Carbon Capture And Storage Infrastructure Research Articles

A bi-objective optimization approach for carbon capture and storage supply chain network combining with pricing policies: Economic and social aspects

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and pricing policies are two mitigation strategies that attempt to tackle the carbon emission problem. Nonetheless, the uncertainty of public reaction to CCS infrastructure installation has been noted as a significant issue that may lead to either cancelations, delays, or influence the deployment cost of CCS infrastructure. Although these strategies are solutions to reduce carbon emissions, the entire supply chain itself needs to align with sustainability policy. While some previous studies have addressed mitigation strategies or the combination of social objective and CCS technology, the impact of social objectives on reservoir openness has not been explored. This article contributes to the literature by illustrating the effect of social objectives on reservoir openness and the total cost of the CCS supply chain. Through the development of a two-stage mixed-integer linear programming model, we optimize the supply chain network design. In the first stage, a single-objective model minimizes capture, transportation, and sequestration costs along with CO2 emission costs to the atmosphere, considering various carbon tax prices. In the second stage, a bi-objective model maximizes social acceptance towards CO2 injection wells (reservoirs) to analyze the impact of cultural dimensions. Our findings reveal that maximizing the social objective leads to increased costs compared to the economic optimum, and it significantly influences the openness of reservoirs based on cultural dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an increase in the CO2 tax enhances the amount of captured carbon and the complexity of the pipeline network in the supply chain. This insight has implications for governments and decision-makers who can encourage industries to adopt CCS technology by setting appropriate carbon tax prices. To validate the model, we apply it to a case study in the European Union cement industry, one of the major carbon emitters among all industries. Our results not only confirm the model's effectiveness but also show its potential for practical application. Overall, our study presents a comprehensive framework for designing a two-stage sustainable supply chain network for CCS technology that optimizes economic and social objectives while considering CO2 pricing.

Six principles to guide large-scale carbon capture and storage development

Despite considerable effort, there are few large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects operating commercially in the world today. The importance of CCS to the world's long-term decarbonization goals, however, has never been greater. The long-term outlooks of the United Nations and individual governments all place considerable reliance on the broad adoption of CCS technology for both power-generation and industrial applications. Recent support includes the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act in the U.S., the U.K.'s Energy Security Bill, and the investments targeted in China's 14th Five-Year Plan. Nevertheless, a “reduction gap” remains between these contributions and governments' goals. We describe six general principles to guide the development of large-scale commercial CCS infrastructure to bridge the reduction gap by capitalizing on these opportunities. We assert that these principles are necessary to help CCS move into widespread large-scale use, and touch on steps that researchers, governments, regulators, and developers can take to encourage the adoption of this important technology. These principles include adopting a portfolio approach to development, encouraging the development of a clean-energy commons, recognizing the value of information and mitigating uncertainty, acknowledging the absence of firm legislative guidance, affirming the roles of multiple stakeholders, and ensuring that basic research can maintain a concurrent track with commercial development.

A transnational study on the determinants of social acceptance of carbon capture, transport, and storage (CCS)

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure is important for the fulfilment of GHG emissions mitigation targets. Despite its contribution to combating climate change, CCS remains a controversial technology often facing public resistance, making social acceptance a prerequisite for its further development. Hence, the MOF4AIR European project explores social issues related to CCS. A literature review was performed identifying the factors influencing CCS infrastructure social acceptance, while the research gaps concerning the themes under investigation were detected. In this context, the innovative elements this study aims to provide are: carrying out a transnational analysis in seven countries (Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Norway, Turkey, and the UK), and examining factors (procedural and distributional justice, public engagement actions) that have not been adequately studied concerning CCS local acceptance. A questionnaire survey was carried out through an online platform in the seven countries, in January-February 2022; a representative sample of 1775 citizens (approx. 225 / country) was collected. The results of the survey indicated that the factors with a statistically significant effect on local acceptance of CCS infrastructure are country of origin, gender, age, self-perceived knowledge of CCS, attitudes towards negative consequences and potential benefits, trust of stakeholders and institutions, and procedural and distributional justice.

