelectrochemical applications.

Mechanical, morphological and water intake behavior of Mg-Si integrated carbon hybrid composite for marine deckhouse

The automated boat’s deckhouse is made of deforested wood and glass fiber, harming producers, fishermen, and marine life. In context, researchers are attempting to make composites from waste and replace synthetic materials with natural composites. In the present work, a Carbon/Mg/Si/polyester hybrid composite is developed as a potential replacement for wood in marine deckhouse construction. Impact, tensile, flexural, Rockwell and Brinell hardness were tested using ASTM standards, as well as weight absorption in fresh and seawater. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microanalysis (EDAX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy techniques were used to identify microstructure, elements, and functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used to determine the thermal stability and heat intake/rejection of the hybrid composite. Novel hybrid composites with Mg-Si fillers improve the mechanical strength, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and deckhouse life span in marine environments.

Multi-objective optimal design for carbon and basalt fibre-reinforced hybrid composites under flexural loading

This paper presents a study on the optimal design of hybrid composites reinforced by woven carbon and basalt fibre fabrics. The investigation focuses on evaluating the flexural properties of these hybrid composites through finite element analysis (FEA)-based simulations. To determine potential optimal stacking sequences, design rules are employed. For each stacking sequence, a regression model is developed to establish the correlation between the flexural strength and the fibre volume fractions. Using these regression models, solutions meeting the minimum required flexural strength are found for each stacking sequence. With the objectives of minimising both cost and weight, the optimal solutions are found from these solutions. It is shown that for most optimal solutions, basalt/epoxy and carbon/epoxy plies should be placed on the compressive and tensile sides, respectively. When the minimum required flexural strength is high (800 MPa or 900 MPa), sandwich type stacking sequences with carbon/epoxy plies on both the compressive and tensile sides can also be the optimal solutions. Key findings from this study include.1. Stacking sequences [C]8, [B2C6], [B2C2BC3], [B2C2]2, [B2C2B3C], [B2CB4C], and [B7C] are optimal solutions for all minimum flexural strengths.2. Stacking sequences [B3C]2 and [B]8 are optimal solutions when the minimum flexural strength is up to 800 MPa.3. Stacking sequence [BC7] can be one of the optimal solutions when the minimum flexural strength is 600 MPa or 700 MPa.4. Stacking sequence [C4B2C2] is one of the optimal solutions when the minimum flexural strength is 800 MPa or 900 MPa, and stacking sequence [C3B3C2] is one of the optimal solutions when the minimum flexural strength is 900 MPa.

Towards green composites: Bioepoxy composites reinforced with bamboo/basalt/carbon fabrics

Recently, the awareness of global warming was stimulated in terms of material usage. Interestingly, the incorporation between fiber reinforcement and epoxy resin was applied in various applications which were entrancing in automotive, construction, and aerospace industrial as hybrid composite materials. The aim of this study is focused on the substitution of synthetic epoxy with bioepoxy resin and also the replacement of synthetic-based composites with fully biobased composites. To the best of our knowledge as of now, there is no work has been published on this concept. The synthetic epoxy and bioepoxy composites with bamboo (BB)/basalt (BS)/carbon (CB) hybrid composites with laminate stacking BSBBBS (basalt + bamboo + basalt) and CBBBCB (carbon + bamboo + carbon) hybrid composites were fabricated by the compression molding technique. The fabricated composites were subjected to the accelerated weathering test. The composites before and after the accelerating weathering test were tested and compared. The properties such as tensile, impact, morphology, thermal analysis, thermomechanical, contact angle, and water absorption tests were carried out. The hybrid composites showed excellent retention in mechanical properties even after the accelerated weathering test. The results showed that the bioepoxy/bamboo/basalt/carbon hybrid composites can be substituted with synthetic epoxy composites in automobile and structural applications in all weather conditions. • Use of green materials in the composite industry. • Incorporation of biofibers in bioepoxy resin to produce biomaterials. • Biocomposites for automobile and structural applications.

Synthesis of Mn O @C hybrid composites for optimal electromagnetic wave absorption capacity and wideband absorption

• Different manganese oxide/carbon hybrid composites have been synthesized. • The relaxation times of composites have been discussed in detail. • The optimal performance with RL min of -76.0 dB and EAB max of 5.2 GHz were achieved. The fabrication of high-performance electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption (EMA) materials is an effective strategy to deal with ever-increasing EM pollution. In this work, a series of manganese oxides/porous carbon (Mn x O y @C) hybrid composites are obtained by a two-step process. It is revealed that different manganese oxides play various influence on the dielectric properties of absorbers. Owing to the moderate complex permittivity of MnO@C hybrid composites, the optimal reflection loss could reach as high as -76.0 dB at the matching thickness of 2.0 mm with 5.2 GHz of effective absorption bandwidth at thickness of 2.1 mm. We demonstrated that the addition of porous carbon is vital for enhancing EMA performance of composites, which not only coordinates impedance matching allowing more EM waves enter the absorber, but also provides the path for electron movement, thus profiting conductive loss. Besides, different heterogeneous interfaces including porous carbon, manganese oxide and so on, are conducive to contribution of interface polarization. The most noteworthy is ingenious design of composite materials and systematic research of EM energy attenuation mechanism in this work will provide the possibility to realize high-performance EMA.

