Markers Of Carbohydrate Metabolism Research Articles

Changes in Lipid and Protein Peroxidation in Blood Serum and Respiratory Lungs Homogenate in Experimental Iodine Deficiency, Insulin Resistance and Their Combination

The relevance of the study is the prevalence of diet-induced metabolic disorders, in particular, iodine deficiency and insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to find out the features of lipids and proteins peroxidation in blood serum and lung tissue in rats with iodine deficiency, insulin resistance and their combination. Thyroid profile indicators, carbohydrate metabolism markers, proteins and lipids peroxidation were determined in animals kept on a standard diet (1st, control group), iodine-deficient diet (2nd group), under high-fructose feeding conditions (3rd group) and combination of iodine deprivation and the high-fructose diet (4th group). Indicators lipids and proteins free radical oxidation were determined in serum and homogenate of the pulmonary respiratory part. Iodine insufficient diet caused hypothyroid dysfunction, as evidenced by a decrease level of thyroid hormones and increase TSH in the blood serum of rats (2nd and 4th experimental groups). Increase in serum insulin and HOMA-IR index reflects the insulin resistance (3rd and 4th groups). Long-term iodine deprivation and a high-carbohydrate diet (three months) caused a violation of thyroid homeostasis and the development of insulin resistance, which are potentiated in their combination. Under such conditions oxidative stress develops, reflecting elevation of lipid and protein peroxidation products in blood serum (by 16,40-83,10 %, р<0,05) and homogenate of the respiratory pulmonary section (by 39,61 % - 2,55 times, р<0,05) according to the control. Increase the intensity of peroxidation in a combination of iodine-deficient and high-carbohydrate diets suggests a synergism of comorbid pathology and an increase in bronchopulmonary risks.

PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus and complications is an urgent problem in modern medicine. In patients with a body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2, indicators of markers of carbohydrate metabolism (serum glucose -fasting and postprandial glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin and urine glucose) and lipid metabolism -total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), lipidogram (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index -AI is significantly higher, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol -HDL cholesterol is significantly lower than in patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and abdominal index (AI). Asignificant positive relationship between age, abdominal index, BMI, AI, glucose level in blood serum. Assessment of markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism should be included in the list of mandatory examinations of patients over the age of 30 years, and be strictly individual. There is a relationship between the progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and changes in lipid parameters metabolism in the examined women.The population should be widely informed about the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the progression of complications.

Предиктори цитолізу гепатоцитів інсулінорезистентних щурів за умов пре- та постнатального йододефіциту

Carbohydrate metabolism markers, thyroid profile indexes, transaminase activity and structural features of liver were studied, taking into account sexual dimorphism, in rats which were keeping on a high-fructose diet under conditions of adequate iodine supply and pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency. It was found that under fructose loading of animals with iodine deficiency the risk of insulin resistance (IR) development increases (HOMA-IR index in insulin-resistant male rats under conditions of pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency increases respectively by 22 and 13% compared to the data in animals that received a high-carbohydrate diet and adequate iodine supply). It is important, that in males and females with IR, the secretion of free triiodothyronine decreased by 36 and 40%, thyroid-stimulating hormone – by 28 and 34%, respectively, compared to the data of intact animals. The development of IR was accompanied by the activation of aminotransferases in blood serum (more in males). In particular, in male rats with IR under conditions of pre- and postnatal iodine deficiency, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase increased by 2.7 and 2.4 times, alanine aminotransferase – by 3.9 and 2.7 times, respectively, which led to a decrease of the de-Ritis index (more significantly against the background of prenatal iodine deficiency – by 25%) in relation to the data in animals that were on a standard diet. The activity of aminotransferases in rats with IR under conditions of iodine deprivation was higher than in animals with isolated iodine deficiency – by 11-56% and IR – by 13-47 %. In animals with IR, the presence of binucleated hepatocytes with a diffuse decrease in the number of glycogen granules in them and accumulation of glycoproteins in the wall of liver vessels were found. The foci of fatty dystrophy and pronounced zonal character of dystrophic processes in hepatocytes were identified in females, diffuse dystrophy prevailed in males. In the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of animals with IR under conditions of prenatal iodine deficiency, the lightening and the granularity, single granules of glycogen were observed. Under these conditions, the average perimeter (by 74%) and area (by three times) of hepatocytes, the average area of nucleus (by 3.1 times), the average perimeter (by 50%) and area (by 66%) of the nucleolus were increased compared to the control values. The structural changes were consistent with an increase of the transaminase activity. Thus, fructose loading and the development of IR acts as a trigger for cytolysis of hepatocytes, which increases under conditions of iodine deficiency, especially prenatal.