Phase-based design of CO2 capture, transport, and storage infrastructure via SimCCS3.0

The design of optimal infrastructure is essential for the deployment of commercial and large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. During the design process, it is important to consider CO2 capture and storage locations and CO2 transportation pipelines to minimize the total project cost. SimCCS, first introduced in 2009, is an integrated open-source tool to optimize CCS infrastructure. The core CCS infrastructure design problem in SimCCS is structured as a mixed-integer linear programming problem by selecting the optimal pipeline routes, searching CO2 source capture and storage locations, and determining the corresponding CO2 amounts to meet desired capture targets. Multiple important and practical features have been developed to the latest version of SimCCS, SimCCS3.0. One of these features is phase-based modeling which enables users to dynamically design the CCS infrastructure. We demonstrate the phased-based modeling capability using two CCS infrastructure optimization case studies. The results from these case studies reveal that the phase-based modeling capability in SimCCS is particularly useful to optimize the dynamic deployment of CCS projects.

The socio-technical dynamics of net-zero industrial megaprojects: Outside-in and inside-out analyses of the Humber industrial cluster

Although energy-intensive industries are often seen as ‘hard-to-decarbonise’, net-zero megaprojects for industrial clusters promise to improve the technical and economic feasibility of hydrogen fuel switching and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Mobilising insights from the megaproject literature, this paper analyses the dynamics of an ambitious first-of-kind net-zero megaproject in the Humber industrial cluster in the United Kingdom, which includes CCS and hydrogen infrastructure systems, industrial fuel switching, CO2 capture, green and blue hydrogen production, and hydrogen storage. To analyse the dynamics of this emerging megaproject, the article uses a socio-technical system lens to focus on developments in technology, actors, and institutions. Synthesising multiple megaproject literature insights, the paper develops a comprehensive framework that addresses both aggregate (‘outside-in’) developments and the endogenous (‘inside-out’) experiences and activities regarding three specific challenges: technical system integration, actor coordination, and institutional alignment. Drawing on an original dataset involving expert interviews (N = 46), site visits (N = 7), and document analysis, the ‘outside-in’ analysis finds that the Humber megaproject has progressed rapidly from outline visions to specific technical designs, enacted by new coalitions and driven by strengthening policy targets and financial support schemes. The complementary ‘inside-out’ analysis, however, also finds 12 alignment challenges that can delay or derail materialisation of the plans. While policies are essential aggregate drivers, institutional misalignments presently also prevent project-actors from finalising design and investment decisions. Our analysis also finds important tensions between the project's high-pace delivery focus (to meet government targets) and allowing sufficient time for pilot projects, learning-by-doing, and design iterations.

Guest Editorial: Recycling CO2 for EOR? Why Not?

