Carbon Capture And Storage Demonstration Research Articles

A preliminary assessment of CO2 capture, transport, and storage network for China's steel sector

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has emerged as a promising way for achieving deep decarbonization of China's steel sector. Large-scale CCS deployment necessitates a comprehensive source-sink matching analysis to offer early engineering guidance. To address this issue, this study conducted a source-sink matching analysis of China's steel sector, assessing CO2 sources, CO2 storage capacities and costs, and CO2 pipeline layouts under three capture targets. The findings reveal an obvious spatial mismatch between CO2 sources and potential CO2 sinks for China's steel sector. CO2 sources are mainly situated in eastern China, while main CO2 storage sites are located in western China. The average unit costs of CCS under low (30%), medium (60%), and full capture (90%) targets are 83, 91, and 118 $/t CO2, respectively. In particular, as capture target increases, the CO2 transportation cost will supersede the capture cost and dominate the average CCS unit cost, owing to the construction of longer pipelines. This study recommends prioritizing CCS demonstration with steel plants in regions having suitable CO2 storage basins nearby. Moreover, future investigations should concentrate on on-site experiments of CO2 storage basins and the technology development of offshore carbon storage in China.

Assessing the niche development of carbon capture and storage through strategic niche management approach: The case of China

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important strategic technology choice for the future reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which plays a crucial role as part of an economically sustainable route. Although some studies have discussed CCS demonstration projects and early developments, CCS has not been investigated as an innovative niche for sustainable transition. In an attempt to fill this gap, this study studies CCS as an innovative niche and assess the niche development of CCS in China by using a strategic niche management (SNM) framework. The evolution of three interlinked niche processes (expectations, social networks and learning process) is analysed with a comprehensive analytical approach that includes policy, social network and bibliometric analysis. Results show that a CCS niche has formed in China, but it is at a relatively low level of niche development in terms of the three internal processes. The expectations for CCS evolved linearly and are constantly being reinforced. The actor network supporting CCS niche development is sparse, and network cohesion is gradually decreasing. CCS learning continues to deepen but remains insufficient; it focuses on technical aspects and provides little attention to policy and social issues. The results indicate that expectations have been well-established at various levels in China, but the network and the learning process still need to be improved. Our findings help to identify problems in the development of technology and provide useful references for technology planning and the further development of CCS.

Decarbonizing the energy and industry sectors in Thailand by carbon capture and storage

In this paper, we evaluate decarbonization opportunities for the power and industry sectors in Thailand by carbon capture and storage (CCS). Stationary CO 2 sources from the power sector include coal-fired, natural gas-fired and waste-to-energy power plants. Stationary CO 2 sources from the industry sector include cement factories, refineries, iron and steel mills, petrochemical plants, and natural gas processing plants. Potential sites for subsurface CO 2 storage include oil fields, gas fields and saline aquifers in four offshore sedimentary basins (Songkhla, Pattani, Chumpon, Malay) and six onshore sedimentary basins (Fang, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Suphan Buri, Kamphaeng Saen, and Khorat). Data used in this study come from an extensive review of peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and published reports. Results show that stationary CO 2 emission from the two sectors is 143 Mtpa consisting of 79 Mtpa from power plants and 64 Mtpa from industrial plants. The biggest CO 2 emission in the power sector comes from natural gas-fired power plants whereas that from the industry sector comes from cement factories. There is a total of 79 Gt of subsurface CO 2 storage capacity (mid case scenario) in Thailand, which is enough to store 554 years of CO 2 emission from stationary sources. Of this, 77.6 Gt (98%) comes from saline aquifers, 1.7 Gt (2%) from gas reservoirs, and only 0.05 Gt (<1%) from oil reservoirs. Therefore, saline aquifers are the most important sites for subsurface CO 2 storage. We propose using CCS clusters to reduce the overall project cost by using economies of scale. In a CCS cluster, multiple CO 2 sources are mapped to a common CO 2 sink by sharing the same CO 2 capture, transport, and injection network. A CO 2 source-sink mapping exercise results in the identification of six CCS clusters. For Cluster I, we propose a CCS demonstration project by capturing CO 2 emitted from cement factories near the city of Saraburi and transporting it to the nearby Sirikit oil field for CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery. This project can potentially recover 29 MMbbl of incremental oil. For Cluster II, CO 2 emitted from natural gas-ired power plants around Bangkok and petrochemical plants in Rayong is captured and stored in saline aquifers in the nearby Khorat Basin. For all other CCS clusters, emitted CO 2 can be stored in saline aquifers within a 200 km distance. However, detailed characterization of saline aquifers in Thai sedimentary basins such as caprock integrity, reservoir connectivity, net-to-gross etc., is required to materialize these CCS projects. • Stationary CO 2 emission in Thailand is 79 Mtpa from the power sector and 64 Mtpa from the industry sector. • There is 79.3 Gt of mid CO 2 storage capacity in Thailand, which is enough to store 567 years of CO 2 emission from stationary sources. • There is CO 2 -EOR/EGR potential 174 MMbbl from 53 oil and gas fields in Thailand. • However, most Thai gas fields are still under primary depletion and therefore not ready for CO 2 storage. • A source-sink mapping exercise has identified six CCS clusters where CO 2 sources within a cluster are mapped to CO 2 sinks within the same cluster for permanent storage.