Changes of endothelial function and oxidant status in insulin resistance and obesity under the conditions of iodine deficiency

Background. The topicality of the theme is due to the significant prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and an increase in costs for medical care, the high risk of disability, which characterizes the medical and social component of the problem. Pathological changes can be a manifestation not only of a cardiovascular disorder, but also develop as a result of other diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and thyroid pathology. One of the main mechanisms of morbidity and mortality is macrovascular complications that can occur in endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of changes in the parameters of the endothelial system and oxidant status in animals with insulin resistance and obesity under conditions of adequate iodine supply and iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. Study included 75 sexually mature rats having received a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet under conditions of adequate and limited iodine supply, followed by analysis of markers of carbohydrate metabolism, thyroid status, indices of endothelial function, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection. Results. The development of insulin resistance and obesity in a diet loaded with fructose and fats is accompanied by the development of endothelial dysfunction: in the blood serum, the level of endothelin-1 increases and inducible NO-synthase (iNO-synthase) is activated, in the myocardium, the activity of iNO-synthase increases compared to the data in animals who received a standard diet. The development of oxidative stress in experimental animals characterizes an increase in the content of diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in blood serum and myocardium against the background of inhibition of serum antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase). The degree of endothelial dysfunction and the intensity of lipoperoxidation increase with hypothyroid dysfunction against the background of iodine deficiency. Conclusions. Metabolic disorders under the conditions of insulin resistance and obesity are characterized by the development of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are the predictors of the development of cardiovascular risks. Their intensity depends on carbohydrate and thyroid homeostasis.

Association of Alternative Markers of Carbohydrate Metabolism (Fructosamine and 1,5-Anhydroglucitol) with Perioperative Characteristics and In-Hospital Complications of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Prediabetes, and Normoglycemia.

In the cohort of 383 patients, besides the routine examination, additional markers of carbohydrate metabolism were determined before and on days 7-8 after CABG: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol. We evaluated the dynamics of these parameters in groups of patients with diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and normoglycemia, as well as the association of these parameters with clinical parameters. Additionally, we assessed the incidence of postoperative complications and factors associated with their development. In all groups of patients (diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, normoglycemia), there was a significant decrease in the level of fructosamine on the 7th day after CABG compared with baseline (p1st-2nd point 0.030, 0.001, and 0.038 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), whereas the level of 1,5-anhydroglucitol did not change significantly. The preoperative level of fructosamine was associated with the risk of surgery according to the EuroSCORE II scale (p = 0.002), as were the number of bypasses (p = 0.012), body mass index and overweightness (p < 0.001 in both cases), triglyceride (p < 0.001) and fibrinogen levels (p = 0.002), preoperative and postoperative glucose and HbA1c levels (p < 0.001 in all cases), left atrium size (p = 0.028), multiplicity of cardioplegia, cardiopulmonary bypass duration and aortic clamp time (p < 0.001 in all cases). The preoperative level of 1,5-anhydroglucitol showed an inverse correlation with fasting glucose and fructosamine levels before surgery (p < 0.001 in all cases), intima media thickness (p = 0.016), and a direct correlation with LV end-diastolic volume (p = 0.020). The combined endpoint (presence of significant perioperative complications + extended hospital stay after surgery >10 days) was identified in 291 patients. In binary logistic regression analysis patient age (p = 0.005) and fructosamine level (p = 0.022) were independently associated with the development of this composite endpoint (presence of significant perioperative complications + extended hospital stay after surgery >10 days). This study demonstrated that in patients after CABG there was the significant decrease in the level of fructosamine compared with baseline, whereas the level of 1,5-anhydroglucitol did not change. Preoperative fructosamine levels were one of the independent predictors of the combined endpoint. The prognostic value of preoperative assessment of alternative markers of carbohydrate metabolism in cardiac surgery deserves further study.

