Carbon Dioxide Capture And Storage Technologies Research Articles

Techno-economic feasibility and comparison of coal water slurry concentration on a coal to methanol plant with consideration of carbon capture and storage

ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of slurry concentration and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) equipment on the techno-economic feasibility of a coal-to-methanol (CTM) process with coal water slurry (CWS) gasification are investigated, while the effective means to improve the economic benefit of methanol factory are proposed. The sensitive factors including production scale, coal price, and carbon tax are investigated, especially the CWS concentration is compared at 63% and 68% scenarios. A CTM plant with 180 × 104 t/a production scale shows that the saving cost could reach 29.20 × 106 US$ and the CO2 emission could be reduced by 0.65 × 106 t/a every year as the CWS concentration increases. The investment in CCS equipment would increase the production cost (PC) per methanol raising by 7–8%, while the CCS introduction would effectively alleviate the PC increment caused by the carbon tax. Note that as the carbon tax exceeded 9.42 US$/t, the benefit for CCS on the reduction of PC would be more significant. The outcomes of this study have suggested that increasing the CWS concentration is an effective method to reduce the PC and improve the economic benefit. The CCS technology could effectively reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate the raising of PC caused by carbon tax. The findings have manifested a well feasibility for environment benefit improvement by solid content increasing and CCS introduction in response to energy and environmental challenges for the cleaner production and sustainable development.

Energy system transformation for attainability of net zero emissions in Thailand

This study analyzed energy and technological implications in the energy sector to attain net zero emissions in Thailand by 2050. The study used AIM/Enduse, a bottom-up type energy system model, as an analytical tool. A business-as-usual and a net zero emission scenario are analyzed. Net zero emission scenarios are assessed in terms of net zero greenhouse gas emissions (NZE-GHG). Results show that the GHG emissions from the energy sector in the BAU would reach 635 MtCO2e in 2050. Decarbonization of the energy sector and transition towards net zero emission by 2050 in Thailand would require rapid deployment of renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass. In net zero scenario, installed capacity of solar PV and wind for power generation in 2050 would reach 64 GW and 40 GW, respectively. In addition, this study assesses the role of green hydrogen in achieving net zero target. The 200 GW solar capacity would be required to produce green hydrogen for decarbonizing the transport, industrial as well as power sector. The high carbon sequestration from LULUCF sector in Thailand will make it possible to reach net zero emission with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology in the energy sector. Additional bioenergy or CCS technologies will need to be deployed in the power sector if the renewables cannot be deployed to the desirable extent.

Application of Real Options Approach to Analyse Economic Efficiency of Power Plant with CCS Installation under Uncertainty

The main goal of this article is to build a decision model for an investment involving the addition of a CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) installation in an existing conventional power plant. The application of CCS systems in coal and gas power plants involves large capital expenditures and an increase in operating costs. The lack of upgrade modernisation and environmentally friendly investments in this type of power plant generates the additional costs of the purchase of emission allowances. An analysis of the impact of the addition of a CCS installation to an existing coal power plant on the costs of electricity generation is presented. Based on the accessible technical and economic data, a concept has been framed and an original decision-making model has been developed for an investment consisting in constructing a CCS installation in an existing power plant. A novelty of the paper is the presented proprietary decision-making model in conditions of uncertainty using the real options approach. Stochastic state variables are included in the model: the price of the CO2 emission allowance, the unit costs of capturing, transporting, storing and stockpiling CO2 and the unit costs of electricity generation. It is assumed that the time curves of the state variables are described by equations of geometric Brownian motions. The values of standard deviations in the equations are measures of uncertainty. The value of the retrofit option is defined as the maximum value from the expected net present value. From the dynamic optimisation equation, resulting from Bellman’s principle of optimality, it results that the retrofit option must satisfy the differential equation. The calculations were made for a specific, commercially applicable case of CCS technology in order to present the model’s capabilities. The analyses’ results and conclusions are presented.