Financing coal-fired power plant to demonstrate CCS (carbon capture and storage) through an innovative policy incentive in China

Traditional policy incentives for carbon capture and storage (CCS) mainly rely on fiscal subsidies, which tend to put an inordinate strain on public finances. This study attempts to explore a non-fiscal incentive policy, granting a time extension (extra electricity quota), to finance early CCS demonstration projects in China. We find that coal-fired power plant (CFPP) operate at a loss even without CCS retrofitting under the current electricity quota (4000 h per year), while it can make profits with CCS retrofitting if extra electricity quotas are provided. Specifically, the electricity quota needs to be roughly 4709–7260 h per year with the CO2 capture level ranging from 0.1 to 1 Mt per year in the demonstration stage. In particular, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of CFPP with a capture level of 1 Mt per year is estimated at 298.8 CNY/MWh if the electricity quota reaches 7000 h per year, which is approximately equal to that of CFPP without CCS retrofitting and extra electricity quota (292.2 CNY/MWh). Thus, the extra electricity quota can be considered as an economically feasible policy incentive, and related results are able to provide useful information for electric power enterprises and government decision-makers.

A social learning approach to carbon capture and storage demonstration project management: An empirical analysis

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential technology option for limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Demonstration is an important engineering measure towards large-scale CCS promotion. Implementing a demonstration project is a complicated process of system engineering management that involves a large number of strategic decisions. It is critical to investigate the potential knowledge-generating and decision-making processes embedded in the CCS demonstration, as well as to learn from past successes and failures. Learning-oriented approaches used to be primarily concerned with technical costs, which sparked a lengthy debate regarding the economic viability of CCS projects, but little attention was devoted to the social aspects of project implementation. Based on historical evidence on CCS demonstrations globally, this study developed a data-driven social learning model with high accuracy in estimating the chances of project success, combined with19 socio-technical characteristics. Our results imply that project performance (79.8%) is more relevant than policy incentives (12.8%) and media hype (7.4%) in explaining previous CCS triumphs. Among the seven policy-level characteristics, tax credits and regulatory legislation have grown in importance over the last 20 years, while the significance of grant subsidies has gradually waned. Furthermore, we found that modest hype assisted in the completion of planned projects, notably carbon dioxide storage projects. The sociocultural narrative of CCS does not yet have a set ending. This highlights the significance of telling compelling CCS stories in steering the future trajectory of technology and the low-carbon energy revolution.

Geomechanical Integrity and Non-Isothermal Effect in CO2 Storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important component among several initiatives to reduce greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere. In Norway, a joint venture is underway between Equinor, Shell and Total to implement the world's first complete value chain (capture, shipping, transport and storage) offshore CCS demonstration project, in which the CO2 can come from many different sources. Here we investigate the thermal effect on a future candidate site for CO2 storage, Smeaheia, using numerical modelling. To do this, we compare results from hydro-mechanical (HM-model) and thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM model) CO2 injection simulations, including the equation of state for the fluids. The injected CO2 is colder than the storage reservoir, and as the CO2 migrates, it cools down the surrounding formations, mainly the reservoir and the overlying caprock. Increased pore pressure due to injection dissipates fast in the high-permeable reservoir in Smeaheia. However, in the caprock, the cooling causes the fluid to contract and the low-permeable caprock creates undrained conditions for the formation water which results in significant reduction in pore pressure. We observe that the thermal effect contributes to destabilizing the reservoir and stabilizing the caprock, which is seemingly fortuitous, but also potentially an unpredictable situation because of the large stress transients and gradients in a small area where the stability can be sensitive to small weaknesses and heterogeneities.

