Carbon Copy Research Articles

Heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry: it's no carbon copy.

Since the late 19th century, heavier tetrylene- and tetrylyne-transition metal chemistry has formed an important cornerstone in both main-group and organometallic chemistry alike. Driven by the success of carbene systems, significant efforts have gone towards the thorough understanding of the heavier group 14 derivatives, with examples now known from across the d-block. This now leads towards applications in cooperative bond activation, and moves ultimately towards well-defined catalytic systems. This review aims to summarise this vast field, from initial discoveries of tetrylene and tetrylyne complexes, to the most recent developments in reactivity and catalysis, as a platform to the future of this exciting, blossoming field.

La Cantatrice Chauve (The Bald Soprano); La Leçon (The Lesson); Les Chaises (The Chairs)

La Cantatrice Chauve (The Bald Soprano); La Leçon (The Lesson); Les Chaises (The Chairs)

3D genome organization and epigenetic regulation in autoimmune diseases.

Three-dimensional (3D) genomics is an emerging field of research that investigates the relationship between gene regulatory function and the spatial structure of chromatin. Chromatin folding can be studied using chromosome conformation capture (3C) technology and 3C-based derivative sequencing technologies, including chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C), chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C), and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), which allow scientists to capture 3D conformations from a single site to the entire genome. A comprehensive analysis of the relationships between various regulatory components and gene function also requires the integration of multi-omics data such as genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics. 3D genome folding is involved in immune cell differentiation, activation, and dysfunction and participates in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmune diseases. We describe hierarchical 3D chromatin organization in this review and conclude with characteristics of C-techniques and multi-omics applications of the 3D genome. In addition, we describe the relationship between 3D genome structure and the differentiation and maturation of immune cells and address how changes in chromosome folding contribute to autoimmune diseases.

In-Basket Reduction: A Multiyear Pragmatic Approach to Lessen the Work Burden of Primary Care Physicians

Summary The in-basket of the primary care physician (PCP) has become unmanageable. A growing volume of messages from system notifications, communications from colleagues, and especially patient medical advice requests has resulted in several hours of such additional indirect care for physicians each day — and is a leading contributor to burnout. Atrius Health embraced this in-basket challenge in 2017, and the authors share their experience here. They determined that they could not effectively create efficiencies in practice for Atrius Health’s PCPs without tackling the in-basket. Atrius had used a team-based model of primary care for decades, but the in-basket processes did not reflect its care model of teamwork; in-basket messages defaulted to the PCP to manage and resolve. Feedback from PCPs, assessments of professional burnout, and measurement of PCP in-basket volume presented a clear need to address this issue. Atrius Health focused on reducing volume but considered performance in quality, safety, and patient experience in all work. The organization launched a multiyear initiative to reduce the burden of what should be a beneficial tool by applying the principles of eliminate, automate, delegate, and collaborate. By 2022, Atrius Health had reduced the in-basket volumes by category as follows: media manager (which refers to a folder in which scanned documents are filed), 98% reduction; carbon copy charts (which refers to notes from other physicians and contains a range of critical new diagnoses, prognoses, or treatment plans along with routine follow-up visits), 35% reduction; ED/hospital admissions/discharge/transfer messages, 100% reduction; prescription renewals, 50% reduction; laboratory results, 30% reduction; and patient medical advice requests, 40% reduction. Through a multipronged approach, the total daily in-basket volume for PCPs was reduced by approximately 25% from 100 messages in 2017 to 75 messages in 2022.

Carbon black: Production, properties, and utilization

As of today, only a few people know about carbon black. Their knowledge and understanding are also limited to the fact that carbon is charcoal from coconut shells or black activated carbon. In addition, some people only know carbon as carbon copy and ink material. On the other hand, there is another type of carbon that comes from oil content and can be used for various industrial purposes. This carbon is produced and used with advanced and modern technology, which is called carbon black. Currently, by looking at the market signal, carbon black has become a very profitable commodity. Carbon black industries develop systems and technologies to produce the best quality with minimized environmental effects. In fact, because of the promising price and high market demand, carbon black factories invest in advanced production equipment. In its development, through continuous research and by utilizing advances in industrial technology, currently, carbon black can be added to various materials to improve the physical, electrical, or optical properties of the material.

