Charcoal Carbon Research Articles

Sorption of Organic Matter From Phosphoric Acid using Activated Charcoal Carbon as Efficient Adsorbent

Sorption of Organic Matter From Phosphoric Acid using Activated Charcoal Carbon as Efficient Adsorbent

Orange Peels as Activated Carbon Charcoal For Cu (II) Ions Elimination From Water Sources

Objectives: The goal of this work is to create inexpensive Orange Peel Activated Carbon (OPAC) for the environmentally friendly to eliminate of Cu (II) from its aqueous solution. Methods: activated carbon made by calcining orange peels at 500°C to cause them to burn. Methods: The samples were characterized using FTIR, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. Cu (II) was adsorbed in a batch procedure utilizing 0.25 g of (OPAC) and 100 mL of solution with varying beginning concentrations ranging from 20–80 mg/L. The investigation focused on the effects of variables pH, temperatures, concentrations, dosages, and times on the adsorption capacity. Thermodynamic parameters were computed, adsorption kinetics were assessed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order were computed models, and the adsorption isotherms were fitted using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Findings: The stretching of the hydroxyl groups is shown by peaks at 3100 and 4000 cm-1 as well as the 3300–3800 cm-1 region in the FTIR. Findings: the functionalized (OPAC). N2 adsorption isotherm revealed a hysteresis loop in the p/p0 region between 0.2 and 1. The surface area of obtained mesoporous OPAC was 0.99 nm. The maximum adsorption capacity (79.056 mg/g). Removal of Cu (II) was 99%. The adsorption process was spontaneous and less random, as indicated by the negative values of thermodynamic parameters (∆S° -14.0, ∆H°-54.76, and ∆G°-60.36 kJ.mol-1). According to the findings, orange peel has a high surface area and is highly porous, which allows it to effectively remove over 99% of harmful heavy metals from water sources. Novelty: The study proves that orange peel can be effectively used as one of the best-quality, reasonably priced, readily available, eco-friendly bio-sorbents that is also beneficial to the economy in the long run. Keywords: Orange peel, Cu (II), Adsorption, Kinetic, Thermodynamic, IFTR

Preliminary Study on Structure of Carbon Derived from Palm Oil Shell

Abstract Palm shells are waste that is produced every year due to the large demand for palm oil. The potential for carbon derivatives in palm shell charcoal waste that can be extracted is more like activated carbon. Therefore, this research aims to provide an explanation of the ability of palm shell charcoal carbon as a residual component of palm oil processing that is affordable and abundantly available, which if maximized properly will be the forerunner to the development of technology that has added value. The capabilities of Palm Shell Charcoal can be applied for technical applications with further development. It is hoped that this study will provide initial information for scientists and policy makers in the fields of environmental conservation and technology. Palm shell charcoal (ACKS) that has been washed, dried and made into powder is subjected to DSC-TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX testing. The XRD results show that there is a main broad peak that appears around the 2θ ∼23° angle which corresponds to the (002) plane and also a narrow peak appears at the 26° angle which indicates graphite growth. Meanwhile, the FTIR results show that many of the bonds formed are C=O, C-O, C=C and O-H bonds which indicate the presence of hard carbon.

Charcoal system: Brazilian tool for low carbon charcoal activities

The energy sector is the greatest contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Charcoal is a source of bioenergy which helps mitigate these emissions. Therefore, instruments that help in decision-making to consolidate more sustainable practices in the charcoal production process by quantifying the benefits obtained by adopting good practices are necessary. The objective of this study was to develop a system to calculate the carbon balance and the technical and economic feasibility in different charcoal production scenarios, which specifically serves Brazilian charcoal producers. The system's scope was defined with the support of scientific specialists and other professionals directly involved in the charcoal segment. The system's base was developed in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. After validating the methodology, the web system was programmed. The developed system is called “Charcoal System”, and can be accessed through the URL www.charcoalsystem.com.br; it has six data collection stages and the results are presented in four reports. The Charcoal System: i) assists charcoal producers in making decisions regarding environmental, technical and economic production issues; ii) it can be used as a tool for certifying the charcoal production process; and iii) it can help promote low-carbon activities in the charcoal production chain and in those that use this product as a raw material. In addition to these specific applications, it is expected that its use will promote transformations in the production forms and improvements in the quality of life of charcoal producers, converging with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Filtering Swamp Water into Clean Water Using Carbon Charcoal and Silica Sand Filter Media