_ Carbon capture and storage (CCS), with the potential for usage, will be crucial if the world is to prevent global warming. Modeling by the European Commission shows that the EU will need to capture, utilize, or store between 300 and 640 million tonnes of CO2 every year by 2050 if it wants to meet its climate-neutrality goal. It is therefore imperative that all industries, particularly the oil and gas sector, play their part to incentivize the development of new storage while enhancing the use of available producing facilities. Speaking at the second CCUS Forum, held in October in Oslo, Norway, the EU’s energy chief Kadri Simson announced that captured emissions can be either stored or recycled into other industrial processes. Though it wasn’t directly stated by the Estonian politician, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) via CO2 injection should be considered as a viable option to both store and reduce emissions. It is important to emphasize that the amount of stored CO2, as a function of EOR, will be greater than CO2 emissions created from oil extraction. CO2 for EOR in US and Canada Since the 1970s, this has been a routine procedure in many US and Canadian projects with mature reservoirs and is usually instigated after the effect of injected produced water has worn off. It has been achieved without government support. While Norway has been injecting captured CO2 in saline aquifers since the mid-1990s, there has been no attempt, and no plans exist, in Europe to use CO2 for EOR. Why not? Balancing increasing energy demand while lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the greatest conundrums facing the industry today: global consumption is currently around 100 million B/D. According to IEA’s 2022 World Energy Outlook, there are three scenarios. The APS (announced pledges scenario) assumes fossil-fuel demand will peak in 2024 with 98.1 million B/D. The STEPS (stated policies scenario) projection is peak demand in 2035 at 103.2 million B/D, before going into steady long-term decline (Fig. 1). If the NZE (net zero emissions) scenario comes to pass, oil demand never returns to its 2019 level. It foresees demand falling by 2.5% each year on average between 2021 and 2030, and by just under 6% each year from 2030 to 2050. Adopting EOR technologies and upscaling CCS infrastructure could be the answer to meet energy demand and lower emissions before green energy claims the forecast largest stake of the energy mix by mid-century. Exploiting Hydrocarbon’s Heritage and CCS Globally, there are 30 CCS projects in operation, 11 are under construction, and 153 are in development. Sixty-one new facilities were added to the project pipeline in 2022. The CO2 capture capacity of all CCS facilities has grown to 244 mtpa, a rise of 44% over the past 12 months (Global CCS Institute 2022).

Decarbonization scenarios for the iron and steel industry in context of a sectoral carbon budget: Germany as a case study

CO2 emissions from global steel production may jeopardize climate goals of 1.5 °C unless current steel production practices will be rapidly decarbonized. At present, primary iron and steel production is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels, primarily coke. This study aims to determine which decarbonization pathways can achieve the strongest emission reductions of the iron and steel industry in Germany by 2050. Moreover, we estimate whether the German iron and steel industry will be able to stay within its sectoral carbon budgets for a 1.5 °C or 1.75 °C target. We developed three decarbonization scenarios for German steel production: an electrification, coal-exit, and a carbon capture and storage (CCS) scenario. They describe a phase-out of coal-fired production plants and an introduction of electricity-based, low-carbon iron production technologies, i.e. hydrogen-based direct reduction and electrowinning of iron ore. The scenarios consider the age and lifetimes of existing coal-based furnaces, the maturity of emerging technologies, and increasing recycling shares. Based on specific energy requirements and reaction-related emissions per technology, we calculated future CO2 emissions of future steel production in Germany. We found that under the decarbonization scenarios, annual CO2 emissions decrease by up to 83% in 2050 relative to 2020. The reductions of cumulative emissions by 2050 range from 24% (360 Mt CO2) under the electrification scenario up to the maximum of 46% (677 Mt CO2) under the CCS scenario compared to a reference scenario. This clearly demonstrates that the technology pathway matters. Nevertheless, the German steel sector will exceed its sectoral CO2 budget for a 1.5 °C warming scenario between 2023 and 2037. Thus, drastic measures are required very soon to sufficiently limit future CO2 emissions from German steel production, such as, a rapid decarbonization of the electricity mix, the construction of a hydrogen and CCS infrastructure, or early shutdowns of current coal-based furnaces.

Effects of greenhouse gas emissions timing on alternative biomass and fossil energy sources for district heating

AbstractDistrict heating (DH) systems can improve energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and be a cost‐effective residential space heating alternative over conventional decentralized heating. This study uses radiative forcing (RF), a time‐sensitive life cycle assessment metric, to evaluate space heating alternatives. We compare forest residue and willow biomass resources and natural gas as fuel sources against decentralized heating using heating oil. The comparison is performed for selected locations in the Northeastern United States over a 30‐year production timeline and 100 observation years. The natural gas and willow scenarios are compared with scenarios where available forest residue is unused and adds a penalty of GHG emissions due to microbial decay. When forest residues are available, their use is recommended before considering willow production. Investment in bioenergy‐based DH with carbon capture and storage and natural‐gas‐based DH with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered to assess their influence on RF. Its implementation further improves the net carbon mitigation potential of DH despite the carbon and energy cost of CCS infrastructure. Soil carbon sequestration from willow production reduces RF overall, specifically when grown on land converted from cropland to pasture, hay, and grassland. The study places initial GHG emissions spikes from infrastructure and land‐use change into a temporal framework and shows a payback within the first 5 years of operation for DH with forest residues and willow.