Using measurement uncertainties to detect incomplete assumptions about theory in an experiment with rolling marbles

In this lab activity, carbon copy paper is used to record the horizontal distance a marble flies off a table after rolling down an incline. The minimal scatter of the dots visually shows the high precision—i.e. the small uncertainty—of the measurements to students. The theoretical prediction of this distance will be too big if students forget to include rotational energy in the energy balance when they calculate the marble’s speed at the bottom of the incline. This results in a discrepancy between the predicted horizontal distance and the measurement result. The precision of the experiment and the absence of overlap with the theoretical prediction is evidence that the prediction has to be wrong. Including rotational energy and taking a 10% energy loss due to friction into account, makes the measurement result overlap with the theoretical prediction, bringing them into agreement. Thus, measurement uncertainties guide the process of comparing the measurement result with the prediction: overlap between the theory-based prediction and the measurement result indicates agreement, whereas no overlap implies discrepancy. The lab activity presented here is an activity where measurement uncertainties are used in a meaningful, indispensable manner. The experimental result is evidence that forces students to rethink their assumptions, in this case about the conservation of energy. This leads to the revision of their calculation, emphasizing the necessity to include rotational energy and friction. Without it, the highly precise measurement result is in disagreement with the theoretical prediction. A procedure such as this—comparing empirical data with theory—is an authentic and common practice in science and should thus find its way into the physics classroom; but it cannot be done without an analysis of measurement uncertainties.

Rombo by Esther Kinsky

Reviewed by: Rombo by Esther Kinsky Kayla Esther Ciardi ESTHER KINSKY Rombo Trans. Caroline Schmidt. London. Fitzcarraldo Editions. 2022. 232 pages. "EVERY LANDSCAPE," American geographer D. W. Meinig writes, "is an accumulation." Within it, "the past endures." Writers concerned with this relationship between landscape, place, the environment, and history/memory have underscored this inevitable accumulation in their works; W. G. Sebald will immediately come to mind. German writer Esther Kinsky too grapples with these themes throughout River (2018) and Grove (2020) and now in her latest novel, Rombo (2022). The landscapes in Kinsky's novels have always offered themselves up as sedimentary texts, where collective and individual traumas, memories, and histories are piled atop one another, laid to rest, later erased or deposited anew. Kinsky's peripatetic narrators are always attuned to the particularities of the landscape (urban and natural) before them, active wanderers participating in a process of remembrance. In Rombo, however, Kinsky's wayfaring narrator becomes a chorus of people affected by two natural disasters: the devastating earthquakes in May and September 1976 in northeastern Italy, in which a thousand lost their lives and tens of thousands were displaced. Buildings and churches turned to rubble. Ceilings collapsed in dust clouds of mortar. Well-worn paths were forever disrupted. Rombo takes its name from the phenomenon of il rombo: the deep, unfamiliar, and subterranean rumble felt and heard just prior to a quake. For the inhabitants of Friuli, this rombo haunts. It is an acoustic scar always lurking in their memories. Every rip of thunder is forever a reminder of this experience that "cannot be erased or redeemed, because it is beyond the categories of good and evil." Rombo alternates between the accounts of seven inhabitants in a remote Italian mountain village: Olga, Silvia, Gigi, Toni, Mara, Lina, and Anselmo. These accounts, which can be contradictory or inconsistent, read like interviews or oral histories, forming a kind of documentary chorus. This chorus of layered voices ultimately mirrors what Kinsky calls "the unreliable witness that is terrain." In their accounts, these characters reflect on a way of life in the middle of being lost. They are engaged in a process of reinscribing their memories into a completely changed landscape. Shafts, cavities, chasms, crevasses, and cracks in the earth become apparatuses of memory, remembering, and forgetting. Indeed, as the narrator notes of karstic limestone, rock comprised of living organisms, the landscape is "an accumulation of life lived and life's traces," always prone to "weathering" and "erasure." Even the structures, vehicles, and objects seem to carry this burden of accumulation—when toppled and crushed, Kinsky's descriptions conjure up corpses. Their loss is just as devastating. Indeed, for Lina, this landscape is her life, where she knows everything, "every stick and every stone." Every dwelling and every path. Kinsky's novel also incorporates the anecdotes of a nameless narrator—akin to ethnographic diary entries—about the land, its flora and fauna, and shared myths. The reader moves from the oral history of a villager to a careful examination of a moorland orchid to an investigation into the myth of Riba Faronika. Photographs and found objects also play an important role throughout Kinsky's work on memory, and Rombo is no exception. Each chapter is preceded by black-and-white images of a fresco discovered in the cathedral at Venzone—engravings of a bygone era from a people insistent on leaving behind a trace of themselves. Out of context, these heliographic images also remind one of the traces left behind on carbon copy paper—an apparatus of retaining the past's traces. The effect of these entries places these villagers' accounts, their stories and myths, and the minutiae of the region's flora and fauna on an equal plane. In this way, Rombo offers a kaleidoscopic portrayal of a landscape, inhabited by the traces of innumerable people, creatures, tales, and objects. If landscape is an accumulation of our histories and our memories—our identities, too—Rombo asks us to consider the trauma of what is lost, destroyed, and warped in seismic disasters that forever alter this mighty landscape which too can forget, and which can erase every trace of us. Rombo...