Water filtration is an essential need in ensuring the quality of a safe water supply for the community around Meritai Raya Village Rt 027, Sungai Pinang Village, Rambutan District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) using activated carbon charcoal, silica sand, coir, gravel and filter cotton as media. The aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of the performance of swamp water processing filters in removing water quality parameters in the form of pH (Potential of Hydrogen) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid). Design a which has 3 tubes uses filter media in the form of sand (12 cm), coir (15 cm), and cotton (3 cm) in tube 1, coir (20 cm), gravel (8 cm), and cotton (3 cm) in tube 2, carbon charcoal (8 cm) and cotton (10 cm) in tube 3. And design b which has 2 tubes in the form of gravel (6 cm), silica sand (12 cm), 8cm coir, and cotton (4 cm.) in tube 1. carbon charcoal (7 cm), coir (10 cm), and cotton (10 cm) in tube 2. The research results show that filtration is effective in reducing water pH and TDS in water, namely up to pH 7.6 and TDS 92 ppm in design A and pH 8.3 and TDS 104 ppm in design B even though it does not meet the clean water quality standards of Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. The two filtration designs have performance effectiveness that is not much different in treating swamp water. However, overall filtration with the 3 tube variation has better performance.

Creation of Ponitec Allied Limited for Manufacturing of Palm Fruit Products and By-Products

Ponitec Allied Limited is a startup business venture established in 2015 with core in Agriculture. It produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Palk Kernel Oil (PKO) including other associated by-products of Palm trees. One of its competitive advantage across the industry centers on manufacturing hygienic high quality products and the Activated Carbon Charcoal. The company operates in line with global standard through the use of latest machines, hygienic processing environment, cutting edge storage facilities and proper fruits handling. With ownership of about 136 hectares of land for plantation with 10 tonne factory, it has the capacity to produce 10 tonne of product per day. Some of its major customers cut across food refining companies, non-food industries plus wholesalers and retailers. The company competes with big players like; Okomu and Presco, Dufil Prima, Ibiae Oil Palm amongst others. Business revenue projection for a period of five years showed ₦186,212,500 in first year, ₦ 223,455.000 in second year; ₦246,249,500 for the third year; ₦ 420,651,000 in fourth year and ₦ 523,711,000 in the fifth year. The risk predominant with the business beckon on factors as; unstable exchange rate, theft, pest outbreak and reputational risk of quality.

Proportion of charcoal carbon in the forest floor carbon pool in relation to fire history in a boreal forest landscape

AbstractFire in the boreal forests emits substantial amounts of organically bound carbon (C) to the atmosphere and converts a fraction of the burnt organic matter into charcoal, which in turn is highly refractory and functions as a long‐term stable C pool. It is well established that the boreal forest charcoal pool is sufficiently large to play a significant role in the global C cycle. However, there is a need for spatially representative estimates of how large proportions of the forest floor C pool are made up of charcoal across different plant communities in the boreal forest ecosystem. Thus, we have quantified the amounts of C separately in charcoal and the organic layers of the forest floor across fine spatial scales in a boreal forest landscape with a well‐documented fire history. We found that the proportion of charcoal C made up an average of 1.2% of the total forest floor C, and the charcoal proportions showed a high small‐scale spatial variability and were concentrated in the organic–mineral soil interface. Proportions of charcoal C decreased with increasing time since last fire. Deeper soils, denser soils, and local concave areas had the highest proportions of charcoal C, whereas historical fire frequencies and current differences in vegetation did not relate to the proportions of charcoal C.

A life cycle and product type based estimator for quantifying the carbon stored in wood products

BackgroundTimber harvesting and industrial wood processing laterally transfer the carbon stored in forest sectors to wood products creating a wood products carbon pool. The carbon stored in wood products is allocated to end-use wood products (e.g., paper, furniture), landfill, and charcoal. Wood products can store substantial amounts of carbon and contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse effects. Therefore, accurate accounts for the size of wood products carbon pools for different regions are essential to estimating the land-atmosphere carbon exchange by using the bottom-up approach of carbon stock change.ResultsTo quantify the carbon stored in wood products, we developed a state-of-the-art estimator (Wood Products Carbon Storage Estimator, WPsCS Estimator) that includes the wood products disposal, recycling, and waste wood decomposition processes. The wood products carbon pool in this estimator has three subpools: (1) end-use wood products, (2) landfill, and (3) charcoal carbon. In addition, it has a user-friendly interface, which can be used to easily parameterize and calibrate an estimation. To evaluate its performance, we applied this estimator to account for the carbon stored in wood products made from the timber harvested in Maine, USA, and the carbon storage of wood products consumed in the United States.ConclusionThe WPsCS Estimator can efficiently and easily quantify the carbon stored in harvested wood products for a given region over a specific period, which was demonstrated with two illustrative examples. In addition, WPsCS Estimator has a user-friendly interface, and all parameters can be easily modified.