A Systems Approach to Business Models and Public-private Risk Sharing for Large Scale CCS Deployment

This paper builds on insights gained from the attempts to deploy Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Europe over the last ten years and describes results of research into business models and public-private risk sharing for large scale CCS that has been undertaken within two European multi-lateral funded projects: ELEGANCY and ALIGN CCUS. Various techno-economic modelling techniques have repeatably shown that CCS infrastructure is essential for meeting mid-century climate targets at lowest cost, but many questions still remain for both public and private stakeholders on how to facilitate investment in, and deployment of, this infrastructure at the requisite scale. The work presented in this paper highlights the structural need for a whole systems or multi-sectoral design of business models and policy intervention in order to enable efficient and effective risk sharing between governments and private sector investors.

Perspectives on The Techno-Economic Analysis of Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is required in order to reduce the impact of fossil fuel burning on global warming and the resulting climate change. The use of CCS technology offers much promise in regard to the capture of major levels of waste carbon dioxide produced from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation and from industrial processes. Crucial to the development of CCS technology is the need for improved decision-making tools to underpin sustainable investment and associated policy initiatives for CCS technology and infrastructure. Consequently, this paper provides the results from the techno-economic analysis of CCS. This includes regression modelling of the levelized cost of electricity for power generation via combined cycle gas turbine both with and without CCS. In order to inform future research in the area, a supporting CCS research agenda has been formulated.

Plant responses to simulated carbon capture and storage (CCS) CO2 pipeline leakage: the effect of soil type

AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) has been proposed as a bridging technology to enable the transition to an energy system based on renewable sources. Many high CO2‐emitting industries (such as the power industry) are distant from potential carbon storage sites (such as offshore geological reservoirs) and an infrastructure of CO2 transportation must therefore be developed to carry the CO2 to safe storage. As such there is a need to understand the risks involved and the mitigation of potential leaks associated with CCS and dense‐phase CO2 transportation networks. Since 2012 a number of experimental studies have provided a mechanistic understanding of the risks posed to crops as a function of CO2 leakage from CCS infrastructure. However, what remains largely unresolved is the role played by both soil type and soil structure in mitigating and / or enhancing plant stresses. In this study we provide an experimental framework to evaluate these effects. Wheat and beetroot were grown in four different experimental soils to test the effects of specific soil attributes (organic, low pH; organic, open structure; organic, limed; loam, neutral pH) on crop performance when exposed to high levels (∼40%) of CO2 in the soil environment. Comparison between treatment and controls and across the soil types reveals little difference in terms of biomass or plant stress chemistry. From a stakeholder perspective these findings suggest that soil type may play only a minor role in mitigating or amplifying plant stress in response to the unlikely event of a CO2 leak from CCS infrastructure. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The threat to climate change mitigation posed by the abundance of fossil fuels