French-fried potato consumption and energy balance: a randomized controlled trial

Epidemiologic observations suggest increased potato consumption correlates with weight gain, adiposity, and diabetes risk, whereas nut consumption is associated with weight control and metabolic health. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data indicate humans respond to changes in energy intake in single dietary components and compensate for extra energy consumed. We completed an RCT testing whether increased daily potato consumption influences energy balance [specifically, fat mass (FM)] compared with calorie-matched almond consumption. A 30-d RCT of 180 adults prescribed calorie-matched (300kcal/d, n=60 participants/group) than consumed 1 of the following: 1) almonds (almond group), 2) French fries (potato group), or 3) French fries with herb/spices mix (potato+herb/spices group). Baseline and 30-d FM were measured by DXA (primary outcome), with secondary outcomes including body weight and carbohydrate metabolism markers [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR)]. A subset of 5 participants/group participated in a postprandial meal-based tolerance test. A total of 180 participants were randomly assigned [gender: 67.8% female; mean±SD age: 30.4±8.7 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 26.1±4.2; and weight: 75.6±15.4kg], with 12 dropouts and 3terminations. No significantly different FM changes were observed between almond and potato consumption [combined±herb/spices; mean±SE almond: 230.87±114.01g; potato: 123.73±86.09g; P=0.443], fasting glucose (P=0.985), insulin (P=0.082), HOMA-IR (P=0.080), or HbA1c (P=0.269). Body weight change was not significantly different in the potato groups combined compared with the almond group (P=0.116), but was significantly different among the 3 groups (P=0.014; almond: 0.49±0.20kg; potato: -0.24±0.20kg; potato+herb/spices: 0.47±0.21kg). In meal tests, significantly lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses to almonds compared with potatoes were observed (P=0.046, P=0.006, respectively), with potato+herb/spices having intermediate effects. There were no significant differences in FM or in glucoregulatory biomarkers after 30 d of potato consumption compared with almonds. Results do not support a causal relation between increased French fried potato consumption and the negative health outcomes studied. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03518515.

Acute responses of stevia and d-tagatose intake on metabolic parameters and appetite/satiety in insulin resistance.

To examine the effects of d-tagatose or stevia preloads on carbohydrate metabolism markers after an oral glucose load, as well as subjective and objective appetite in women with insulin resistance (IR). Randomized controlled crossover study. Women with IR without T2DM (n=33; aged 23.4±3.8; BMI 28.1±3.4kg×m-2) underwent three oral glucose loads (3h each) on three different days. Ten min before oral glucose load, volunteers consumed a preload of 60mL water (control), 60mL water with stevia (15.3mg), or d-tagatose (5000mg). Serum glucose and C-peptide were evaluated at-10, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 180-min. Subjective appetite was determined with a visual analog scale. Food intake was measured at ad libitum buffet after 180min. C-peptide iAUC was significantly higher for stevia (median (IQR): 1033 (711-1293) ng×min×L-1) vs. d-tagatose (794 (366-1134) ng×min×L-1; P=0.001) or control (730 (516-1078) ng×min×L-1; P=0.012). At 30- and 60-min serum glucose was higher for stevia vs other conditions (P<0.01). Volunteers reported greater satiety for stevia and d-tagatose vs. control at 60min and greater desire to eat for stevia vs. control at 120- min (all P<0.05). Objective appetite did not vary by condition (P=0.06). Our findings suggest that these NNS are not inert. Stevia intake produced an acute response on C-peptide release while increased serum glucose at earlier times. It is possible that NNS affects subjective but not objective appetite. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04327245. NCT04327245.

Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Lipoprotein Metabolism and Markers of HDL Functionality in Morbid Obese Patients.