Analysis of the effect of biomass variants (fish waste, tamanu waste and duckweed) on the characteristics of syngas, bio oil, and carbon charcoal produced in the pyrolysis process

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that are often found around the Indonesia area. It can be converted into various forms of fuel by pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of biomass through a heating process at high temperatures that occurs with no or little oxygen. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the type of biomass on the characteristics of syngas, bio oil and carbon charcoal produced in pyrolysis. Syngas consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be used as raw materials for the chemical industry in addition to electrical energy, such as methanol, formic acid and ammonia industries. Bio-oil contains a number of chemical compounds that have the potential as raw materials for preservatives, antioxidants, disinfectants, or as biopesticides. Carbon charcoal is useful as an energy source, activated carbon with higher economic value such as catalysts, adsorbents, and supercapacitors. This research used an experimental method. Biomass comes from fish waste, tamanu waste, and duckweed. The parameters observed were temperature of 400–500 °C, for 30 minutes, and 150 grams biomass, in order to determine the duration of the syngas flame and the amount of bio-oil and carbon charcoal. The syngas produced from duckweed has a longer flame test with a time of 126 seconds with a blue flame while the syngas from tamanu waste produces a reddish blue flame for 18 seconds. On the other hand, the results of the bio-oil produced from fish waste, 19.1 grams are weightier than from duckweed, 3.2 grams. Then the most carbon charcoal is produced by tamanu waste weighing 141.9 grams while the least is produced by duckweed weighing 27.7 grams

Structural and defect changes in black carbon charcoal irradiated with gamma ray

This study investigates the use of black carbon charcoal as passive radiation dosimetry, offering low dependence on photon energy and near soft tissue effective atomic number with state-of-the-art techniques. Regression analyses have now been conducted using graphite manufactured commercially in the form of charcoal from three different types: mangrove, coconut, and green charcoal recycled from sawdust, working with photon-mediated interactions at radiotherapy dose levels. Explorations of changes in Raman spectroscopic characteristics, and photoluminescence dose dependence have been performed with a focus on the relationship between absorbed radiation energy and induced material changes, using a 60Co gamma-ray source doses ranging from 0 to 10 Gy. Raman spectroscopy has established to be an effective method for exploring defects in carbon-based materials due to its high sensitivity, most commonly focusing on the use of ID/IG parameter. While photoluminescence analysis will provide information on electronic properties and the band gap energy. The crystal structure of the black charcoal samples was characterised using X-ray diffractometry, with the goal of determining the degree of structural order, atomic spacing, and lattice constants of the various irradiated charcoal samples, supported by crystallite size assessments. The findings of this study could pave the way for a low-cost yet highly effective system for studying radiation-induced changes in carbon, as well as offering a viable alternative to current commercial dosimeters, well suited to applications in radiotherapy.

Natural Batch Adsorption Operation to Remove Dissolved Copper (II) by Carbon Charcoal Rambutan

Carbon charcoal was made from rambutan rods and used as an adsorbent. A gram 70/100 mesh size of adsorbent was then used to adsorb 100 ml of copper ion solution with a 70 ppm concentration. In this investigation, the batch procedure was used without shaking (naturally). The charcoal carbon rambutan ability to remove the copper ion was measured by AAS. The percentage result was 48,135% or about 33,694 ppm. SEM and EDX instrument analysis have applied to confirm the presence of copper ions on the adsorbent surface. The copper ion was found at a concentration of 0.09 percent of the total weight. The carbon charcoal adsorbent in rambutan rods has the ability to purify the water contaminated by metal ions.