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the trends in primary demand for fossil fuels and renewables, comparing regions with large and small domestic fossil fuel reserves. We focus on countries that hold 80% of global fossil fuel reserves and compare them with key countries that have meagre fossil fuel reserves. We show that those countries with large domestic fossil fuel reserves have experienced a large increase in primary energy demand from fossil fuels, but only a moderate or no increase in primary energy from renewables, and in particular from non-hydro renewable energy sources (NHRES), which are assumed to represent the cornerstone of the future transformation of the global energy system. This implies a tremendous threat to climate change mitigation, with only two principal mitigation options for fossil-fuel-rich economies if there is to be compliance with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement: (1) leave the fossil fuels in the ground; and (2) apply carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. Combinations of these two options to exploit their respective possibilities synergistically will require strong initiatives and incentives to transform a certain amount of the domestic fossil fuel reserves (including the associated infrastructure) into stranded assets and to create an extensive CCS infrastructure. Our conclusion is that immediate and disruptive changes to the use of fossil fuels and investments in non-carbon-emitting technologies are required if global warming is to be limited to well below 2°C. Collective actions along value chains in business to divert from fossil fuels may be a feasible strategy.Key policy insightsThe main obstacle to compliance with any reasonable warming target is the abundance of fossil fuels, which has maintained and increased momentum towards new fossil-fuelled processes.So far, there has been no increase in the share of NHRES in total global primary energy demand, with a clear decline in the NHRES share in India and China.There is an immediate need for the global community to develop fossil fuel strategies and policies.Policies must account for the global trade flow of products that typically occurs from the newly industrialized fossil fuel-rich countries to the developed countries.

The cost of getting CCS wrong: Uncertainty, infrastructure design, and stranded CO2

Carbon capture, and storage (CCS) infrastructure will require industry—such as fossil-fuel power, ethanol production, and oil and gas extraction—to make massive investment in infrastructure. The cost of getting these investments wrong will be substantial and will impact the success of CCS technology. Multiple factors can and will impact the success of commercial-scale CCS, including significant uncertainties regarding capture, transport, and injection-storage decisions. Uncertainties throughout the CCS supply chain include policy, technology, engineering performance, economics, and market forces. In particular, large uncertainties exist for the injection and storage of CO2. Even taking into account upfront investment in site characterization, the final performance of the storage phase is largely unknown until commercial-scale injection has started. We explore and quantify the impact of getting CCS infrastructure decisions wrong based on uncertain injection rates and uncertain CO2 storage capacities using a case study managing CO2 emissions from the Canadian oil sands industry in Alberta. We use SimCCS, a widely used CCS infrastructure design framework, to develop multiple CCS infrastructure scenarios. Each scenario consists of a CCS infrastructure network that connects CO2 sources (oil sands extraction and processing) with CO2 storage reservoirs (acid gas storage reservoirs) using a dedicated CO2 pipeline network. Each scenario is analyzed under a range of uncertain storage estimates and infrastructure performance is assessed and quantified in terms of cost to build additional infrastructure to store all CO2. We also include the role of stranded CO2, CO2 that a source was expecting to but cannot capture due substandard performance in the transport and storage infrastructure. Results show that the cost of getting the original infrastructure design wrong are significant and that comprehensive planning will be required to ensure that CCS becomes a successful climate mitigation technology. In particular, we show that the concept of stranded CO2 can transform a seemingly high-performing infrastructure design into the worst case scenario.

Three layers of energy law for examining CO2 transport for carbon-capture and storage

This research is a legal analysis concerning four scenarios for cross-border carbon dioxide (CO2) transport that could increase the deployment of carbon-capture and storage (CCS) deployment in Europe. The legal analysis categorizes the law into three levels-international, national and local-and considers the four scenarios in light of these three levels of energy law. Upon reviewing the four scenarios, it is clear that the Rotterdam Nucleus (referred to as the 'Pilot Case') is the leading scenario and as a result it is explored in more detail. The potential Pilot Case is based on the development of Rotterdam (in the Netherlands) as a southern North Sea hub. Under this Rotterdam Nucleus scenario, captured CO2 will be transported through the Port of Rotterdam to depleted gas fields offshore the Netherlands. CO2 will also be transported through further links using CCS infrastructure to facilitate the processing of undeveloped gas fields offshore UK. The Pilot case contemplates further expansion opportunities, increasing the capture clusters through additional pipelines, expanding to further gas fields and using the port of Rotterdam for CO2 shipping-hence the analysis of the other scenarios may be invaluable in the future development of CO2 networks in the EU. Finally, and an original contribution of this article is that it employs the three lawyers of energy law theoretical framework to an energy problem that was examined by an interdisciplinary research team. Furthermore, this research was developed further through two key industry stakeholder meetings with CCS experts in the EU. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the AIPN. All rights reserved.