Injection wells of Tomakomai CCS demonstration project

The 1st large scale Carbon dioxide capture and storage（CCS）demonstration in Japan aiming for the practical application of CCS technology has been conducted by Japan CCS Co., Ltd.（JCCS）, commissioned by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry（METI）, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization（NEDO）.

Infrared spectroscopic and physico-chemical analysis of carbon dioxide-rich and -lean 30 wt% monoethanolamine

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most significant greenhouse gas, contributing 44% of global warming using coal combustion for electricity generation. The major goal is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by using the carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technique. Among various techniques, amine-based post-combustion carbon dioxide capture plays a critical role in CCS technology. Monoethanolamine (MEA) acts as a benchmarking solvent in the CCS process owing to its high absorption capacity, lower cost and high rate of reaction. The present investigation used 30 wt% MEA and animised flue gas (15 vol% carbon dioxide and resting nitrogen (N2) gas) at 0.5 pound/square inch (3.45 kPa) inlet pressure for carbon dioxide absorption followed by 1 h solvent regeneration (direct and indirect heating). Furthermore, measurements of physico-chemical properties such as pH, carbon dioxide loading, density, viscosity, alkalinity and surface tension and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of unloaded, carbon dioxide-loaded and regenerated samples were carried out. During carbon dioxide absorption, a rich loading of 7.775 mol/kg was obtained, whereas after regeneration, lean loadings of 3.099 and 3.937 mol/kg were achieved. FTIR analysis of the regenerated sample reconfirmed carbamate and bicarbonate presence, indicating that the sample required further regeneration. An increase in density, viscosity and surface tension was observed during carbon dioxide loading due to stronger intermolecular forces between the solvent and carbon dioxide molecules, and a decrease was observed during solvent regeneration due to carbon dioxide stripping.

Perspectives of Geological CO2 Storage in South Korea to Cope with Climate Change

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 20th century have led to increasing volumes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere[...]

Exergy and economic analyses of indirect coal-to-liquid technology coupling carbon capture and storage

Coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology has been developed steadily for producing gasoline and diesel fuels as the demand for energy security issue and liquid fuels in China outpaces production capacities. In this light, given the importance of CO2 emissions in climate change, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is considered as an integral part of CTL processes. In this study, CTL coupling with CCS technology (CTL-CCS) were simulated using the Aspen Plus software. Based on it, this study conducted exergy and economic analyses to the CTL-CCS system for five different coal types, including anthracite, meager, lean, coking and gas. Results show that the exergy utilization ratios ranged from 40.3% to 43.7%, revealing only a limited effect of the choice of coal type; although anthracite, meager, and gas coal were marginally better. Results also indicate the largest sources of exergy loss to be firstly from gas generation and secondly from the combined process of synthesis and separation. The economic analysis compared the cost, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. The cost of liquid fuel produced by CTL-CCS system was in the range from 4117 to 5627 yuan RMB/t, indicating economic feasibility. The system using lean coal revealed the best economic performance, while those using coking coal and gas coal were the second best performers. This research suggests that gas coal can achieve relatively reasonable values for both the exergy utilization ratio and cost in comparison to other coal types processed through a coupled CTL-CCS system.

CO2GeoNet Perspective on CO2 Capture and Storage: A Vital Technology for Completing the Climate Change Mitigation Portfolio

As a UNFCCC accredited Research NGO, CO2GeoNet has been deeply involved in bringing the science behind CO2 storage and the rationale for Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) to a wide range of stakeholders (including the general public) before, during and after the COP21 Climate Conference in Paris. Key messages on CO2 storage, informed by dialogue with numerous stakeholders, are presented here. The overarching conclusion is that collaboration is needed at an EU and a global level to deploy CCS, a viable and flexible technology ready to play an essential role in completing the climate change mitigation portfolio.