Pengaruh Temperatur Pada Microwave Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Low Density Polyethylene Dengan Katalis Zeolite/Kalsium Oksida

In general, the use of oil palm parts can be utilized by industry, but it is different from oil palm shells which become waste. The high use of plastic is proportional to the waste generated. So far, both types of waste are problems that have not been resolved. The utilization of waste shell waste and low-density polyethylene using the pyrolysis method. Microwave technology has been widely used as a heat source in the pyrolysis process. The advantages of using microwaves in pyrolysis are fast and selective heating, efficient energy use, and control of pyrolysis products. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Pyrolytic-oil from the pyrolysis of waste oil palm shells and Low-density polyethylene. The research was conducted using a microwave with temperature variations of 400oC, 450oC, 500oC, 550oC and 600oC. The composition of the main ingredients consisted of 75 grams of palm shells, 75 grams of low-density polyethylene plastic, 56.25 grams of a zeolite catalyst, 56.25 grams of calcium oxide and 131.25 grams of charcoal carbon absorber. The results showed the effect of temperature on pyrolytic-oil productivity; as the temperature increases, the product gas increases. The lowest density value at a temperature of 400oC is 966.8 Kg/m. The lowest viscosity at a temperature variation of 500oC is 2.1 Mpa.s. The highest acidity value is at a temperature of 550oC.

Novel performance study of recirculated pyro-gas carbonizer for charcoal production

The performance was investigated of an integrated wood charcoal retort with recirculating pyro-gas, based on carbonization performance, mass and energy analysis. Bamboo and coconut shell were chosen as feedstock for charcoal production. The carbonizer included a heat radiation pipe (located in the center) to distribute the heat from wood combustion and pyro-gas recirculation (located on the perimeter) to provide additional energy for carbonization. The integrated carbonizer system required 6 h to reach complete carbonization. The peak temperature achieved was 400 °C. The charcoal yield and energy yield were in the ranges 38–45% and 56–86%, respectively, and the charcoal carbon content was in the range 62–64%. The energy efficiency of the carbonizer was 56–85%. It can be concluded that the recirculation of the volatile gas enhances the carbonizer performance compared to conventional carbonizer. Coconut shell is preferred to select for producing bio-oil as well as charcoal.

The effect of different types of quenching methods on the burr zone characteristics on Ti-6Al-4V material

Heat treatment is a process that aimed to increase the ductility, reduce internal strain, smoothen the crystallite, increase the tensile strength, improve the Carbon (C) atom components, and increase the hardness. This research aimed to find the heat treated results using carburizing and quenching in blanking tool with low-carbon steel in the form of hardness level growth using carbon charcoal media mixed with BaCo3 energizer in pack carburizing process at 900°C temperature for 120 minutes holding time. This is continued with quenching process using oil, saltwater, and water. The blanking tool was tested in blanking experiment with 2.5% clearance, 3000 mm min−1 cutting speed using Ti-6Al-4V sheet metal with 0.6 mm thickness. The result parameter from the experiment was the burr zone level measurement of the product. Heat treatment process increased Carbon (C) atom component in the blanking tool. The raw material had a 0.17% component, and the quench media of oil, saltwater, and water had 0.19%, 0.22%, and 0.3% carbon components respectively. The hardness value also increases using oil, salt water, and water as the quenching media, resulted in 283.7, 423.8, and 462.4 HV respectively. The burr zone level was also obtained using the quench media of oil, salt water, and water with the results of 0.218, 0.206, and 0.119 mm.

Reaction Kinetics of Iron Oxides in Ok Tedi Magnetite Skarn Ore

Magnetic skarn ore (MSO) is one of the major copper bearing ore extracted by the Ok Tedi Copper Mine in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Copper minerals are recovered by flotation while the iron not associated with copper are discarded as tailings. The objective of this investigation was to determine the iron ore reduction kinetics for the Ok Tedi MSO and ascertain if it can be processed to produce sponge iron for a mini steel plant in Papua New Guinea. SEM-EDAX analyses of the Ok Tedi MSO indicated 10.1% C, 30% O, 0.6% Mg, 1.1% Si, 21.1% S, 0.8% Ca and 36.2 % Fe. Most of the iron is in sulfide form. Both naturally occurring and roasted sinters of Ok Tedi MSO samples of different particle sizes were reduced by charcoal carbon at three different temperatures and seven different reduction times. Analyses of the reduced products indicated a metallic iron content of more than 65 wt. % on average. Results showed that there was no significant difference in reduction between fluxed and control materials. Only a slight increase in kinetics with reduced particle size, hence the reaction rate constant (K) did not vary much within the temperatures investigated. Reaction kinetics increases with increasing reduction time at 900°C. Therefore, more iron reduction is observed with particles of 106 µm size. In addition, the results also confirmed that the reduction energy used was higher at 800°C and lower at 1000°C. In conclusion, iron reduction can be improved but close monitoring of temperature and reduction times are essential to determine the reaction kinetics of the Ok Tedi MSO.