Considerations in the Development of Flexible CCS Networks

This paper discusses considerations for the design of flexibly operated Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) pipeline networks and is based on the findings of the Flexible CCS Network Development project (FleCCSnet), funded as part of the UK CCS Research Centre. The project considered the impact of flexibility across the whole CCS chain, as well as studying the interfaces between each element of the system; e.g. at the entry to the pipeline system from the capture plant and at the exit from the pipeline to the storage site. The factors identified are intended to allow CCS network designers to determine the degree of flexibility in the system; allowing them to react effectively to short, medium and long term variations in the flow of CO2 from capture plants and the constraints imposed on the system by CO2 injection and storage.The work of the project is reviewed in this paper which explores the flexibility of power plants operating with post combustion capture systems; quantifies the available time to store (line pack) CO2 in the pipeline as a function of pipeline size, the inlet mass flow rate and operating pressure; and explores the influence that uncertainty in injection and storage parameters have on the design of the pipeline. In addition, parameters influencing short and longer term network designs are discussed in terms of varying flow rates. Two practitioner workshops [1,2] contributed to the direction of the project. The first workshop identified and confirmed key questions to be considered in order to understand the most likely impacts of variability in both the CO2 sources and CO2 sinks on CO2 transport system design and operation. The second workshop focused on transient issues in the pipeline and storage site.Although the case studies in the work are UK based, this work is applicable to other situations where large and small sources of CO2 are expected to be feeding into a CCS transportation system. The work is expected to inform a broad range of stakeholders and allow network designers to anticipate potential problems associated with the operation of a CCS network. For an effective design of CCS infrastructure, all of the factors that will have a substantial impact on CO2 flow will have to be analysed at an early stage to prevent possible bottle necks in the whole chain.

Design under uncertainty of carbon capture and storage infrastructure considering cost, environmental impact, and preference on risk

We present a stochastic decision-making algorithm for the design and operation of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) network; the algorithm incorporates the decision-maker’s tolerance of risk caused by uncertainties. Given a set of available resources to capture, store, and transport CO2, the algorithm provides an optimal plan of the CCS infrastructure and a CCS assessment method, while minimizing annual cost, environmental impact, and risk under uncertainties. The model uses the concept of downside risk to explicitly incorporate the trade-off between risk and either economic or environmental objectives at the decision-making level. A two-phase-two-stage stochastic multi-objective optimization problem (2P2SSMOOP) solving approach is implemented to consider uncertainty, and the ε-constraint method is used to evaluate the interaction between total annual cost with financial risk and an Eco-indicator 99 score with environmental risk. The environmental impact is measured by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considering all contributions made by operation and installation of a CCS infrastructure. A case study of power-plant CO2 emission in Korea is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling and solution method.

Fair design of CCS infrastructure for power plants in Qatar under carbon trading scheme

Qatar is currently the highest emitter per capita and targets emission reduction by exercising tight controls on gas flaring. In order to limit the emission under allowances, the power plants have two options: investing in carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems or buying carbon credits for the excess emissions above their allowances. However, CCS systems are expensive for installation and operation. In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for the design of integrated carbon capture, transport and storage infrastructure in Qatar under carbon trading scheme. We first investigate the critical carbon credit prices to decide under which price it is more beneficial to invest on CCS systems or to buy carbon credits via carbon trading. Then the fair design of the CCS infrastructure is obtained under two fairness scenarios: the same saving ratio and the game theory Nash approach. Fair cost distribution among power plants in Qatar is obtained by selecting the CO2 resources (power plants) to be captured with available capture technologies and materials, designing the transportation pipeline network to connect the resources with the sequestration and/or utilisation sites and determining the carbon trading price and amount among power plants. Under different fairness scenarios, the total costs are slightly higher than that from minimising the total cost to obtain the fair cost distribution. Power plants with higher CO2 emissions determine to install CCS system, while other power plants buy the carbon credits from domestic or international market to fulfil their carbon allowance requirements. The future work includes extending the current model by considering power generation distribution and designing the pipeline network with the selection of pump locations and pipe diameters.

