Carbohydrate Fractions Research Articles

Tracing marine and terrestrial biochemical signatures of particulate organic matter in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden)

Arctic fjords are hotspot for organic matter (OM) transformation and storage, however, the composition and sources of the particulate organic matter (POM) are still not completely understood. Further, due to the ongoing enhancement in the glacier melting, runoff, and precipitation, the coastal Arctic is expecting considerable increase in POM inputs. Therefore, we investigated the biochemical composition of the POM through the application of stable isotopes, C:N ratio, and biomolecules, across different regions and depths in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) during the late-summer. We observed that Kongsfjorden-POM was characterized by low δ13C (−29.0 to −26.7 ‰) with similar values at different locations (inner to outer) of the fjord at each depth. However, C:N ratio showed increasing trend (5.7 to 10.9) from outer to inner fjord indicating marine to terrestrial transition. Monosaccharide distribution (such as fucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and rhamnose) and their diagnostic ratios supported the marine versus terrestrial gradient in the POM characteristics in the surface water across the fjord. Only the outermost station showed consistent biochemical distribution indicative of phytoplanktonic sources in the POM, while the rest of the fjord showed mixed signatures of marine and terrestrial sources. Higher abundance of mannuronic acid (26.6–50.8 mol%) at the middle and bottom depths highlighted possible macroalgal contribution to the POM. The stratified surface water had a relatively higher (0.5–2 ‰) δ13C and carbohydrates (40–65 μg/L) than the middle and bottom depths, with a strong positive correlation between δ13C and particulate carbohydrates, indicating a stratification-induced distribution of POM. The study showed the importance of non-phytoplanktonic OM sources, such as terrestrial, freshwater and macroalgae POM in the fjord water column, and the fate of labile (carbohydrates) fraction that predominates in stratified surface waters. Therefore, the future warm and wet Arctic will most likely lead to changes in the fate of the organic matter in the fjord water.

Interferon lambda 4 is a gut antimicrobial protein

To withstand complex microbial challenges, the mammalian gut largely depends on the secretion of diverse antimicrobial proteins. Type III interferons (IFNλs) are ordinarily considered inducible antiviral cytokines involved in intestinal immunity. Unlike other IFNλs, we found that newly identified IFNλ4 is an intestinal antibacterial protein. Large amounts of natural IFNλ4 are present in the secretory layer of the intestinal tracts of healthy piglets, which suggests that IFNλ4 is in direct physiological contact with microbial pathogens. We also identified two biochemical functions of mammalian IFNλ4, the induction of bacterial agglutination and direct microbial killing, which are not functions of the other IFNλs. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that after binding to the carbohydrate fraction of lipopolysaccharide, mammalian IFNλ4 self-assembles into bacteria-surrounding nanoparticles that agglutinate bacteria, and that its unique cationic amphiphilic molecular structure facilitates the destruction of bacterial membranes. Our data reveal features of IFNλ4 distinct from those of previously reported IFNλs and suggest that noncanonical IFNλ4 is deeply involved in intestinal immunity, beyond simply cytokine signaling.

Bioactive Potential of the Sulfated Exopolysaccharides From the Brown Microalga Halamphora sp.: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiapoptotic Profiles.

This study aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from the microalgae species Halamphora sp., as well as to evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-apoptotic activities. The crude extracellular polysaccharides from the halophilic diatom Halamphora sp. were found to be extracellular heterosulfated anionic polysaccharides containing carbohydrates (76.33±1.80%), proteins (0.15±0.02%), uronic acids (5.44±0.08%) and sulfate (7.56±0.86%). The lowest protein (0.24%) and lipid (0.15%) contents suggested that EPS was highly pure. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the carbohydrate fraction consisted of xylose, l-galactose, d-galactose, glucose, ribitol, mannose, and inositol with corresponding mole percentages of 40.55, 13.25, 13.00, 9.95, 9.82, 2.90, and 2.28, respectively. In vitro, tests showed a high total antioxidant capacity probably related to l-galactose followed by d-galactose, uronic acid, and ribitol. In addition, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) demonstrated effective antimicrobial Gram + properties with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 12mm. Molecular docking showed an antiapoptotic effect, as the best docking score was generated due to the interaction of xylose and caspase 3 (-6.9kcal/mol) and l-galactose and caspase 3 (-5kcal/mol). Overall, the findings of this study suggest the possibility of using the EPS extract of Halamphora sp. as an additive for nutraceutical and cosmetic purposes.