THE USE OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES IN LARGE SCALE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

In the combat of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, technologies using Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have shown great results. The structuring of a regulatory framework for the use of CCS technologies is essential to create a trusted environment to civil society and private initiative. International experience points to the development of the regulatory framework for CCS technologies, in particular geological storage of CO2, by means of the regulatory experience of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies. This work has the main objective of identifying the existing legal and infra-legal regulatory documents in force in Brazil which may have some correlation with the CCS technology and its widespread use, in order to identify regulatory gaps and weaknesses for deploying CCS projects in Brazil.

CO2-ren bahiketa, klima-aldaketa arintzeko estrategia

Gero eta arreta gehiago eskaintzen ari zaio klima-aldaketari. Gizakion jardueraren eraginez Lurraren tenperatura igotzen ari da. Berotegi-efektuko gasen artean karbono dioxidoa (CO2) ugariena da, eta energia-iturri fosilen errekuntzan du jato- rri antropogeniko nagusia. CO2-ak denbora luzez irauten du atmosferan, eta ondorioz, beharrezkoa da haren isurketak murriztea. Helburu hori betetzeko, karbono dioxidoaren bahiketa- eta biltegiratze-teknologia (CCS teknologia) erabil daiteke. Horretan, lehenengo pausoa, ekoitzitako CO2-a bahitzea da, atmosferara isuri aurretik. Ondoren, garraiatu eta formazio geologikoetan (akuifero gazi sakonetan, edota petrolio- edo gas-gordailuetan) biltegiratzen da. CCS teknologiak erregai fosilen erabilera jarraitua ahalbidetzen du, CO2-aren atmosferarako isurketak murrizten dituen bitartean. Hala ere, baditu zenbait arazo, hala nola, inbertsio ekonomiko eta energia-beharrizan handiak, epe luzerako biltegiratzea iraunkorra dela egiaztatu beharra, biztanleriaren erresistentzia, eta biltegiratzeko lekuen falta herrialde batzuetan.

Hype among low-carbon technologies: Carbon capture and storage in comparison

Abstract Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology has become a crucial part of climate change mitigation strategies around the world; yet its progress has been slow. Some have criticised CCS as a distracting hype, even as mainstream support continues. This article adapts the literature on technological hypes to develop a framework suitable for technologies with limited media/public exposure, such as CCS. It provides a qualitative context and analyses seven quantitative indicators of hype that are largely internal to the CCS technology regime. Throughout, the article contrasts results for CCS with those of comparable technologies. The main findings, which support the view that CCS has been hyped, are as follows. “Expectations” mounted rapidly in the form of project announcements for electricity applications of CCS and deployment forecasts in influential reports. However, announcements soon plummeted. “Commitments” remained high, nonetheless, judging by allocations in public budgets and number of peer-reviewed publications. Meanwhile, “outcomes”—in terms of patents, prototypes and estimated costs—reveal few if any improvements for CCS. Considering these findings and the characteristics of CCS, its development is likely to be more difficult than initially expected. Accordingly, this article calls for decisively prioritising CCS for industrial and, potentially, bioenergy uses. Coal- and gas-fired power plants may be replaced by non-CCS technologies, so power CCS development is far less pressing.

Learning through a portfolio of carbon capture and storage demonstration projects

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered by many to be an essential route to meet climate mitigation targets in the power and industrial sectors. Deploying CCS technologies globally will first require a portfolio of large-scale demonstration projects. These first projects should assist learning by diversity, learning by replication, de-risking the technologies and developing viable business models. From 2005 to 2009, optimism about the pace of CCS rollout led to mutually independent efforts in the European Union, North America and Australia to assemble portfolios of projects. Since 2009, only a few of these many project proposals remain viable, but the initial rationales for demonstration have not been revisited in the face of changing circumstances. Here I argue that learning is now both more difficult and more important given the slow pace of deployment. Developing a more coordinated global portfolio will facilitate learning across projects and may determine whether CCS ever emerges from the demonstration phase. Carbon capture and storage is considered an important element to meet our climate mitigation targets. This Perspective explores the history of the first wave of projects and what challenges must be faced if widespread deployment is to be successful.