The Nodewalk assay to quantitate chromatin fiber interactomes in very small cell populations.

The chromosome conformation capture method and its derivatives, such as circularized chromosome conformation capture, carbon copy chromosome conformation capture, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture and capture high-throughput chromosome conformation capture, have pioneered our understanding of the principles of chromosome folding in the nucleus. These technical advances, however, cannot precisely quantitate interaction frequency in very small input samples. Here we describe a protocol for the Nodewalk assay, which is based on converting chromosome conformation capture DNA samples to RNA and subsequently to cDNA using strategically placed primers. This pipeline enables the quantitative analyses of chromatin fiber interactions without compromising its sensitivity down to <300 cells, making it suitable for MiSeq analyses of higher-order chromatin structures in biopsies, circulating tumor cells and transitional cell states, for example. Importantly, the quality of the Nodewalk sample can be assessed before sequencing to avoid unnecessary costs. Moreover, it enables analyses from hundreds of different restriction enzyme fragment viewpoints within the same initial small input sample to uncover complex, genome-wide networks. Following optimization of the different steps, the entire protocol can be completed within 2 weeks.

Military Power and Conventional Deterrence

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This literature review explains how strategies of deterrence and compellence relate to military power. Such an inquiry is relevant as much of the literature on military power diffusion focuses exclusively on military platforms and weapons systems. Hence, we advance a more political and strategic approach rather than a more technological approach while assessing military power. The article uses “costs” and “probability of success” to assess conventional deterrence. Although both compellence and deterrence are coercive strategies, they have different implications for the diffusion of military power, especially because of the costs associated with each one. We argue that countries should not replicate or pursue a carbon copy of all the top platforms and advanced weapons systems of a leading state to catch up or to deny the advantages of technological innovation. Hence, denial strategies are much cheaper than control strategies. Finally, denial strategies often result in a decrease in the probability of success in the battlefield of an expeditionary force offensive. The review concludes that military power should relate much more to deterrence than compellence, countering the conventional Dahl’s notion that power is the ability of “A” to cause “B” to do something that “B” otherwise would not do. In other words, military power must be seen as “A” convincing “B” not to initiate a specific action because the perceived benefits to “B” do not justify the potential costs and risks.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Application of Ultraviolet Spectrum Analysis in Handwriting Test of Carbon – Free Carbon – Copy Documents

Carbon-free carbon paper, also known as pressure-sensitive paper, is a kind of office automation, industrial information paper, widely used in all walks of life in the office affairs of forms, invoices, bills, labels, credit CARDS, as well as the display of instruments and meter recording media. Carbonless carbon copy paper is a frequent physical evidence at crime scenes, especially in cases involving economic disputes, carbonless carbon paper may be the direct and important physical evidence in case detection, so the analysis and examination of carbonless carbon paper material evidence plays an important role in serial cases and case detection. The purpose of this paper is to study the application ability of ultraviolet spectroscopy in the handwriting test of carbonless copied documents. In this experiment, infrared spectrum analysis, ultraviolet spectrum analysis, and first-order derivative spectrum analysis were used in the scope of the experiment to test the handwriting of carbon-free carbon copy documents. Firstly, mathematical statistics were used to analyze the composition and content of invisible ink in the carbon-free carbon copy paper of express delivery companies. Then the data statistical method was used to classify and analyze the adhesive content and composition of each paper company. And the advantages and disadvantages of using single variable method to compare UV spectral analysis and first derivative spectral analysis. Experimental data show that Shentong express and EMS are likely to use the same brand of the same type of processing in the factory without carbon carbon paper; according to the composition of the adhesive, we can analyze the different characters of carbon-free copies. That belongs to enjoy the company of no carbon carbon content I class, while the red and no carbon carbon composition of Jin Yi company belongs to II class category, peak company belongs to III class. Experimental data show that according to the combination of adhesive components, different carbon-free carbon copies can be analyzed. That belongs to enjoy the company of no carbon carbon content I class, while the red and no carbon carbon composition of Jin Yi company belongs to II class category, peak company belongs to III class. The experimental data show that the method of ultraviolet spectrum analysis established in this paper can be used to test the carbon-free carbon carbon copy added or altered in suspicious documents, and improve the accuracy of 34.45% for the color trace analysis of carbon-free carbon paper.