Design and Operation Strategy of CO2 Terminal

With recent advancements in the carbon capture and storage (CCS), much interest has been developed in the CO2 transport options. An infrastructure including pipelines, ships, tanker truck, and railways will be collectively required for a large scale CO2 transport network. In particular, ship transportation can play a special role in the early phase of CCS infrastructure development as it offers flexible routes between source and offshore storage sites. This work is focused on the design and operational strategy of the CO2 terminal which acts as a connecting link between CO2 liquefaction and the shipping section. The study is performed using dynamic simulation in order to have a more realistic understanding of the process. Four scenarios have been developed to define the operational strategy of the terminal: loading case, holding case, unloading case, and emergency shutdown. A reasonable equipment sizing has been done after consultation with vendors data and available literature. The heat influxes to storage tanks include the heat leak from the bottom surface, dry wall, and wet wall for the precise quantification of heat flow across the system. Reasonable control loops are appended to keep the process variables at their set points to allow the safe operation of the CO2 terminal within the operational limits. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed on some of the important design variables in order to understand their effect on the process performance and terminal operation. The results show that boil-off gas (BOG) generation within the CO2 terminal depends on storage tank size, operating pressure, ambient conditions, insulation thickness, and the filling level of the vessel.

A Comprehensive Infrastructure Assessment Model for Carbon Capture and Storage Responding to Climate Change under Uncertainty

In this study, a comprehensive infrastructure assessment model for carbon capture and storage (CiamCCS) is developed for (i) planning a carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure that includes CO2 capture, utilization, sequestration and transportation technologies, and for (ii) integrating the major CCS assessment methods, i.e., techno-economic assessment (TEA), environmental assessment (EA), and technical risk assessment (TRA). The model also applies an inexact two-stage stochastic programming approach to consider the effect of every possible uncertainty in input data, including economic profit (i.e., CO2 emission inventories, product prices, operating costs), environmental impact (i.e., environment emission inventories) and technical loss (i.e., technical accident inventories). The proposed model determines where and how much CO2 to capture, transport, sequester, and utilize to achieve an acceptable compromise between profit and the combination of environmental impact and technical loss. To implement this concept, fuzzy multiple objective programming was used to attain a compromise solution among all objectives of the CiamCCS. The capability of CiamCSS is tested by applying it to design and operate a future CCS infrastructure for treating CO2 emitted by burning carbon-based fossil fuels in power plants throughout Korea in 2020. The result helps decision makers to establish an optimal strategy that balances economy, environment, and safety efficiency against stability in an uncertain future CCS infrastructure.

A Multiobjective Optimization Approach for CCS Infrastructure Considering Cost and Environmental Impact

In this study, we address the design of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure with economic and environmental concerns. Given a set of available technologies to capture, sequestrate, and transport CO2, the problem consists of determining the optimal planning of the CCS infrastructure capable of satisfying a predefined CO2 reduction target. The planning task is formulated as a multiobjective mixed-integer linear programming (moMILP) problem, which simultaneously accounts for the minimization of cost and environmental impact. The environmental impact is measured through all contributions made by operation and installation of the CCS infrastructure. The emissions considered in the environmental impact analysis are quantified according to the principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), specifically the Eco-indicator 99 method. The multiobjective optimization problem was solved by using the e-constraint method. The capability of the proposed modeling framework is illustrated and applied to a real ca...