CCUS Projects Network: European Knowledge Sharing and Communication to Support Project Development

The CCUS Projects Network represents and supports major industrial projects underway across Europe in the field of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilisation (CCU). By sharing knowledge and learning from each other, the member projects are driving forward the delivery and deployment of CCUS, enabling Europe’s member states to reduce emissions from industry, electricity, transport and heat sectors. The European Commission recognises these technologies as crucial to achieving 2030 and 2050 climate targets. With support from the Network’s Secretariat, members work together to share opportunities and clear any remaining hurdles. With funding support from the Commission, this Network is building on the work of the European CCS Demonstration Project Network, which operated from 2009 to 2018.

Geochemical Modelling of the Evolution of Caprock Sealing Capacity at the Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project

CO2 geological storage is considered as an important measure to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere for addressing climate change. The key prerequisite for long-term CO2 geological storage is the sealing capacity of caprock. This study investigates the evolution of sealing capacity of caprock induced by geochemical reactions among CO2, water and caprock using TOUGHREACT code based on the Heshanggou Formation mudstone at the Shenhua Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) demonstration site of China. The results show that the self-sealing phenomenon occurs in the lower part of the caprock dominated by the precipitation of dawsonite, magnesite, siderite, Ca-smectite and illite. While the self-dissolution occurs in the upper part of caprock mainly due to the dissolution of kaolinite, K-feldspar, chlorite and Ca-smectite. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the precipitation of dawsonite, magnesite, siderite is highly advantageous leading to self-sealing of caprock, with albite and chlorite dissolution providing Na+, Mg2+ and Fe2+. The dissolution of K-feldspar dominates illite precipitation by providing required K+, and albite affects Ca-smectite precipitation. The self-sealing and self-dissolution of caprock are enhanced significantly with increasing temperature, while the effect of salinity on caprock sealing capacity is negligible perhaps due to the low salinity level of formation water.

Characterizing CO2 plume migration in multi-layer reservoirs with strong heterogeneity and low permeability using time-lapse 2D VSP technology and numerical simulation

One of the great challenges in carbon capture and storage (CCS) development is the monitoring and determination of the underground CO2 plume migration. We show that time-lapse 2D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) technology can support the monitoring and numerical modeling of CO2 plume migration at a storage site. Using the Shenhua CCS demonstration project in China as a case study, we predicted the physical parameters of the main reservoir, including the distribution of bodies of sandstone and their porosity and permeability, required to upgrade the geological model. We also interpreted the characteristics of historical CO2 plume migration in one seismic profile of the second and third periods of VSP monitoring. Based on a new upgraded geological model, we simulated the historical CO2 plume migration characteristics under the actual injection scenario of the demonstration project. The results of the simulation exhibited good consistency with the time-lapse VSP monitored in the profile, thus indicating that both the geological and numerical models have a certain degree of credibility. We further simulated the characteristics of CO2 plume migration after the injection well shutoff before 2035.

Highlights and Lessons from the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network

The European Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Demonstration Project Network (the “Network”) is currently composed of projects located in the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and the UK. The goal of the Network is to accelerate deployment of CCS by sharing project development experiences about technology implementation, including transport and storage of CO2, as well as regulatory environment and financial structures. This paper aims to provide an overview of some CCS insights gained from developing the Network projects. Besides technology and project development, sharing knowledge and lessons learned on project-level basis, have also given valuable insights on how policies can enable development and implementation of appropriate regulatory frameworks, and funding schemes towards effective deployment of CCS technology in power generation sector.