Captain Scott rewrote his story: January–June 1911

Abstract This article reveals that Captain Robert Falcon Scott rewrote his Terra Nova journals for the period 24 January to 18 June 1911, making extensive changes, in places. He made carbon copies of his journal from then until 31 October 1911. The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) holds the combined manuscript as Carbon copy of diary as leader of British Antarctic Expedition, Jan. to Oct. 1911 with reference number RFS/1. This little-known version of Scott’s journals has apparently been overlooked by many researchers and scholars. The main research question addressed by the article is: “What was the significance of Captain Scott rewriting his story?” The article reviews two versions of Scott’s story – the published narrative Scott’s Last Expedition, and RFS/1. It investigates the provenance of each version and then reviews differences between the two texts. Three key differences stand out, suggesting the underlying pressures that drove Scott to rewrite his story in mid-1911. The article touches upon editorial changes made by Leonard Huxley in compiling Scott’s Last Expedition and contrasts those changes with changes made by Scott when rewriting the same passages. It also investigates the provenance of a typescript version of RFS/1 held by Canterbury Museum.

The Women West of Here: Reckoning Their Place in the Western, Pop Culture, and History

The Women West of HereReckoning Their Place in the Western, Pop Culture, and History Robert James Russell (bio) A woman on the prairie is an unwanted thing … Nothing but a burden and a tie-down, keeping the ones she loves from doing what they want to do. —Alan Le May, The Siege at Dancing Bird1 Here it is, imagine it: Blue-gray thunderclouds roil overhead, promising rain soon. The outdoor sporting pavilion is flanked on both sides by high school football game–style bleachers glinting in what's left of the Sunday afternoon sun thrusting yet through the overcast. And they are packed, the stands, filled with families and veterans and children carrying massive corndogs and Bavarian-style pretzels and sticky elephant ears trailing powdered sugar and syrupy strawberry jam behind. On either end of the pavilion, rodeo crew get things ready: calves wedged in double-digits in blue-metal holding pens, ears tagged with bright plastic, lowing frequently but with so little energy it amounts to only a subtle bowing of their head. On the other end of the pavilion, trailers sit backed up against more pens, these filled with bucks poised, touring cowboys in slim jeans and boots, sitting cross-legged on the posts and surveying the thin-yet-boisterous Click for larger view View full resolution Fig 1. Lobby card for the film The White Outlaw (1925) (Wikimedia Commons). Look how Vivian Bay needs three big ol' men to protect her from the Western wilds! With men in the lead, the whole world's ripe for the taking! crowd still taking their seats. They have uneven facial hair, deep-set eyes, jagged cheekbones, all of them. They're anemic, and in unison they spit along the ground, chew the tobacco folded under the tongues, spit again. Behind them, leading to the parking lot, are trailers, an ambulance with its EMT professionals sitting side by side along the front bumper, talking quietly, waiting. Thunder in the distance, but only the audience gasps, looks over. The cowboys ready themselves, chew and [End Page 127] spit again. One laughs, one stretches his shoulders. Piles of men in denim and leather wearing numbered tags. Carbon copy dynamos. There are no women here. Thunder again, closer this time. The announcer rides out on his sorrel. He tests the microphone, taps it with the butt of his palm, but there's no sound. Fairground rides sparkle and flare behind him, along the horizon. You can just make out the food stands: hamburgers and Philly cheesesteaks and bubble tea and BBQ of every variety. A hissing pop, static, and then the man's voice comes through the speakers, burping a jovial thanks, a welcome. Things are set in motion. A rodeo clown comes out, and he—wearing oversized pantaloons, the bare basics of a cowboy's silhouette, a tiny hat atop his bulbous red wig—shares banter with the announcer. They make jokes about Southern women, Hoosier women, women in general. How they have hardly any teeth. No teeth. How Southern men—and Hoosier men, too, he adds—are lazy. And then there's leering comments about women in the stands, about making them their wives. Almost no one laughs, and yet they double down—this is, we know, scripted anyway. Up first's the bareback bronc event. The first horse, tired from the midday heat, won't stand up in the pen, won't start. Its cowboy, frustrated, tries to get situated, to rile the horse to stand. It won't, and the announcer, impotent, struggles to improvise. But he finds a target: a group of teenage girls who've already had enough and have started to mosey out toward the parking lot—girls who, during the opening prayer and the jingoist salute to America were laughing, already plotting their escape. The announcer rides along the inside fence of the pavilion, following them. "Hey, y'all," he shouts, smiling. The teens don't pay attention, don't know he's talking at them. "Where y'all going? We're just getting started." Finally, one teen turns toward him. They've nearly made their escape, at the end of the bleachers, near...