Morbid obesity represents the most severe form of obesity and surgical intervention would be its only successful treatment. Bariatric surgery could generate modifications in carbohydrate metabolism and in lipid profile plus lipoprotein-associated proteins and enzymes, such as lipoprotein-associated phoslipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and paraoxonase (PON) 1. The aim of the present study was to analyze changes in inflammation markers, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid parameters in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Thirty-seven patients with morbid obesity were recruited. Evaluations were performed before (T0) and 1 (T1) and 6 (T2) months after surgery. Glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, and B plus Interleukin 1β and 6 levels in addition to CETP, Lp-PLA2, and PON 1 activities were determined. Body mass index decreased at T1 and T2 (p< 0.01). An improvement in all markers of insulin resistance (p< 0.05) was observed at T1. hsCRP levels diminished at T2 (p< 0.05). Triglyceride levels decreased at T1 and T2 (p< 0.05). HDL-C and apo A-I showed a decrease at T1 which was completely reversed at T2 (p< 0.05). Lp-PLA2 activity increased at T1, which was reversed at T2 (p< 0.05), and CETP activity was diminished at T2 (p< 0.05). PON and ARE activities decreased at T1 and partially recovered at T2 (p< 0.05). These results would be indicative of a favorable effect of bariatric surgery on markers of carbohydrate metabolism and cardiovascular disease lipid risk factors.

Основні моніторингові показники вуглеводного обміну, які впливають на перебіг післяопераційної когнітивної дисфункції

У 130 пацієнтів хірургічних відділень різного профілю на базі Харківської міської клінічної лікарні швидкої та невідкладної медичної допомоги ім. проф. О.І. Мещанінова після застосування загального наркозу визначали вміст основних показників обміну вуглеводів у пацієнтів з гострою хірургічною патологією залежно від віку. Оперативне втручання проводили за умов загальної багатокомпонентної анестезії зі штучною вентиляцією легень із використанням пропофолу й фентанілу, тіопенталу натрію й фентанілу. Пацієнтів було розподілено на три групи: І група –46 пацієнтів молодого віку (18–43 роки); ІІ група – 43 пацієнти середнього віку (44–59 років); ІІІ група – 41 пацієнт похилого віку (60–80 років). У крові пацієнтів визначали основні біохімічні маркери вуглеводного обміну – вміст глюкози, пірувату та лактату. Проведені дослідження дали змогу інтегрально оцінити можливі порушення обміну вуглеводів та схарактеризувати особливості енергетичного забезпечення організму хірургічних пацієнтів у різні періоди захворювання залежно від віку. Дослідження таких метаболітів анаеробного гліколізу, як піруват і лактат, в сироватці крові пацієнтів різних вікових груп виявив певні особливості змін цих показників, вираженість яких залежала від віку і тривалості після наркозу та оперативного втручання

Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Renal Function Impairment in Health and Diabetes: A Paradigm-Shift

Aim: The belief that decaffeinated coffee (DCAF) does not contain a physiologically relevant concentration of caffeine and therefore has no significant adverse effect on renal endpoints makes patients who are vulnerable to renal dysfunction, renal compromised state, medical conditions that contraindicate caffeine intake or those already on prescription medications known to adversely affect the kidney to sometimes substitute DCAF for caffeinated coffee even as the credibility of this paradigm remains disputable. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of DCAF consumption on markers of renal function and carbohydrate metabolism in health and diabetes. Materials and Methods: Sixty Wistar Albino rats were divided into 12 groups (6pairs) (n=5per group) for male and female animals. Animals in group 1 served as normal control (NCTRL) and were given standard feed and water only. Animals in group 2 received standard feed plus DCAF. Group 3 was the diabetic (DIA) only group while groups 4, 5, and 6 were DIA plus DCAF treatment groups. After 4weeks of treatment, animals were sacrificed and blood obtained and analyzed for the biochemical indices of renal function and carbohydrate metabolism using standard methods. Results: Serum creatinine (SCr) levels increased significantly in all DCAF treated groups compared with the NCTRL group in male and female animals. Serum electrolytes did not show any significant change across groups. Serum Urea (SUr) increased and decreased in DIA alone group and DIA plus DCAF groups respectively. Serum glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR increased and decreased significantly in DIA alone group and DIA plus DCAF treated groups respectively compared with NCTRL and DCAF control groups. Conclusion: The consumption of DCAF may adversely affect renal endpoints in health and diabetes but improves markers of carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes likely due to the re-enforcement effect of its caffeine and other bioactive constituents.