Challenges for social impact assessment in coastal regions: A case study of the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project

This paper assesses challenges for social impact assessment (SIA) for coastal and offshore infrastructure projects, using the case study of the Tomakomai Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Demonstration Project in Hokkaido, Japan. Interest in SIA and linked concepts such as social licence to operate is growing, yet marine environments also have potential to raise additional complexity in project governance. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Tomakomai and Japan more widely across the project development and implementation phase, the paper argues that building an understanding of the social, cultural and historical relationship between the community, industry and the sea is crucial to understanding the neutral or cautiously supportive response of the citizens and stakeholders in Tomakomai to the project. Moreover, effective SIA in coastal regions needs to find a way to account for – or at least make visible – these complex relations between society and the sea. Based on the findings, it is suggested that developers or policymakers overseeing SIA in coastal regions ought to pay extra attention to the extent to which developments like CCS are viewed by communities as 'new' as opposed to a continuation of existing activities in the sea; to the importance of engagement on monitoring during the project operations phase; and to the non-economic values such as pride and identity which communities and stakeholders may derive from the sea.

Reactive transport modeling of long-term CO2 sequestration mechanisms at the Shenhua CCS demonstration project, China

Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline aquifers results in a variety of strongly coupled physical and chemical processes. In this study, reactive transport simulations using a 2-D radial model were performed to investigate the fate of the injected CO2, the effect of CO2-water-rock interactions on mineral alteration, and the long-term CO2 sequestration mechanisms of the Liujiagou Formation sandstone at the Shenhua CCS (carbon capture and storage) pilot site of China. Carbon dioxide was injected at a constant rate of 0.1 Mt/year for 30 years, and the fluid flow and geochemical transport simulation was run for a period of 10 000 years by the TOUGHREACT code according to the underground conditions of the Liujiagou Formation. The results show that different trapping phases of CO2 vary with time. Sensitivity analyses indicate that plagioclase composition and chlorite presence are the most significant determinants of stable carbonate minerals and CO2 mineral trapping capacity. For arkosic arenite in the Liujiagou Formation, CO2 can be immobilized by precipitation of ankerite, magnesite, siderite, dawsonite, and calcite for different mineral compositions, with Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Na+ provided by dissolution of calcite, albite (or oligoclase) and chlorite. This study can provide useful insights into the geochemistry of CO2 storage in other arkosic arenite (feldspar rich sandstone) formations at other pilots or target sites.

A methodology for designing maximum allowable wellhead pressure for CO2 injection: application to the Shenhua CCS demonstration project, China

AbstractMaximum allowable wellhead pressure is an effective indicator for both site safety control and government regulation of CO2 geological storage projects. In many carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, the injection rate may also be set as an obligatory objective. For such a problem of multi‐objective design, no systematic design methodology has been opened in the publicly available literature. Although a numerical simulator can be employed to obtain the wellhead pressure through a series of trial processes of calculations, this will usually need more model parameters and a large number of computations, especially when there are more reservoirs. In this study, an extensible methodological framework for designing a maximum allowable wellhead pressure for CO2 injection was developed. The methodology is based on a thermal‐hydraulic coupling model of wellbore and reservoir flows suitable for arbitrary number of reservoirs. The new methodology can automatically accommodate multiple design objectives, such as site stability and total injection rate. As a result of explicit solutions employed, the methodology has the advantage of less computation and high speed. Using this method, we recommended a maximum allowable wellhead pressure of 13.0 MPa for the Shenhua CCS demonstration project in China, which has been accepted by the expert committee of the project. The large amount of verification data and four‐year successful injections in the project have proved the effectiveness of the new method. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