Physiological and molecular insights into the alternate bearing in mango (Mangifera indica L.) using next-generation sequencing approaches.

India's mango productivity is hindered by many factors but more importantly due to limited understanding of the genomic complexities behind regular bearing habit. This study is the first to quantify carbohydrate fractions, protein content, and macro and micronutrient storage pools, their transportation, and contributions to regular 'Totapuri' and alternate bearer 'Bombay Green' mango varieties during the 'off' year. Deep RNA sequencing was used to assess gene expression dynamics between buds and flowers of these varieties. Differential pathway analysis showed the greatest number of differentially expressed genes in metabolic processes (1377), followed by oxido-reductase (879), hormone (80), oxidative stress (77), starvation (39), alternate bearing (8), flowering (3), meristem (3), and cellular component (2) pathways. In silico analysis showed that among 15 genes, twelve genes up-regulated in Totapuri and three in Bombay Green, confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, 202 SNPs were identified in 32 alternate bearing-related genes. The study confirmed the reproductive bud's strong ability to import sugars, protein, and starch in the regular bearer variety, enhancing flowering and fruiting during off years. The mineral nutrients and biochemical constituent of the bud and leaf tissue in contrasting genotypes, showed the potential role for regular bearing in mango.

Effect of atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ACP) treatment on technological characteristics of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds

The highly nutritious nature of chia seeds drives its increased utilization by the consumer and industries. This study is done to investigate the impact of atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ACP) based on air gas and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) design. ACP treatment as an emerging non-thermal processing at different time (3 and 8 min) and voltage (6.5 and 8.5 kV) on technological characteristics of chia seeds including physicochemical, rheological, thermal, textural and morphological characteristics which are generally induced by carbohydrate and protein fraction. Results indicated an increase in water absorption index (10.36 ± 0.10 g/g), swelling power (10.43 ± 0.94 g/g) and decrease in gelatinization enthalpy (313.7 ± 0.9 J/g) at samples treated for 8 min at 8.5 kV. The lowest hardness (1390.5 ± 50.4 g) and highest peak temperature (94.79 ± 0.5 °C) is also observed at samples treated for 3 min at 8.5 kV. Changes in technological properties observed through ACP treatment are generally determined by the interaction of plasma activated species with molecular components, their depolymerization and cross-link formation as verified by FTIR analysis. Regarding, ACP treatment influences the structure of protein and carbohydrate macromolecules on the basis of its intensity.

Exopolysaccharides from the Green Microalga Strain Coelastrella sp. BGV-Isolation, Characterization, and Assessment of Anticancer Potential.