Effect of piridoxin on the skin reparation process under experimental insulin resistance

Topicality. According to WHO experts estimation, the worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus is pandemic, with more than 80 % of patients dying from the fatal effects of diabetic angiopathy. One of the most common complications of diabetes of both types is the formation of chronic wound defects, and eventually gangrene of the lower limbs with the transformation into sepsis, which cases to 3.2 % of deaths against the background of diabetes.Aim. To study the effect of combined medicine magnesium and pyridoxine on the course of the reparative skin process in rats with experimental insulin resistance.Materials and methods. The study has been carried out in 60 rats males weighing 180-220 g. Experimental insulin resistance in rats was induced under conditions of the hypercaloric diet and intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone. Studies of the process of skin repair have been performed on models of full-layer stencil and linear cut wounds, as well as determination of carbohydrate metabolism markers and glycosylation products in serum and hemolysate.Results and discussion. The use of pyridoxine in combination with a reparant (retinol acetate) resulted in a significant reduction in wound area as early as 5 day of treatment and effectively reduced the total time of complete epithelialization; and also increased the load under tensiometry, which corresponded to 72.8 % of the reparative activity of this therapeutic scheme. Against the background of the pyridoxine the content of fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin also has been significantly reduced, which confirms the antiglycosylative properties of vitamin.Conclusions. Pyridoxine is able to potentiate the wound healing effect of reparants under the insulin resistance due to its antiglycosylation properties. The results of this study allow us to recommend further research of pyridoxine in combination with standard skin repairs in the treatment of wounds in patients with hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.

Динаміка маркерів вуглеводного обміну у пацієнтів з підвищеним індексом маси тіла при політравмі

Динаміка маркерів вуглеводного обміну у пацієнтів з підвищеним індексом маси тіла при політравмі

Relation of carbohydrate exchange markers with vitamin D status in adolescents with overweight and obesity.

In the case of obesity and excessive body weight, the deficiency of vitamin D increases, which significantly impairs metabolic processes in the body, especially fatty and carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites affect insulin sensitivity of cells. was to determine the relationship between vitamin D and carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with excessive body weight and obesi-ty. 139 adolescents were examined. The mean age of children was 15.5 ±2.3 years. 65 adolescents with excessive weight and 74 obesity teenagers were examined. Parameters that were determined in all children included: undertaking anthropometric measurements, general examinations, biochemical parameters, including carbohydrate metabolism: fasting glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerant test, measuring the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, blood pressure measurement and determination of vitamin D status. The features of changes carbohydrate metabolism markers in adolescents with overweight and obesity, depending on the level of serum 25(OH)D, have been established. Correlations between vitamin D status and markers of carbohydrate metabolism such as basal insulin level (p = 0.000) and HOMA-IR index (p = 0.000) and anthropometric indices: body mass index (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000) and hip circumference (p = 0.001), waist-hip ratio (p = 0.000), waist-to-height ratio (p = 0.000) have been determined. The study has established prognostically significant biochemical (basal insulin), and anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumfer-ence, waist-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio) markers resulting in vitamin D deficiency development in children with excessive body weight and obesity.