금속 나노입자를 이용한 이산화탄소 흡수 속도 촉진

With increasing concern about global warming, CCS (Carbon dioxide capture and storage) has attracted much attention as a promising technology for reducing CO2 emission. It is necessary to develop the cost-effective absorbents materials in order to rapid commercialize CCS technologies. In this work, he study for the promotion of absorption rate in CO2 capture system using metal nanoparticle were investigated. Three kinds of metal nanoparticle, cobalt, zinc, and nickel, were prepared by wet and dry method and effect of preparation method on the absorption rate of CO2 were compared. Among the tested using pH method, nickel nanoparticle prepared by wet method showed the most significant improvement of CO2 absorption rate. In case that metal nanoparticle is applied to CCS process, it is expected to be more efficient in CO2 capture process due to reduce the size of absorption tower.

전과정을 고려한 CCS의 안전관리 방안 연구

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a technique for trapping CO2 as it is emitted from large point sources, compressing it, and transporting it to a suitable storage site where it is injected into the ground. CCS is composed of three steps of capture, transport and storage. Currently, in Korea, a number of studies have been conducted in each ministry for the demonstration of 2020. In this study based on the research that is used to prepare the legal system and guidelines for the development and commercialization of CCS technology in developed countries, especially performed with reference to the CCS regulatory framework presented from IEA. The capture phase was proposed for the basis of the carbon dioxide stream, the transport phase was presented for monitoring of high-pressure gas transport and storage step was proposed criteria of from site injections to closure. Also, the basic issues that were proposed in this study, it will conduct that safety management spanning the entire process of the capture, transport and storage of CCS through the studies of the various legal systems as well as the revision of environmental laws of Korea and other laws.

A Social Licence for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: How Engineers and Managers Describe Community Relations

Although extensive research has been devoted to public perceptions and acceptance of controversial energy innovations, the perspectives of people developing and implementing such technologies are relatively under-examined. Other industries, such as mining, and social researchers have adopted the term “social licence to operate” (SLO) to conceptualise community–industry relationships. Despite its potential applicability to carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology, SLO has received very little attention in this context, specifically from an engineering and managerial perspective. The internationally contested nature of CCS highlights the importance of examining how engineers and managers discuss and understand the term SLO. Given the central role of engineers and managers in developing CCS technology and contributing to the creation of the contexts in which people relate to it, knowledge of how they understand their connection to communities impacted by the technology is a key area requiring development. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews with engineers and managers from Australian CCS projects, this research considers their opinions of the relationship between CCS projects and the local or national community, and their understandings of the SLO concept. Results suggest that the emerging energy technology of CCS exposes some of SLO’s limitations for conceptualising and analysing the community–industry relationship.

Experimental Study on Corrosion Characteristics of CO2 Pipeline for Offshore Transport and Geological Storage

Among the technologies, CCS (Carbon dioxide capture and storage) technology is assumed and arising as crucial technology for reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and bridging to hydrogen economy. CCS technology includes carbon dioxide capture on the large point source, transport of captured carbon dioxide stream and storage of carbon into safe geological formations. Among the CCS processes, capture side is developing with many demonstration projects, focusing on the efficiency improvement of wet and dry absorbents, material improvement for membrane, construction cost down, etc. But in transport side, the technology is in the initial stage. In Korea, site surveys are mainly focused and operated on the offshore saline aquifers in the east sea of Korea and rather few surveys are processed in the on land side. For the offshore carbon dioxide geological storage, there are two options for transportation, using pipeline or ship. To utilize the offshore pipeline it is possible to use high chrome steel alloy to response to seawater corrosion, though the cost for construction might take huge budget for installation mainly cause of material cost. Otherwise, we considered it might be possible to apply the anti-corrosion coating outside of the carbon steel pipeline to mitigate seawater corrosion and to reduce the cost, so to secure steady and robust operation of offshore carbon dioxide transportation with little concern of corrosion issue. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using carbon steel pipeline with internal phosphate coating and external thermal spray coating as candidate for the offshore carbon dioxide transportation pipeline material. The base material for this study is carbon steel. The pipe internal corrosion test was conducted with fluids of CO2 mixture with additives of water and SO2 gas, and the external corrosion was carried out with 3.5%w NaCl solution. In the case of internal corrosion, all the specimens resulted in corroded surface with rust covered when SO2 was injected over 175 ppmv. In the case of external corrosion, zinc thermal spray with epoxy coating showed that more epoxy sealer is remained than aluminum thermal spray coating. The test result will be used to figure out economically efficient and safe candidate pipeline material.