이산화탄소 포집기술 국외 기술개발 동향

COP21에서 채택된 파리협정에서 명시한 지구 대기온도 <TEX>$2^{\circ}C$</TEX> 이하 상승억제 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 현재 각 당사국이 제출한 감축 목표치로만은 부족한 상황이다. 이에 따라 향후 감축목표를 상향하기 위한 작업이 이루어질 것이다. <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 배출량을 줄이기 위한 여러 수단 중 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장(CCS: Carbon Capture and Storage)은 필수 옵션으로 현재 전세계에서 대규모 실증이 진행되고 있다. 실증 단계에 있는 1세대 기술의 경우 높은 포집비용 및 발전원가 상승으로 정책적 뒷받침 없이는 시장보급이 어려운 실정이다. 이에 비용을 저감하기 위한 2세대, 3세대 혁신 포집기술들이 개발되고 있으며 2세대 기술들은 파일럿 규모로, 3세대 기술들은 벤치규모로 연구되고 있다. 본 리뷰 논문에서는 전세계 대규모 CCS 실증 사업 현황을 살펴보고, 2세대, 3세대 포집기술에 대해 연소전, 연소후, 신연소기술로 구분하고 습식 포집기술, 건식 포집기술, 분리막 기술, 산소연소기술의 세부 기술개발 내용에 대한 현재까지의 기술개발 결과를 요약정리하였다. The amount of greenhouse gas emission reduction based on INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions) submitted to UN by each party is not sufficient to achieve the Paris Agreement's aim to "hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below <TEX>$2^{\circ}C$</TEX> above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to <TEX>$1.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>" which was determined in the <TEX>$21^{st}$</TEX> Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 21). Accordingly, the emission reduction target of each party will be revised for the <TEX>$2^{\circ}C$</TEX> goal. Among the several options to reduce the carbon emission, CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a key option to curb <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emissions from large emission sources such as fossil-based power plants, cement plants, and steel production plants. A large scale CCS demonstration projects utilizing <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX> generation <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> capture technologies are under way around the world. It is anticipated, however, that the deployment of those <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX> generation <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> capture technologies in great numbers without government support will be difficult due to the high capture cost and considerable increase of cost of electricity. To reduce the carbon capture cost, <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> and <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> generation technologies are under development in a pilot or a bench scale. In this paper, current status of large scale CCS demonstration projects and the <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> and <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> generation capture technologies are summarized. Novel capture technologies on wet scrubbing, dry sorbent, and oxygen combustion are explained in detail for all capture areas: post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and new combustion technologies.

PROSPECTS OF CCS PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN RUSSIA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

The urgency of environmental protection is determined by its intensive change because of human impact, which, among other things, accompanied by an increasing of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One of the ways to reduce the emission is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. To date, developed countries have successfully implemented a number of CCS demonstration projects. Their main purpose is to study the effectiveness of CO2 storage. Russia is one of the world’s largest producers of CO2 emissions. However, CO2 capture and storage issues are not studied by Russian enterprises due to the absence of environmental taxes. The experience of developed countries shows that CO2 storage projects, in addition to the reduction of anthropogenic impact, can be commercially effective not only by reducing the tax burden. This review presents the analysis of international experience in the field of CO2 capture and storage. Given the immaturity of technology and lack of the necessary volume of statistical data, it was an attempt to determine the minimum conditions, which permit the implementation of CCS projects in Russian oil fields. On the basis of the Russian development forecast and the fuel balance structure the volumes of CO2 emissions in the 2016–2030 years were calculated. According to significant difference in opinions about the feasibility of CCS implementation in Russia, this review presents the main arguments for and against such projects. Evaluation of the potential effectiveness of CCS projects to enhance oil recovery factor showed that in spite of the absence of CO2 emissions taxes, such projects could be commercially effective in Russia due to the increase in oil recovery.

동해 울릉분지 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; 저장소 특성 분석을 위한 탄성파 자료처리 및 역산