Algal metabolites have been extensively studied as potential anticancer therapeutics. Among them, polysaccharides have attracted much attention because of their beneficial biological effects and safety. In the present research, the chemical characteristics, antitumor, and proapoptotic activities of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) isolated from a new Bulgarian strain of the green microalga Coelastrella sp. BGV were investigated. A fast and convenient method of precipitation with cold ethanol was used to isolate EPS from the culture medium. The chemical characteristics of the isolated EPS were examined by colorimetric and spectrophotometric analyses, HPSEC-RID and HPLC-UV chromatography, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that the isolated EPS sample consists of three carbohydrate fractions with different molecular weights (11.5 × 104 Da, 30.7 × 104 Da, and 72.4 × 104 Da, respectively) and contains 7.14 (w/w%) protein. HPLC-UV analysis revealed the presence of galactose and fucose. The total uronic acid content in the sample was 4.5 (w/w%). The IR-FT spectrum of EPS revealed the presence of various functional groups typical of a polysaccharide (or proteoglycan) composed primarily of neutral sugars. The anticancer potential of the obtained EPS was assessed using cell lines with cancerous and non-cancerous origins as in vitro experimental models. The results of the performed MTT assay showed that EPS reduced the viability of the cervical and mammary carcinoma cell lines HeLa and MCF-7, while the control non-cancer cell lines BALB/3T3 and HaCaT were less affected. The HeLa cell line showed the highest sensitivity to the effects of EPS and was therefore used for further studies of its anticancer potential. The ability of EPS to inhibit cancer cell migration was demonstrated by wound-healing (scratch) assay. The cell cycle FACS analysis indicated that the EPS treatment induced significant increases in the sub G1 cell population and decreases of the percentages of cells in the G1, S, and G2-M phases, compared to the control. The fluorescent microscopy studies performed using three different staining methods in combination with Annexin V-FITC flow cytometric analysis clearly demonstrate the ability of EPS to induce cancer cell death via the apoptosis pathway. Moreover, an altered pattern and intensity of the immunocytochemical staining for the apoptosis- and proliferation-related proteins p53, bcl2, and Ki67 was detected in EPS-treated HeLa cancer cells as compared to the untreated controls. The obtained results characterize the new local strain of green microalgae Coelastrella sp. BGV as a producer of EPS with selective antitumor activity and provide an opportunity for further studies of its pharmacological and biotechnological potential.

Simultaneously reducing methane emissions and arsenic mobility by birnessite in flooded paddy soil: Overlooked key role of organic polymerisation

Flooding of paddy fields enhances methane (CH4) emissions and arsenic (As) mobilisation, which are crucial issues for agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and food safety. Birnessite (δ-MnO2) is a common natural oxidant and scavenger for heavy metals. In this study, birnessite was applied to As-contaminated paddy soil. The capacity for simultaneously alleviating CH4 emissions and As mobility was explored. Soil microcosm incubation results indicated that birnessite addition simultaneously reduced CH4 emissions by 47 %–54 % and As release by 38 %–85 %. The addition of birnessite decreased the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents and altered its chemical properties. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) results showed that birnessite reduced the labile fractions of proteins, carbohydrates, lignins, tannins, and unsaturated hydrocarbons, however, increased the abundance of condensed aromatic structures, suggesting the polymerisation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by birnessite. The degradation of labile fractions and the polymerisation of DOM resulted in an inventory of recalcitrant DOM, which is difficult for microbes to metabolise, thus inhibiting methanogenesis. In contrast, birnessite addition increased CH4 oxidation, as the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene abundance increased by 30 %. The enhanced polymerisation of DOM by birnessite also increased As complexation with organics, leading to the transfer of As to the organic bound phase. In addition, the decrease in ferrous ion [Fe(II)] concentrations with birnessite indicated that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxides was suppressed, which limited the release of arsenite [As(III)] under reducing conditions. Furthermore, birnessite decreased As methylation and shaped the soil microbial community structure by enriching the metal-reducing bacterium Bacillus. Overall, our results provide a promising method to suppress greenhouse gas emissions and the risk of As contamination in paddy soils, although further studies are needed to verify its efficacy and effectiveness under field conditions.

Comparison of acid and hydrothermal pretreatments of date waste for value creation

The production of date syrup yields a substantial amount of date press cake (DPC), fibrous and moisturising material with great potential for generating value through bioprocessing. However, the recalcitrant structure of DPC affects the yield of products in bioprocesses. To boost the accessibility of the structure as well as increase the soluble fraction of carbohydrates and facilitate further enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrothermal and dilute acid (0.5% (v/v) sulfuric acid) pretreatments as cost-effective and feasible methods were applied on DPC at relatively low temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C) and reaction times (60 and 90 min). The success in pretreatment was then evaluated by a post-enzymatic treatment using an enzyme cocktail of cellulases and hemicelluloses. Based on total accessible sugar with minimum produced inhibitors, an optimal operating condition was considered acid pretreatment at 120 °C for 90 min with a 55.02% increase in total sugar yield. To explore the potential use of pretreated DPC, an anaerobic digestion was conducted on untreated and acid-pretreated DPC at 120 °C for 90 min. The results showed that pretreatment increased the total bioproduct yield, including hydrogen, ethanol, and volatile fatty acid yields, by 59.75%. This demonstrates the significant impact of pretreatment on product yields in a bioprocess.