The Efference Copy Signal as a Key Mechanism for Consciousness.

Animals need to distinguish sensory input caused by their own movement from sensory input which is due to stimuli in the outside world. This can be done by an efference copy mechanism, a carbon copy of the movement-command that is routed to sensory structures. Here I tried to link the mechanism of the efference copy with the idea of the philosopher Thomas Reid that the senses would have a double province, to make us feel, and to make us perceive, and that, as argued by psychologist Nicholas Humphrey, the former would identify with the signals from bodily sense organs with an internalized evaluative response, i.e., with phenomenal consciousness. I discussed a possible departure from the classical implementation of the efference copy mechanism that can effectively provide the senses with such a double province, and possibly allow us some progress in understanding the nature of consciousness.

An Integrated Approach to the Regulation of the Use of Special Knowledge in the Draft Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses: To Be or not to Be?

Updating the legislation on administrative offenses is long overdue, since the current Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, which includes both the material part and procedural provisions, does not in many ways correspond to practice. The Russian Ministry of Justice proposed for discussion two draft federal laws: the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Evaluating this legislative initiative as a whole positively, a number of comments can be made about the provisions of the draft Code of Procedure of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses regulating the use of special knowledge. The paper analyzes the provisions of the Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses from the point of view of the foundations of forensic expertology as a science that studies the patterns of development and functioning of various forms of using special knowledge. In the presented project, the use of incorrect terminology is traced, some provisions “by a carbon copy” are transferred from other codes, but at the same time the problems of their law enforcement in the corresponding processes are not taken into account. In fact, the authors of the draft law apply the regulation of the participation of a specialist and the appointment and production of forensic examination without taking into account developments in the field of forensic expertology, which in itself raises questions and entails the adoption of conflict-of-law provisions.

1473 Urology Consent Forms at a District General Hospital – a Quality Improvement Project

Abstract Aim Consent is a core component of interaction between patients and healthcare professionals. Prior to surgery, forms are completed to record patient consent. As well as containing risks and benefits of the procedure, the consent form, as per guidelines1,2, must be legible and suitable to a patient’s capacity. To evaluate compliance with local and national guidelines, a quality improvement project was undertaken at a district general hospital. Method Over a three-week period 30 urology consent forms were selected to assess adherence to local and national guidelines. The appropriateness of consent form, patient signature, legibility, acronym use and whether the patient was offered a carbon copy were assessed. After initial data collection, all urology staff consenting patients were notified of the findings and how best to improve guideline adherence. A further three-week data collection was undertaken, though the sample set was small due to Coronavirus and Christmas. Results The results confirmed that patients had appropriate consent forms filled out and were signed appropriately. After intervention, there was clear improvement in legibility, with no low legibility consent forms, and 100% vs 83% high or moderate legibility between data sets. Intervention also resulted in significant reduction of acronym use; 33% vs 60%. More patients were also offered to retain a carbon copy; 89% vs 40%. Conclusions Through this intervention of highlighting local and national guidance as compared to current practice, compliance drastically improved. As the pandemic subsides, we hope regular emails to surgical teams will improve consent form completion to better patient care.

The American Short Story and Me

The American Short Story and Me

Spam email detection using machine learning algorithm

Nowadays the communication between the organizations or any individuals became easier by use of Electronic mail method. The internet users are increasing rapidly day by day and also spams are increasing with the emails. It was an easy task for the spammers to create an email account and making a fake profile. Therefore, detecting of these spam mails that were fraud is of most important. This paper aims to develop a proposed approach of data science for spam email detection (SMD) using machine learning algorithm. A hybrid bagging approach is used in this proposed method for the detection of spam emails which implements the two, Naïve Bayes and J48 (i.e. decision tree) machine learning algorithms. Each of these algorithms is applied as an input with a data set which is partitioned in to different sets using the data science. Emails classification can be accomplished depends on the patterns of repetitive keywords and several additional parameters like Cc (carbon copy) or Bcc (Blind carbon copy), domain, header etc. that are present in their structure. Whenever the machine learning algorithm is applied for the email classification every one of those parameters are considered as a features. This proposed approach of data science for spam mail detection using machine learning algorithm achieved a 88.12% of overall accuracy with the hybrid bagged approach implementation.