Review of Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU): Thermodynamics, Material Development, and Synthesis

AbstractGlobal warming and climate change are most likely linked to the increasing concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Additionally, the consumption of fossil fuels is predicted further to increase in the coming decades, particularly due to the rapid development of populous countries such as Brazil, India, and China. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and implement processes that avoid the emission of anthropogenic CO2. One possible midterm solution is carbon‐dioxide capture and storage (CCS). In this context, the so‐called chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) process, that is, an emerging 3rd‐generation CCS technology, is particularly attractive due to its very low predicted CO2‐capture costs compared to the currently available technology (i.e., amine scrubbing). In CLC, lattice oxygen from a solid‐state oxygen carrier is used to combust a hydrocarbon fuel, which yields, after the condensation of steam, a pure stream of CO2 suitable for sequestration. To allow the application of CLC to solid fuels, chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) has been proposed. Here molecular oxygen is provided by using the decomposition reaction of the oxygen carrier, thus, effectively the solid fuel is combusted in an oxyfuel mode. Importantly, a cornerstone of the CLOU process is the development of suitable oxygen carriers. In the first part of the review we discuss the thermodynamic properties of various CLOU materials. Subsequently, recent advances in the development of novel oxygen carriers are summarized. In particular, we focus on the physical and chemical properties of the new materials and the synthesis strategies employed. The review is concluded with an outlook on the CLOU process.

Resolving the Tension between CCS Deployment and Chinese Energy Security

T energy penalty associated with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies is a key barrier to largescale deployment in China, because consuming extra fossil fuels to capture CO2 could be considered as conflicting with domestic priorities favoring energy conservation, diversity, and self-sufficiency. Flexible CO2 capture designs could, however, allow CCS power plants to temporarily reduce the level of CO2 capture, thus, in the short term, the energy penalty could potentially act as a “strategic virtual reserve” that could reduce the risk of fossil fuel supply interruptions and provide extra reserve capacity margin. Furthermore, an upgradable futureproof design for CO2 capture could help avoid “energy penalty lock-in” during a plant’s lifetime as technology learning takes place. In 2011, global emissions of carbon dioxide increased by 1 Gt, of which 720 Mt of the increase was attributable to China. China’s share of global emissions increased to 24%, now far ahead of the United States, the next largest emitter, at 15%. Overall, 45% of global CO2 emissions are produced from coal and fully half of those emissions are from China, the vast majority of which is used in the power sector. Therefore, CCS, as the only technology that can decarbonize fossil fuels, should logically be central to any plausible strategy for significant cuts in emissions. On the other hand, China is the second largest importer of crude oil in the world in 2012. Even more dramatically, China shifted from being a net exporter to a net importer of coal in 2009 and by 2011 became the largest net importer of coal in the world, though there is still debate on whether China will need to increase coal imports in the future. Energy conservation is a top Chinese national development target, but energy demand will inevitably grow substantially in the next two decades given that Chinese per capita energy consumption remains much lower than the OECD average level even though its per capita CO2 emissions are reaching European levels. Despite these pressures, security of primary energy supply has become a major national priority. In 2011, the Chinese government (National Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of Finance) launched the emergency coal reserve program that encourages large coal-mining companies, large power generation companies, and major coal transportation terminals to develop a strategic coal reserve. Deploying state-of-the-art CCS technologies in the power generation sector would avoid roughly 85% of CO2 emissions with an energy penalty of 20−30%. An aggressive strategy to capture CO2 at, say, 40% of Chinese coal-fired power plants would then lead to a rise of approximately 10% in national coal consumption, equivalent to 1.5 times net coal imports in 2010. In other words, significant extra fossil fuel consumption and power plant infrastructure would be required if CCS technologies were widely deployed. This explains why even though CCS is widely recognized as a key technology to decarbonize the Chinese fossil fuel dominated energy system, there is very limited financial support for demonstrating and deploying CCS projects at large-scale. CCS is therefore not currently a high priority on the list of possible climate technology options also compatible with energy supply security and energy efficiency priorities. The extra energy infrastructure requirement for CCS to meet peak electricity demand could be minimized through flexibility in operating CCS systems (e.g., by shutting down CO2 capture during supply shocks) while the experience curve could reduce the energy penalty in the long term. To do so will require investing in flexible, future-proof designs for CO2 capture power plants. With a flexible CO2 capture design, CCS power plants could temporarily reduce the level of CO2 capture in order to generate more power to complement intermittent and inflexible technologies in the energy system. Notably, the