Influence of hydrothermal processing conditions on the functionality of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts

Microalgae are an underutilized biomass source of nutritionally valuable extracts with promising texturizing capacities that can be used for food applications. This also requires the development of environmentally friendly extraction technologies. Hydrothermal processing was used in this study to investigate the effects of temperature (up to 225 °C) on the extracts from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The relationship between protein and polysaccharides' presence and functionality was assessed, based on structure, composition, bioactivity, and rheological behavior. An optimal condition of non-isothermal processing at 120 °C resulted in the extract with gelling capacity (at 20 % w/w extract concentration). This extract is rich in carbohydrates in oligosaccharide form (9 g per 100 g extract) and protein (16 g per 100 g extract), which indicates nutritional relevance and possible prebiotic effects. Moreover, after an additional purification step with food-grade solvents, this extract was able to gel at 5 % w/w concentration. These combined with its significant antioxidant activity (over 100 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram of extract in all studied conditions, using the ABTS method) point towards new possibilities for the application of Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts in novel clean-label vegan foods. Overall, these findings suggest that the novel approach proposed in this work, based on hydrothermal processing, is feasible and compatible with the need for the application of simple purification steps with food-grade solvents. Furthermore, it reinforced the relevance of the carbohydrate fractions and carbohydrate-protein interactions from microalgae.

Effects provided by sugar substitutes upon the quality indicators of model systems of sweetened condensed milk in storage

Sweetened condensed milk (SCM) is a product widely used by both consumers and other food production branches. However, it contains a lot of sucrose. This study aimed to examine the effects provided by sugar substitutes-trehalose, isomaltulose, and polydextrose-upon the SCM sensory profile and valuable quality indicators, such as water activity (Aw), viscosity, acidity, crystal size, and Maillard reaction potential (browning index, color change, loss of free AA). The study was performed by making model systems of SCM (MSCM) using the method of reconstitution of powdered ingredients. All the presented carbohydrate compositions in MSCM provided Aw value typical of intermediate-moisture food, which contributes to the long-term shelf life of the product. However, only 2 MSCM showed stability of Aw within a 14-d storage period: a composition of isomaltulose and trehalose (each at 22.55%), and a composition of trehalose (28.19%), sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), and isomaltulose (5.64%). Trehalose and polydextrose in MSCM with monocarbohydrate added fraction demonstrated their high structure-forming ability, expressed in high values of dynamic viscosity (>30 Pa·s). The MSCM containing a predominant amount of trehalose in the carbohydrate compositions (≥50%) showed lower average crystal size (<16 μm) compared with MSCM with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions with predominant amounts of isomaltulose or polydextrose. Isomaltulose and polydextrose added to MSCM led to pronounced browning, whereas trehalose and sucrose reduced this effect in MSCM with di- and tetra-carbohydrate added fractions. Polydextrose added at 22.55% to carbohydrate fraction of MSCM caused bitterness, whereas the addition at 5.64% did not affect the taste. Based on the results of all the research conducted, the optimal carbohydrate compositions to produce SCM with fewer calories, lower sucrose content, and stable, adequate values of processing and sensory properties were trehalose (22.55%) with isomaltulose (22.55%), and trehalose (28.19%) with sucrose (5.64%), polydextrose (5.64%), and isomaltulose (5.64%).

In vitro human colonic fermentation of coffee arabinogalactan and melanoidin-rich fractions

Coffee beverage is a source of dietary fiber composed by arabinogalactans, which can also be associated to proteins and phenolic compounds, originating melanoidins. Human colonic in vitro fermentations of coffee fractions, one rich in melanoidins (Mel) and the other in its parental polysaccharide arabinogalactans (AG), were performed in order to evaluate the metabolites produced by microbiota, namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), phenolic compounds, and bile acids. After 48 h of fermentation, a higher fermentability of the carbohydrate fraction of AG (62 %) than that of Mel (27 %) was observed, resulting in a SCFA content of 63 mM and 22 mM, respectively. Supplementation with AG and Mel fractions decreased the acetate:propionate ratio from 4.7 (in the absence of coffee fractions) to 2.5 and 3.5, respectively, suggesting a potential inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. The fermentation of coffee fractions yielded dihydroferulic and dihydrocaffeic acids, known to have antioxidant properties. In the presence of Mel, it was observed a decrease (from 0.25 to 0.16 mg/mL) in the production of secondary bile acids, whose high content is associated to the development of several diseases, such as colorectal cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular.