<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 지중저장은 국가 온실가스 감축 목표 달성에 가장 큰 역할을 담당할 것으로 평가되고 있으나, 포집분야 일부 기술을 제외하고 저장 및 실증에 대한 국내 연구는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage)의 가장 큰 목표는 지하 퇴적 암반층에 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>를 안전하게 저장하는 것이며, 이를 위해서는 저장소의 저장용량 및 안정성등과 같은 지중저장 대상지층의 특성을 정확하게 파악하고 그에 맞는 주입 전략을 수립하여야 한다. 이번 연구에서는 한국석유공사가 2012년에 울릉분지에서 취득한 탄성파 탐사자료를 활용하여 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 저장 후보 지층에 대한 탄성파 임피던스 역산을 수행하고, 공극률의 분포와 지층의 속성을 도출하여 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 지중저장 가능성을 검토하였다. 우선, 탄성파 자료 역산의 신뢰도를 높이기 위해 다양한 방법의 잡음제거 기법을 적용하였고, 특히 본 자료의 주파수 및 위상 특성을 그대로 유지한 채 다중반사파를 제거할 수 있는 SWD(Shallow Water Demultiple), SRME(Surface Related Multiple Elimination), Radon Demultiple 기술을 활용하였다. 자료 역산을 위해 3개의 시추공에 대한 물리검층 자료를 분석하였는데, 탄성파 자료와의 상관도가 각각 0.648, 0.574, 0.342로 나타났으며 이는 초기 역산 모델 설정을 위한 저주파수 모델 생성에 활용하였다. 중합 전 역산을 통해 P-임피던스, S-임피던스 및 Vp/Vs 비 값을 도출하였으며, 이와 물리검층 결과의 비교, 분석을 통해 공극률 분포 양상을 확인함으로써 지중저장에 적합한 지층을 파악할 수 있었다. 향후 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 주입 실증을 위해서는 지층에 대한 보다 세밀한 특성 분석과 모사를 통한 주입 이후 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> 거동예측이 필요할 것이다. <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> geological storage plays an important role in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but there is a lack of research for CCS demonstration. To achieve the goal of CCS, storing <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> safely and permanently in underground geological formations, it is essential to understand the characteristics of them, such as total storage capacity, stability, etc. and establish an injection strategy. We perform the impedance inversion for the seismic data acquired from the Ulleung Basin in 2012. To review the possibility of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> storage, we also construct porosity models and extract attributes of the prospects from the seismic data. To improve the quality of seismic data, amplitude preserved processing methods, SWD(Shallow Water Demultiple), SRME(Surface Related Multiple Elimination) and Radon Demultiple, are applied. Three well log data are also analysed, and the log correlations of each well are 0.648, 0.574 and 0.342, respectively. All wells are used in building the low-frequency model to generate more robust initial model. Simultaneous pre-stack inversion is performed on all of the 2D profiles and inverted P-impedance, S-impedance and Vp/Vs ratio are generated from the inversion process. With the porosity profiles generated from the seismic inversion process, the porous and non-porous zones can be identified for the purpose of the <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> sequestration initiative. More detailed characterization of the geological storage and the simulation of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> migration might be an essential for the CCS demonstration.

Study of a roadmap for carbon capture and storage development in Guangdong Province, China

Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly in Guangdong, an economically developed Chinese province. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important approach to lower carbon concentration in this area. This study provides guidance and recommendations for CCS development and demonstration by analysing the necessity of CCS in Guangdong. Furthermore, this study identifies the major opportunities and technical demands related to CCS development in this province based on a sectoral analysis of emission inventory and the forecasting and identification of the potential CO 2 storage capacity. A CCS development roadmap is then developed for Guangdong based on the analysis results, and the milestone goals of this roadmap from the present until 2030 are presented in accordance with the development of technology in and the current status of Guangdong. In addition, the roadmap suggests CCS support policies.

The Application of CCS Technology in China: Lesson from the Sino-Italy Collaboration on Coal Fired Power Plants

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the most promising technological solutions to realize low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels in a large scale. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China and Italy initiated the “Sino-Italy Cooperation on Application of CCS to Coal Fired Power Plants” (SICCS) project which not only promoted CCS technology exchanges and scientific research collaboration between both countries, but also conducted a pre- feasibility study on a full chain demonstration project, including capture of CO2 from coal fired power plant, CO2 transport and storage. This paper will introduce the overall R&D collaboration progress on this project. It first reports activities designed to raise CCS capacity in China and to facilitate the knowledge sharing between Chinese and Italian academe, key outcomes of the SICCS project including the first and second Sino-Italian Scientific Meetings on technology exchange, information sharing, and preliminary feasibility study for CCS demonstration project in China. Then, this paper investigates the preliminary feasibility study of a 1.0 Mt/y carbon dioxide (CO2) capture unit for an existing coal fired power station in China carried out by experts from both China and Italy. The study results obtained with reference to Chinese 600 MWe thermoelectric power plant were compared with those of Italian CCS demonstration project. Finally, this paper concludes main results of the collaboration and preliminary study, raises a new cross-boarder science and technology collaboration mechanism based on industrialization of scientific research cooperation and technology exchange by co-conducting demonstration projects. It also extracts main features of the processes and technologies that may be applied to the demonstrative application of CCS to the 600 MWe unit of Chinese coal power plant.