ДИНАМИКА МАРКЕРОВ УГЛЕВОДНОГО ОБМЕНА НА ФОНЕ ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ У БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ В СОЧЕТАНИИ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ

The objective of the study : to study markers of carbohydrate metabolism in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with concurrent diabetes during treatment of tuberculosis. Subjects and methods . 156 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, divided into 2 groups, were examined. Group 1 included 69 (44.2%) pulmonary tuberculosis patients with concurrent type 1 diabetes. Group 2 included 87 (55.8%) pulmonary tuberculosis patients with concurrent type 2 diabetes. Results. Prior to the start of anti-tuberculosis treatment, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in type 1 diabetes patients were more expressed: there were the statistically significant higher level of glycated hemoglobin and glucosuria severity during the daytime (within 8-14 hour interval). Analysis of changes in carbohydrate metabolism markers showed that there was a gradual trend for their improvement if the treatment was effective and should treatment be failing, the disorders of carbohydrate metabolism were deteriorating. Conclusion. Tuberculosis deteriorated the severity of diabetes, especially of type 1, compromising the efficacy of antihyperglycemic therapy. A significant part of treatment failures among type 1 diabetes patients was potentially associated with the negative impact of poorly compensated diabetes.

Evaluation of reference intervals of haematological and biochemical markers in an Austrian adolescent study cohort.

Background Reference intervals are a prerequisite for the interpretation of laboratory data related to diagnostic issues and treatment strategies. In adolescents, biomarker concentrations change with age, necessitating a continuous age-related definition of the reference intervals. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the reference intervals for a healthy population of adolescents in Salzburg and compare these, when possible, with age- and gender-matched published data. Methods Anthropometrical parameters and blood samples were collected from adolescents (male and female; 14-17 years) in a school setting. Haematological samples were measured using Sysmex XS-1000i, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism markers as well as enzymes and hormones were determined by Cobas c311, Vitros ECiQ® or ELISA. The reference intervals were calculated according to the CLSI guidelines C28-A3c. Results Samples of 102 participants were included. Compared to age- and gender-matched reference intervals, the BMI levels were in the lower normal rage. Most haematological parameters and biomedical makers reveal similar ranges to values published in other studies. Conclusions This data analysis allowed for a partial comparison of reference values with published data and enabled a new determination of paediatric reference intervals for an Austrian cohort.

'Last In-First Out': seasonal variations of non-structural carbohydrates, glucose-6-phosphate and ATP in tubers of two Arum species.

Knowledge on the metabolism of polysaccharide reserves in wild species is still scarce. In natural sites we collected tubers of Arum italicum Mill. and A.maculatum L. - two geophytes with different apparent phenological timing, ecology and chorology - during five stages of the annual cycle in order to understand patterns of reserve accumulation and degradation. Both the entire tuber and its proximal and distal to shoot portion were utilised. Pools of non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose and starch), glucose-6-phosphate and ATP were analysed as important markers of carbohydrate metabolism. In both species, starch and glucose content of the whole tuber significantly increased from sprouting to the maturation/senescence stages, whereas sucrose showed an opposite trend; ATP and glucose-6-phosphate were almost stable and dropped only at the end of the annual cycle. Considering the two different portions of the tuber, both ATP and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations were higher in proximity to the shoot in all seasonal stages, except the flowering stage. Our findings suggest that seasonal carbon partitioning in the underground organ is driven by phenology and occurs independently of seasonal climate conditions. Moreover, our results show that starch degradation, sustained by elevated ATP and glucose-6-phosphate pools, starts in the peripheral, proximal-to-shoot portion of the tuber, consuming starch accumulated in the previous season, as a 'Last In-First Out' mechanism of carbohydrate storage.

PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION FROM EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE POSITIONS: CARDIOLOGIST’S OPINION. PART 1

The review presents current data on the prevalence of diabetes in the cohort of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention. The expediency of a proactive approach to identifying diabetes and pre-diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease before coronary revascularization is reviewed. The current information about the negative impact of diabetes on the prognosis of myocardial revascularization is provided, and the main mechanisms responsible for the development of adverse outcomes of interventions in these patients are highlighted. Target values of perioperative glycemia recommended by the leading communities of the study of diabetes are compared, and shown the role of other carbohydrate metabolism markers (glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, 1,5-anhydroglucitol) in patients with diabetes mellitus in terms of their impact on cardiovascular prognosis, including with coronary intervention.