Nutritional Value Evaluation of Corn Silage from Different Mesoregions of Southern Brazil

Corn silage is widely used in livestock farming; however, its quality is easily altered, and one of the factors that has a high influence in this regard is the region of production. The objective was to evaluate the chemical–bromatological composition of 498 samples of corn silage from mesoregions in Southern Brazil during the 2022/2023 summer harvest. The following were studied in relation to our objective: nutritional composition, dry matter, mineral matter, ether extract, starch, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates, and fractions of carbohydrates. The silages from Central South-PR had higher levels of starch and ether extract (30.68% ± 6.24% and 3.41% ± 0.92%, respectively), whereas in West-SC, the silages had higher levels in the A + B1 fraction of carbohydrates (49.59% ± 6.34%). Silages in North-PR had higher concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (49.86% ± 5.92% and 29.70% ± 4.38%, respectively), while in Northwest-RS and West-PR, silages had higher levels of the B2 carbohydrate fractions (46.25% ± 1.98% and 44.55% ± 3.84%, respectively). The nutritional composition differences presented were due to the variables of each mesoregion, interfering in the scenario of formulating diets and animal nutrition.

Nutritional Evaluation of Milk Thistle Meal as a Protein Feedstuff for Diets of Dairy Cattle.

The objective of this work is to investigate the chemical and nutritional value of milk thistle meal (MTM) in order to improve it and to provide theoretical support for its application in dairy cattle production. MTM was assessed in comparison with seven conventional protein feed sources, namely, soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CS), canola meal (CN), palm kernel meal (PK), rice bran meal (RB), corn germ meal (CG), and sesame meal (SS). The chemical composition of these feedstuffs was assessed using wet chemical analysis, the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System was used to evaluate the carbohydrate and protein fractions, and the in situ nylon bag technique and the modified three-step in vitro method were used to assess the rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared technology was used to determine the feedstuff protein spectral molecular structure and its amino acid profile was also assessed. The result showed that MTM acid detergent fiber, lignin, unavailable nitrogen, and non-degradable carbohydrate content were higher than those of the other feedstuffs. It had a 17% and 36% rumen effective degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber and dry matter, respectively, and had the lowest small intestinal rumen undegradable protein digestibility rate. It was low in leucine, histidine, arginine, and proline, but high in methionine. The total area of amide I and amide II in the protein secondary structure was similar to that of CN and CS, and the amide I and II ratio was not different from that of RB. To sum up, MTM has a poor carbohydrate composition and is high in fiber but, in comparison to most other protein feeds, has a higher crude protein rumen effective degradation rate, similar to that of SBM, and it is a good source of methionine, a limiting amino acid. Hence, its nutritional value can be further improved for application in dairy feeding through processes such as microbial or enzymatic fermentation.

Optimal growth conditions to enhance Chlorella vulgaris biomass production in indoor phyto tank and quality assessment of feed and culture stock