Seismic monitoring at the Decatur, IL, CO2 sequestration demonstration site

Abstract The viability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases depends on the ability to safely sequester large quantities of CO 2 over geologic time scales. One concern with CCS is the potential for induced seismicity. We report on ongoing seismic monitoring by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at a CCS demonstration site in Decatur, IL, in an effort to understand the potential hazards posed by injection-induced seismicity associated with geologic CO 2 sequestration. At Decatur, super-critical CO 2 is injected at 2.1 km depth into the Mt. Simon Sandstone, which directly overlies granitic basement. The primary sealing cap is the Eau Claire Shale at a depth of about 1.5 km. The USGS seismic network was installed starting in July 2013 and consists of 12 stations, three of which include borehole sensors at depths of 150 m. The aperture of this network is about 8 km, centered on the injection well. We derived a one-dimensional velocity model from a vertical seismic profile acquired by Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM) and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) to a depth of 2.2 km, tied into acoustic logs from a deep observation well and the USGS borehole stations. We assume a constant ratio of P- to S-wave velocities of 1.83, as derived from simultaneous earthquake relocations and velocity inversions. We use this velocity model to locate seismic events, all of which are within the footprint of our network. Moment magnitudes of events located to date range from -1.52 to 1.07. We further improved the hypocentral precision of microseismic events when travel times and waveforms are sufficiently similar by employing double-difference relocation techniques, with relative location errors less than 80 m horizontally and 100 m vertically. Relocated seismicity tends to group in three distinct clusters: ∼0.4 to 1.0 km NE, 1.8 to 2.3 km N, and ∼2.0 to 2.6 km WNW from the injection well. The first cluster of microseismicity forms a roughly linear trend, which may represent a pre-existing geologic structure. Most of these micro-earthquakes occur in the granitic basement at depths greater than 2.2 km, well below the caprock, and likely do not compromise the integrity of the seal.

The investigation of CO2 storage potential in the Algoa basin in South Africa

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as one of the technical approaches that can be used to mitigate global climate change in fossil fuel dominated countries such as South Africa. Approximately 90% of primary energy in South Africa is derived from fossil fuels, with coal providing 92% of electricity production in the country. The South African Centre of Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS) was established in 2009 (by the South African government with the assistance from international governments and industry) to investigate the potential of CCS in the country. SACCCS is addressing its mandate in line with the South African CCS Roadmap, which has been endorsed by the South African government. SACCCS's role in the South African CCS Roadmap is as follows:2004Assessment of the potential for CCS in South Africa2010Development of a South African CO2 Geological Storage Atlas2017Commencement of a Pilot CO2 Storage Project (10,000 - 50,000t CO2 stored)2020Facilitate the commencement of a CCS demonstration plant (in the order of 100,000t CO2/year)2025+Inform the implementation of commercial CCS deployment (over 1,000,000t CO2/year)Ongoing:Provide support to other CCS activities in South Africa The results from the assessment of CCS potential in South Africa were summarised and documented in the Atlas (which was published in 2010) with the majority of storage potential occurring in Mesozoic basins of South Africa. There is 150 Gt of theoretical storage capacity is identified, of which 98% occurs offshore. After the completion of the Atlas the next stage on the Roadmap, the Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP), has become the focus of SACCCS activities. The scope and available funding of the PCSP led to the decision to focus on the onshore portions of the Algoa and Zululand basins as possible sedimentary basins for the PCSP programme. This paper will discuss the progress associated with the ongoing investigation of CO2 storage potential in the Algoa basin which forms the onshore extension of the offshore Outeniqua basin. The middle Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) Uitenhage Group constitutes the syn-rift basin-fill succession with stratigraphy dominated by the fluviatile Kirkwood Formation, and shallow marine Sundays River Formation. Due to limited and reasonably poor data availability, the need for new data and more tests on existing data to confirm any potential storage areas/sites was cited. SACCCS is now planning additional analysis of data to potentially allow for reinterpretation of the older data. The results from the analysis and reinterpretation will inform the next stage of the PCSP.