Triviality, Materiality and Synchronicity in the Lessing Archive

Triviality, Materiality and Synchronicity in the Lessing Archive

Experimental Analysis on the Measurement of the Formation Time of Carbonless Copy Handwriting by “Fading” Gray Value Measurement Method

Carbon free carbon copy paper is a special writing material, which often appears in many commercial disputes and cases. The handwriting identification of carbon free carbon copy paper has often become one of the key factors in case adjudication. However, the existing handwriting inspection methods of carbon free carbon copy paper are not effective, and cannot analyze the law of the formation time of carbon free carbon copy handwriting. For this reason, this paper proposes an experimental analysis based on the “fading” gray value measurement method to determine the formation time of carbon free copy handwriting. The characteristics of solvents have an important impact on the formation of handwriting. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the existing main pen solvents in terms of fading and copying ability. In this paper, according to the characteristics of carbonless copy characters, combined with the gray value measurement method, the calculation method is optimized. The optimized method is more suitable for the determination of the formation time of carbon free copy handwriting, and has the advantage of simplifying the calculation steps. In the specific test experiments, the relationship between extraction rate and time change, handwriting reproducibility and other items are tested. The experimental results show that the extraction rate of carbon free copy handwriting decreases rapidly with the increase of formation time, and gradually tends to be stable. In this paper, the characteristics of the solvents and colorants for pen and their influence on the formation of handwriting are analyzed. It is concluded that the types and use of solvents and colorants have an impact on the formation time of carbon free copy handwriting.

Kampanie społeczne w dobie pandemii COVID-19 jako uniwersalne komunikaty perswazyjne w globalnym świecie

Artykuł jest fragmentem szerszego projektu badawczego, realizowanego przez autora w październiku, listopadzie i grudniu 2020 roku, dotyczącego materiałów reklamowych wykorzystywanych przez WHO oraz wybrane kraje świata (Polskę, Australię, Kanadę, Nową Zelandię i RPA) w kampaniach społecznych związanych z pandemią SARS-CoV-2. W niniejszym tekście zaprezentowano jedno studium przypadku – kampanię przeprowadzoną w Nowej Zelandii, porównując jej przekazy z materiałami reklamowymi WHO. Główna teza: pandemia pokazała, że w obliczu globalnego zagrożenia wszyscy ludzie są mieszkańcami „Jednego Świata”. Metoda badawcza: triangulacja takich metod badawczych jak case study i analiza kompozycyjna Gillian Rose. W celu zbadania warstwy werbalnej komunikatów posłużono się modelem komunikacji językowej Romana Jakobsona. Analizując językową warstwę komunikatów, założono ich znaczną perswazyjność. Badając wizualną warstwę komunikatów ograniczono się, ze względu na prostotę ich formy, do modalności kompozycyjnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kolorystyki i znaków ikonicznych. Wyniki i wnioski potwierdzają tezę główną przyjętą w badaniu. Materiały dotyczące pandemii, opracowane przez WHO oraz rządy wybranych do badania krajów, leżących na różnych szerokościach geograficznych, są bardzo podobne. Materiały krajowe są czasami wręcz kalką kampanii reklamowych WHO. Zarówno w materiałach WHO, jak i w tych krajowych dominuje funkcja informatywna i impresywna języka przekazu. W warstwie werbalnej nadawcy skupiają się na przekazywaniu niezbędnych informacji o pandemii; ich przekazy, dotyczące zarówno profilaktyki, jak i walki z pandemią, są przy tym silnie perswazyjne. W warstwie wizualnej występują jednak różnice w kolorystyce i znakach ikonicznych, co wykazało zwłaszcza porównanie kampanii prowadzonych przez WHO i rząd Nowej Zelandii. Wartość poznawcza: tekst pokazuje, jak ważną rolę w komunikacji pełnią, zwłaszcza w czasach pandemii, społeczne kampanie reklamowe. Paradoksalnie, pandemia, stanowiąca zagrożenie dla ludzkości, może się przyczynić do rozwoju badań komparatystycznych dotyczących skuteczności środków komunikacji masowej, które zostały zastosowane w jednych krajach i które z powodzeniem będą mogły być wykorzystane w innych.