Study on Abrasion Wear behaviour of Hybrid Composites using dimensional Analysis and Wear Models

The prediction of abrasive wear behavior of Glass-Basalt (GB) and Glass -Carbon (GC) hybrid composites in two body wear mode using dimensional analysis has been presented. The blend (PA66/PTFE) in 80/20 wt. % proportion was used as the base material. The individual effect of glass fibers and carbon fibers (10 wt. % each) were also studied and compared. Melt mix method using twin screw extrusion and injection molding process were used for developing hybrid composites. The mathematical model to predict the wear loss has been developed using dimensional analysis for the aforesaid hybrid composites and evaluated through justification using experimentally determined wear loss. Further, the wear behavior due to two body abrasion of hybrid composites is justified using abrasive wear models. It is noticed that developed mathematical model and wear models agrees with the abrasion wear behavior of composites studied. It is noticed that Ratner -Lancaster factor (σε) was used as one variable for the abrasion wear model. It is proved that specific wear rate is indirectly proportional to the wear resistance. Furthermore, the individual effect of short fibers is compared with GB and GC hybrid composites. It is proved that hybrid composites exhibited the better wear resistance.

Feature selection and clustering of damage for pseudo-ductile unidirectional carbon/glass hybrid composite using acoustic emission

Hybrid composites (made up of carbon and glass) have widely adopted acoustic emission (AE) as a technique to study their structural behavior. However, the fiber breakage damage mechanisms from the AE signal are only limited to bulk fiber, which prevents the analysis of the constituent fiber behavior towards failure. To solve this problem, AE analysis was done on tensile loaded thin-ply carbon and glass hybrid composite (exhibiting pseudo-ductility) with new derived AE parameters and incorporating the Cronbach’s alpha test in the feature selection process. The feature selection process obtained the desired parameters that enabled signal clustering of the constituent fibers breakage mechanism separately and the delamination, pull-out, and matrix cracking. Pseudo-ductility is discussed using the clustered AE signals explaining the constituent fibers fracture behavior towards failure. This work is essential in evaluating hybrid composites by studying the behavior of the constituent fibers using AE analysis.

Controllable synthesis of Ni/NiO@porous carbon hybrid composites towards remarkable electromagnetic wave absorption and wide absorption bandwidth

The reasonable design of the composition of the composite materials is of great significance to optimized the electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption performance. Herein, the Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites with tunable Ni proportion were successfully synthesized through a two-step process. With the assistance of X-ray diffraction with refinement treatment, the specific proportion of Ni of as-obtained hybrid composites could be obtained. Employing controlling calcination time to adjust the Ni content of Ni/NiO@C hybrid composites, it has been found that the composite carbonized at 500 °C exhibited remarkable EM wave absorption with the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -49.1 dB at 4.9 mm and the widest effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 4.56 GHz at 2.1 mm. Moreover, by adjusting the Ni source, the optimal EM wave absorption performance could be achieved. Results illustrated that the N3PC with the Ni proportion of 13.17 % showed the RLmin as low as -51.1 dB at 2.4 mm and the EABmax was 5.12 GHz at 2.7 mm. It is worth noting that this work demonstrates the relevance of the composition and EM wave absorption performance of hybrid composites, which offers a feasible reference for the absorption mechanism of absorber.

Size effects in hybrid unidirectional polymer composites under longitudinal tension: A micromechanical investigation

While fibre hybrid composites result in hybrid effects and improved ductility compared to non-hybrid laminates, it is unclear how material size influences hybrid properties (i.e. the so-called ‘size effect’). This paper addresses this phenomenon in a carbon–carbon hybrid composite by means of micromechanical modelling using a progressive failure model. Results demonstrate that increasing either the length or the cross-section of the virtual Representative Volume Element (RVE) causes an earlier failure, slightly decreases ductility and significantly improves the hybrid effect. In addition, increasing the RVE volume results in a higher maximum cluster size, while the presence of ductility does not alter the magnitude of the size effects. Further, the presence of a larger hybrid effect does not necessarily translate into greater ductility.