Serum copper, zinc, and iron levels, and markers of carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus

The objective of the present study was to evaluate serum level of copper, zinc, iron and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women with diabetes. A total of 413 postmenopausal women were enrolled in the current study. Women were divided into 4 groups with equal age and body mass index according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (≤5.5; 5.5–6.0; 6.0–6.5; >6.5%). Serum Fe, Cu, and Zn levels were assessed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Blood HbA1c, serum glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and ceruloplasmin (Cp) were assessed using commercial kits. Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and transferrin (Tf) saturation were calculated. The obtained data demonstrate that every 0.5% increase in HbA1c levels from 5.5% is associated with a significant elevation of glucose, insulin, CRP, and HOMA-IR values. Diabetic patients were characterized by significantly higher Fe (11%), Cu (8%), and Zn (6%) levels as compared to the controls. At the same time, the overall trend to increased metal levels in association with HbA1c was detected only for Fe (p<0.05) and Cu (p<0.05). Serum ferritin levels in diabetic women was 3-fold higher than in the controls, whereas Tf saturation was decreased by 35%. Serum Cp levels were significantly increased by 19% in prediabetes, whereas in diabetic postmenopausal women no such increase was observed. A significant elevation of total metal concentration in diabetic subjects without a concomitant elevation of transport proteins may be indicative of increased levels of “free” Fe and Cu, known to be toxic.

GENDER SPECIFICS OF THE RISK FACTORS AND RELATION WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS OF VARIOUS AGE GROUPS

Aim. To study gender specifics of risk factors and to assess their relation with myocardial infarction development (MI) in patients of various age subgroups. Material and methods. Totally, we included 188 men and women with Qand non-Q MI at the age 45-74 y.o., selected to 4 groups depending on age and gender. For all patients we evaluated clinical and anamnestic data, lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism markers, sex hormones, C-reactive protein; we assessed hypodynamia level, depression and anxiety using questionnaires. To findout a relation of risk factors (RF) with MI development, statistically, we invented mathematical models of assessment of odds ratio for non-fatal MI cases for male and female population of patients. Results. For the assessed males the most significant risk factors were smoking, lipid disorders, overweight; for older males additionally RF were carbohydrate metabolism disorders with insulin resistance development, and mostly abdominal obesity. For women, main RF were carbohydrate metabolism disorders due to 2 type diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity with its abdominal type, and lipid disorders. Conclusion. The invented mathematical models of evaluation of odds ratios make it to estimate the probability of non-fatal MI in men and women using their age and collection of RF.

CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN CORONARY SHUNTING “OFF-PUMP” ACCORDING TO THE REGIMEN OF GLUCOSE LOWERING TREATMENT IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND DIABETES

Aim. To study the shortest term results of coronary bypass (CBG) under “off-pump” circumstances and the condition of carbohydrate metabolism in ischemic disease patients (IHD) with comorbid diabetes 2 type (DM2) under various regimens of perioperation glucose lowering therapy. Material and methods. In the study, the IHD and DM2 patients included, receiving oral glucose lowering drugs (OGLD), with the mean age 57,5 (53-62) y.o., men 99 (78,6%). Before operation the patients were selected to the groups of OGLD (n=61) and insulin (IN) (n=65). In OGLD group the intake of the drugs was continued during perioperation period. In the IN group there was switch to short insulin. The dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism markers in different timeline intervals of postoperation period was studied, and its relation with the glucose lowering regimen. The early postoperation cardiovascular complications (CVC) rate was measured: myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation. The carbohydrate metabolism parameters in subgroups of patients was measured, with CVC and without. Results. At baseline there were no differences in carbohydrate metabolism parameters in groups. Loading IN, mean daily glucose levels, its variability and glycemia below the recommended perioperation range (6,1-10,0 mM/L) were lower than in OGLD group. Total number of CVC also predominated in IN group (20,0% vs. 8,2%, p=0,049). Complication subgroups and non-complicated, significantly differed by the baseline glycosilated hemoglobin, mean level of glucose and its daily variability in all timeline intervals studied, as by the prevalence of glucose &lt;6,1 mM/L 0ne day before operation, just before and just after. Conclusion. Patients underwent CBG as off-pump, after switch on short IN, comparing to OGLD patients, have higher mean glycemia level, its variability and number of shifts from recommended range, as higher rate of post-operation CVC.