Influence of climate change mitigation technology on global demands of water for electricity generation

Globally, electricity generation accounts for a large and potentially growing water demand, and as such is an important component to assessments of global and regional water scarcity. However, the current suite—as well as potential future suite—of thermoelectric generation technologies has a very wide range of water demand intensities, spanning two orders of magnitude. As such, the evolution of the generation mix is important for the future water demands of the sector. This study uses GCAM, an integrated assessment model, to analyze the global electric sector's water demands in three futures of climate change mitigation policy and two technology strategies. We find that despite five- to seven-fold expansion of the electric sector as a whole from 2005 to 2095, global electric sector water withdrawals remain relatively stable, due to the retirement of existing power plants with water-intensive once-through flow cooling systems. In the scenarios examined here, climate policies lead to the large-scale deployment of advanced, low-emissions technologies such as carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), concentrating solar power, and engineered geothermal systems. In particular, we find that the large-scale deployment of CCS technologies does not increase long-term water consumption from hydrocarbon-fueled power generation as compared with a no-policy scenario without CCS. Moreover, in sensitivity scenarios where low-emissions electricity technologies are required to use dry cooling systems, we find that the consequent additional costs and efficiency reductions do not limit the utility of these technologies in achieving cost-effective whole-system emissions mitigation.

A Study on Regulatory Requirements of CCS Technology Development in Taiwan

The UNFCCC COP17/CMP7, which was held from November 28th to December 9th 2011 in Durban, South Africa. The conference concluded the decision of taking modalities and procedures for carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations as clean development mechanism project activities. Although Taiwan is not a member state of the United Nations, the current draft of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Act of Taiwan is developing in accordance with the principles of the United Nations CDM review mechanism. We hope we can establish consistency and so as to achieve the reduction goal of the industry.The main purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. However, the activity will involve four issues of land ownership, environmental pollution and economic incentives. Furthermore, the impact to environment will be included four parts: geological storage site selection, storage and monitoring, infringement and liability, which depended on policy trade-offs issues. Carbon dioxide that is stored in geological formation tends to have the characteristics to spread around. This problem cannot be handled by current norms of land ownership and is prone to disputes. Therefore, based on requirements of maintaining social order and promoting public interests, it is necessary to establish relative laws and standards. This paper is to study the amendments to the current applicable laws and how to enact new provisions of the laws during CCS technology development in Taiwan under the existing regulatory framework, in order to assist the development of CCS technology.