Removal of phosphate and nitrate via a zinc ferrite@activated carbon hybrid composite under batch experiments: Study of isotherm and kinetic equilibriums

Phosphate and nitrate ions are ubiquitous pollutants in aquatic environments and phosphate and nitrate removal from water have been widely studied. Still, there exists a dilemma in developing highly selective adsorbents for the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions with enhanced removal efficiency. Herein, developed a unique and novel activated carbon-supported zinc ferrite (AC@ZnFe2O4) composite (Activated carbon derived from Muskmelon Peel) via co-precipitation method for removing phosphate and nitrate ions from water. The adsorption capacity of AC@ZnFe2O4 strongly depends on the surface properties, and this system was mainly governed by multilayer adsorption. Besides, AC@ZnFe2O4composite showed a high adsorption efficiency of 91.80 and 75.58 mg/g for phosphate and nitrate ions, respectively at 30 °C (Langmuir isotherm model). The fabricated AC@ZnFe2O4 composite was characterized using FTIR XRD, SEM, BET, EDAX and TGA-DSC analysis. The regeneration experiments revealed that the AC@ZnFe2O4 composite could potentially be reused by maintaining its high removal efficiency. The above findings suggest that AC@ZnFe2O4 composite could act as a potential low-cost adsorbent and applicable for the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions to retain the quality of water after treatments.

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis on different inter-ply configurations of glass/basalt/aramid/carbon hybridized composites for aircraft structures

The objective is to design and fabricate a simple airfoil wing structure using hybrid composites and to study its vibrational properties. The motive of this project is to provide the base data for further research. The main aim of this project is to study the vibrational properties of new materials that can possibly replace the existing materials that are used in aircrafts. Scaled down model of a wing was fabricated using composites and the natural frequency and damping behavior of the specimen of different hybrid configurations were studied using FFT analysis. Composites are sought after because of their excellent resistance to vibration and other properties like high strength to weight ratio. Research has helped in the development of better plastic resins. The need for better properties of composites has given birth to hybridization of composites. Hybrid composites are composed of two or more synthetic or natural fibers and matrix materials. Therefore, it is possible to improve the performance of the fiber reinforced composite by the hybrid effect which improves the disadvantages of the other fibers by mixing different reinforcing fibers and increases the advantages. Inter-ply hybrid specimens fabricated in a sandwich-like stacking sequence are to be used. Specimens of different hybrid configurations are to be tested. The aim of this study is to investigate the natural frequency and damping behavior of different inter-ply configurations of glass, basalt, aramid and carbon hybrid composite.

Synthesis of ZnS/CoS/CoS2@N-doped carbon nanoparticles derived from metal-organic frameworks via spray pyrolysis as anode for lithium-ion battery

Abstract Herein, a spray pyrolysis strategy for synthesizing clustered metal chalcogenides embedded in the hollow N-doped carbon framework is reported. After thermally induced sulfurization processes, ZnS/CoS/CoS2 @N-doped carbon was successfully prepared as a novel anode for lithium-ion battery. Electrochemical evaluation revealed that the mixture exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1273.8 mA h g−1 reversible capacity of 622.7 mA h g−1 in the 200th cycle at a current density of 100 mA g−1. In addition, ZnS/CoS/CoS2@N-doped carbon hybrid composites also showed excellent rate capability (586.8, 492.2, 399.3 and 293.6 mA h g−1 at 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively). Such findings provide a new solution to address volume expansion/shrinkage during the lithiation/delithiation cycles, which holds a great future for the design and manufacturing of high performance lithium-ion batteries.

Synergy effects in dielectric and thermal properties of layered ethylene vinyl acetate composites with carbon and Fe3O4 nanoparticles

ABSTRACTProperties of layered composites with carbon nanotube (CNT), GnP, Fe3O4 nanoinclusions, and hybrid composites with these nanoinclusions were investigated in the wide frequency range (from 20 Hz to 2 THz). All investigated composites (except with single Fe3O4 inclusions) are above percolation threshold. The strong enhancement of microwave and terahertz radiation absorption is observed in hybrid composites in comparison with composites with single inclusions. The synergy effect is discussed in terms of the complex impedance and the distribution of relaxation times. At low temperatures (below 200 K), the electrical conductivity of all hybrid composites follows the tunneling law model and the lowest potential barrier was estimated for composites with CNT inclusions. The best thermal properties are observed for composites with CNT inclusions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48814.

Thermal Properties of Woven Kenaf/Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite Panels

The effects of carbon fibre hybridisation on the thermal properties of woven kenaf-reinforced epoxy composites were studied. Woven kenaf hybrid composites of different weave designs of plain and satin and fabric counts of5×5and6×6were manually prepared by a vacuum infusion technique. A composite made from 100% carbon fibre was served for a comparison purpose. Thermal properties of pure carbon fibre and hybrid composites were determined by using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that a hybrid composite with higher kenaf fibre content (fabric count6×6) showed better thermal stability while the highest thermal stability was found in the pure carbon fibre composite. The TG and DTG results showed that the amount of residue decreased in the plain-designed hybrid composite compared to the satin-designed hybrid composite. The DSC data revealed that the presence of woven kenaf increased the decomposition temperature.