Determination of ammonia content in various drinking water sources in Malappuram District, Kerala and its removal by adsorption using agricultural waste materials

Sustainable measure to harmless drinking water attains a worldwide threat in the developing countries still consume water from untreated sources. Water sources were taken throughout the Malappuram Dist from open well, bore well, tube well, pond and river water samples. Nowadays, the chemical substance, ammonia is one of the important pollutants found in drinking water sources. The present study was also focused on the quantity of ammonia contamination in the various drinking water sources in Malappuram district, Kerala and also investigated the removal of ammonia from different samples through adsorption process with different charcoal materials. The experimental observations were indicated that the rate of ammonia adsorption on charcoal carbon increases with the increase of concentration in the solution. Among the studied charcoals, the rice husk charcoal imparted significant removal of ammonia as compared to others due to their surface chemical constituents (interacts with ammonia for effective removal).

Adsorption and Pore of Physical-Chemical Activated Coconut Shell Charcoal Carbon

The adsorption of activated carbon of coconut shell charcoal on heavy metals (Cu and Fe) of the wastewater and its relation with the carbon pore structure was investigated. The coconut shell was pyrolized in kiln at temperature about 75 - 150 °C for about 6 hours to produce charcoal and then shieved into milimeter sized granule particles. Chemical activation was done by immersing the charcoal into chemical solution of KOH, NaOH, HCl and H3PO4, with various concentration. The activation was followed by physical activation using horizontal furnace at 400°C for 1 hours in argon gas environment with flow rate of 200 kg/m3. The surface morphology of activated carbon were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Wastewater was made by dissolving CuSO4.5H2O and FeSO4.7H2O into aquades. The metal adsorption was analized by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result shows that in general, the increase of chemical concentration cause the increase of pore number of activated carbon due to an excessive chemical attack and lead the increase of adsorption. However it tend to decrease as further increasing in chemical activator concentration due to carbon collapsing. In general, the adsorption of Cu and Fe metal from wastewater by activated carbon increased as the activator concentration was increased.

Simple and low price of monodispersed rice-like Fe2O3 supported by modified bamboo charcoal with enhanced lithium storage

Bamboo charcoal (BC) shows similar structure and property to the onion fullerene carbon and carbon nanotubes with hierarchical porous, microporous tunnel structure and good electrical conductivity. By simple treatment, a carbon substrate material with good electrochemical properties can be obtained. Monodispersed rice-like Fe2O3 supported by modified bamboo charcoal (MBC) are prepared via a facile precipitation of FeOOH anchored on carbon charcoal substrate combined with a high temperature calcination. The SEM results show that rice-like Fe2O3 uniformly anchored on hierarchical porous carbon-based microscopic structure with a size distribution between 80 and 100 nm. In addition, the hybrids exhibit good lithium storage property as anode materials. MBC shows stable cycle performance and the reversible capacity can still be maintained at 327 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles under 200 mA g−1. When incorporated with rice-like Fe2O3, the composite delivered a specific capacity of 1094 mAh g−1 after150 cycles at 200 mA g−1 and a high capacity of 765 mAh g−1 even at 1600 mA g−1.

Fabrication of three-layered ZnO-CuO-SnO2 hybrid nanostructures n-p-n hetero-junctions

ABSTRACTThree-layered ZnO-CuO-SnO2 hybrid nanostructures n-p-n hetero-junctions were synthesized for the first time by 3-step chemical vapor deposition on SiO/Si substrates. Starting materials made of Cu, Zn and Sn powder mixed with carbon charcoal were heated at various temperatures and pressures under atmosphere of O2 and Ar. The prepared samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-rays photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and I-V characteristic curves. The results reveals the formation of CuO hollow microspheres with branching lines, ZnO nanowires, and SnO2 nanorods in which establish the three layers of the hetero-junctions. I-V characteristics exhibit rectifying behavior of hetero-layered semiconductors.

Electrical and gas sensing properties of ZnO nanoclusters by microwaves and carbon assisted

ZnO nanoclusters were prepared by heating ZnO powder with carbon charcoal in a 1000 W microwave oven for 10, 20 and 30 min. The morphology of the prepared samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM(and X-ray diffraction techniques. SEM images revealed the agglomeration of the particles-clusters with 10-50 µm in diameter. The XRD patterns showed hexagonal crystal structure. The I-V characteristic curves of the synthesized products showed diode material behaviour. The gas sensing properties of the materials exhibit high sensitivity towards CO2 detection.