Commercial microalgae cultivation is a dynamic field with ongoing efforts to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and explore new applications. We conducted a study to examine how different light exposure periods affect Chlorella vulgaris's growth. We employed a Phyto tank batch system of approximately 3.5 L with LED light control, controlled airflow, and sterilized bags, maintained at 22.0 ± 2.0 °C indoors. Various methods, including spectrophotometry, and cell counter were employed to monitor Chlorella vulgaris growth under different light exposure cycles. Additionally, quality analysis as feed source was employed by proximate, amino acid, beta-glucan, and microbial content analysis. The results revealed significant variations in C. vulgaris biomass production based on light exposure duration. Notably, the 16:8-h light-dark photoperiod exhibited the highest biomass concentration, reaching 6.48 × 107 ± 0.50 cells/mL with an optical density (OD) of 1.165 absorbance at 682 nm. The 12:12-h light-dark photoperiod produced the second-highest biomass concentration, with 2.305 × 106 ± 0.60 cells/mL at an OD of 0.489. Proximate analysis of dry algae powder revealed low lipid content (0.48 %), high protein content (37.61 %), variable ash concentration (average 10.75 %), and a significant carbohydrate fraction (51.16 %) during extended daylight and shorter dark periods. Amino acid analysis identified nine essential amino acids, with glutamic acid being the most abundant (17.7 %) and methionine the least (0.4 %). Furthermore, quality analysis and microbiological assays demonstrated that the C. vulgaris biomass is well-suited for fish and livestock use as a feed source and possibility as human nutraceuticals. These findings can be considered more environmentally friendly and ethically sound due to the absence of genetic modification.

Evaluation of different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions on performance, ingestive behavior, and nitrogen balance in dairy goats.

Cell components soluble in neutral detergent are a diverse group, both compositionally and nutritionally. The present study aimed to evaluate production responses, behavior (eating, ruminating, and idling), and nitrogen balance of dairy goats fed different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions. Five multiparous Alpine does with mean ± SD initial body mass of 49.5 ± 7.9kg and 60days of lactation were randomly assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were the ratios of starch (starch associated with soluble sugar [StSS]) to neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) (StSS:NDSF): 0.89, 1.05, 1.24, 1.73, and 2.92. No effect was observed (P > 0.05) of StSS:NDSF on the intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDSC. However, DM intake showed a quadratic behavior (P = 0.049). The ingestive behavior was affected by StSS:NDSF linearly increased (P = 0.002) the feeding efficiency. The increase in StSS:NDSF caused a linear increase in fecal (P = 0.011), urinary (P < 0.001), and milk nitrogen excretion (P = 0.024). The increase in StSS:NDSF affected (P = 0.048) milk yield and net energy lactation (P = 0.036). In conclusion, dairy goats experience reduced dry matter intake and milk yield when subjected to high-NDSC diets, specifically those above 1.24 StSS:NDSF ratio. Elevated NDSC levels in the diets lead to decreased feeding time, whereas rumination remains unaffected. Nitrogen losses in goats increase linearly with high-NDSC diets, and a significant impact on nitrogen balance.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization of the aroma of Ossetian cheeses

The aim of the study was the qualitative and quantitative determination of volatile aroma compounds and their formation pathways in brine Ossetian cheeses. Volatile components of cheeses were isolated by steam distillation and extraction with dichloromethane, with their subsequent determination and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of the analysis are presented according to the structural classes of the main chemical components and the corresponding microbial metabolic processes. Four processes were found to be the main contributors to flavor formation: lipolysis, proteolysis, glycolysis, and a number of oxidative enzymatic transformations. Lipolysis of the fatty fraction of cheeses is a source of formation of volatile carboxylic acids and their esters. Proteolysis of the casein fraction yields branched alcohols, aldehydes, and a number of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Glycolysis of the carbohydrate fraction is a source of ethanol formation, which is the main cause of the dominance of ethyl esters in the ester fraction. Redox enzymatic transformations mainly determine the biosynthesis of unbranched aldehydes, ketones and lactones. A clear distinction between retail and homemade cheeses was observed, due to the different technological approaches to the cheese preparation. The structuralchemical and quantitative evolution of the volatile composition of the studied cheese samples during ripening is tentatively shown. From the authors’ point of view, the aromatic composition of the Tib cheese sort is the most consistent with the Ossetian cheese standard. This study represents the first gas chromatographic study of Ossetian cheeses and aims to create objective criteria for controlling technological processes and product quality during production and storage in the food industry.