Study of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Carbon-Jute Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites

The effect of the fiber orientation of thermosetting polyester resin with carbon and jute fiber-a natural polymer hybrid composite has been investigated by experiments. The tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, specific gravity and three body wear tests. The natural polymer hybrid composite is developed by the traditional method of fabricating the composite i.e. by hand lay-up technique. The proportion by weight of fibers and resin are kept constant, while varying the fiber orientation. The laminates are kept for curing at room temperature condition. Specimens are developed according to ASTM standards. Experimental results showed that hybridization of the composite with natural and synthetic fibers shows enhanced mechanical properties. The content of natural reinforcements is 60% in the developed hybrid composite. The effect of untreated jute placed at different fiber orientation has significant effect on the flexural, impact, hardness and specific gravity properties than tensile properties. The wear property has shown good resistance if the presence of carbon fiber. An overall comparison between the properties of the developed natural polymer hybrid composite revealed that the presence of carbon fiber woven mat on both the sides of the composite has played the critical role by balancing the properties and reducing the overall cost

Synthesis of citric acid modified β‐cyclodextrin/activated carbon hybrid composite and their adsorption properties toward methylene blue

ABSTRACTIn this article, citric acid modified β‐cyclodextrin/activated carbon hybrid (CA‐β‐CD/AC) composites were synthesized by crosslinking reaction, and their adsorption properties for methylene blue were studied. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method were used to characterize the structure and the morphology of composite materials. It was investigated that the effect of experiment parameters on the adsorption performance including weight fraction of AC in the composite, the adsorbent dose, the initial concentration of MB, the solution pH value, contact time, and temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir isotherm is 862.07 mg g−1. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption process follows the pseudo‐first‐order and pseud‐second‐order reaction models. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption behavior was an exothermic reaction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48315.

Deformable and Stretchable Electrodes for Soft Electronic Devices

Soft electronic materials are key elements for realizing wearable, attachable, and stick-on electronics. The development of deformable and stretchable electrodes is a key research area as they are one of the most important components for soft electronic devices. Recently, significant progress in the development of deformable and stretchable electrodes has been achieved with organic materials offering electrical tunability, simple mechanical implementation, and desirable chemical and optical properties. In this review, we present recent progress in the design of stretchable electronics based on deformable conducting materials, including their fabrication and conductivity properties and the methods that are employed to enhance performance. In addition, we review the development status of organic- and carbon- based conductive materials and their hybrid composites being used for electronic applications, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal composites, conductive polymers, hybrid composites, and ion gel composites. The structural aspects, such as wavy or mesh configurations, of stretchable electrodes and other high-performance conducting materials are investigated intensively. Many stretchable electrodes show great potential for use in future electronics such as electronic skin (e-skin) and stretchable displays, which require reversible deformation and a high degree of operational stability.

When Carbon Meets CO₂: Functional Carbon Nanostructures for CO₂ Utilization.

Major fossil fuel consumption associated with CO₂ emission and socioeconomic instability has received much concern within the global community regarding the long-term sustainability and security of these commodities. The capture, sequestration, and conversion of CO₂ emissions from flue gas are now becoming familiar worldwide. Nanostructured carbonaceous materials with designed functionality have been extensively used in some key CO₂ exploitation processes and techniques, because of their excellent electrical conductivity, chemical/mechanical stability, adjustable chemical compositions, and abundant active sites. This review focuses on a variety of carbonaceous materials, like graphene, carbon nanotubes, amorphous porous carbons and carbon hybrid composites, which have been demonstrated promising in CO₂ capture/separation and conversion (electrocatalysis and photocatalysis) to produce value-added chemicals and fuels. Along with the discussion and concerning synthesis strategies, characterization and conversion and capture/separation techniques employed, we further elaborate the structure-performance relationships in terms of elucidating active sites, reaction mechanisms and kinetics improvement. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of these carbon-based materials for CO₂ applications using well-structured carbons are remarked in detail.

Hybrid Effect on Hybrid Composite Reinforced Carbon Fibers and Flax Fibers

In this paper, hybrid composite made of carbon woven fibers and flax woven fibers is studied. This hybrid composite structure takes advantages of high resistance, high stiffness of carbon fibers and high damping and low density of flax fibers. Different structures of flax woven composites, carbon woven composites and hybrid composites were fabricated and tested experimentally. With aim of predicting the properties of the hybrid composite, a homogenization model of the composite is established. The homogenization model is based on the rule-of-mixture and iso-strain assumption. The results of the analytical homogenization model (AHM) are then compared with the results of experimental tests. The results show a good agreement between the AHM and the experimental results at the homogenization level of the woven composite. However, at the hybrid composite homogenization level, the experimental results present considerably higher stiffness than analytical results that is explained by hybrid effect on the hybrid composite.