Extracellular Polymeric Substance Composition Effects on Biosorption for Primary Carbon Diversion

This paper characterizes the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in different types of activated sludge (AS) processes and analyzes the biosorption of soluble organics when waste AS (WAS) is mixed with raw wastewater for primary carbon diversion. The fraction of AS organics identified as EPSs was 26% in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), 54% in conventional AS (CAS), and 51% in a trickling filter/solids contact (TF/SC) process. EPSs were found to be approximately 15% carbohydrates, 40% proteins, 40% humics, and 5% uronics in CAS and MBR AS. Biosorption was not correlated to the organic portion (VSS) of the WAS; however, statistically significant correlations were found for the total amount of EPSs (for TF/SC and CAS) and the protein fraction (for TF/SC and MBR) in the VSS. EPSs from different types of AS biosorbed the same amount of soluble organics, removing 1.43 ± 0.15 (n = 16) mg of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), and 1.20 ± 0.18 (n = 16) mg of truly soluble COD (ffCOD), per mg of cation exchange resin (CER) total extracted EPSs. Utilizing multiple extraction methods in series (CER–base–sulfide) increased EPS extraction yields by nearly 100% relative to CER alone and indicated different EPS fractionization for CAS (a smaller fraction of carbohydrates and a larger fraction of humics).

TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF BREAD BAKED FROM WHOLE GRIND WHEAT FLOUR

This article examines the possibility of improving and expanding the range of functional breads. A number of laboratory bakings of bread were carried out from the whole-ground wheat flour of various sizes obtained by us; bread made from grade 1 wheat flour, baked in the laboratory of the Muhlenchemie Technology Center of Synar Group LLP (Almaty), was taken as control. The purpose of this work was to study the quality of bread made from whole-ground flour of various grindings. The flour used for baking bread was treated with an inert gas – nitrogen. Nitrogen treatment was used to increase the safety of flour during storage.Coarsely ground bread was characterized by a lower volume of 1670 cm3 and a low crumb porosity of 43.56%. which is significantly lower than the performance of bread made from medium and fine flour. The results of laboratory baking of bread from medium-ground whole-ground wheat flour, in comparison with other samples, showed better baking properties. Thus, with a crumb porosity of 63.87%, the volumetric yield of bread from medium-ground flour was 2180 cm3; from fineground flour, the volume of baked bread was 15% lower than from medium-ground flour and amounted to 1770 cm3.In terms of fat content, bread samples differ significantly, more than 2 times higher in comparison with bread made from 1st grade wheat flour. The mass fraction of carbohydrates in samples of bread made from whole-milled flour of various grindings is lower than in bread made from 1st grade wheat flour. Thus, in bread made from whole-ground coarse flour, the amount of carbohydrates was 45.96%; average 45.13%; small 43.37%.

Development of technology for obtaining an enriched fermented milk product based on the results of studies of the composition of the initial and final materials

The article presents the results of research on the study of the chemical, mineral and amino acid composition of the initial and final materials of the production technology of a fermented milk product enriched with an extract of vegetable raw materials. As a sample of the initial product, the optimal composition of a combination of two types of dairy raw materials, 15% mare's milk and 85% cow's milk, obtained during experiments, was selected. The final product is a fermented milk product obtained from combined dairy raw materials. It was found that in the combined dairy raw materials, the mass fraction of protein is 3.86%, the mass fraction of fat is 4.66%, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 4.95%, in the fermented milk product, the mass fraction of protein is 4.04%, the mass fraction of fat is 4.85%, the mass fraction of carbohydrates is 6.05%. The energy value of the fermented milk product, in kcal -82.5, of the combined feedstock -75.94 kcal. The amino acid composition in the studied samples showed the presence of such components as – arginine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine+isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonyl, serine, alanine and glycine. The mineral composition of the combined dairy raw materials in weight% is 14.15 calcium, 15.41 potassium, 12.36 phosphorus, 1.38 magnesium and 7.34 sodium. The results of the analyses confirmed the nutritional and biological value of both the initial and final products, the technology being developed for the production of functional dairy products.

Chemical Properties, Ruminal Fermentation, Gas Production and Digestibility of Silages Composed of Spineless Cactus and Tropical Forage Plants for Sheep Feeding.

The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.