Carbaryl In Water Research Articles

Polylactic Acid Composite Nonwoven Fabric Incorporating Nano-Silver Coated Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Degradation of Carbaryl in Water

Polylactic Acid Composite Nonwoven Fabric Incorporating Nano-Silver Coated Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Degradation of Carbaryl in Water

A paper chromatographic-based electrochemical analytical device for the separation and simultaneous detection of carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides

We developed an electrochemical paper-based device (ePAD) for the online separation and simultaneous determination of structurally similar carbofuran (CBF) and carbaryl (CBR). Our device combined paper chromatography and an electrochemical sensor as a single system for increasing the selectivity to simultaneous detection of the two pesticides. During the simultaneous detection of CBF and CBR, the separation of the two carbamate compounds depends on the differences between the movements of the substances on the chromatographic paper in the moving phase flow. The isolated pesticides were electrochemically measured using an amperometric method. Under optimal conditions, which include the effect of the mobile phase, separation channel, and the applied potential, the proposed device provides a linear range for the simultaneous determination of CBF and CBR from 0.1 to 2.0 and 0.5–7.5 mg L−1, with the limits of detection at 0.06 and 0.40 mg L−1, respectively. Furthermore, we successfully used the developed device to determine CBF and CBR in water, cucumber, and cabbage samples. The obtained results correspond to results obtained from a standard method. This developed ePAD is low-cost and uses a low sample volume (2 µL). Moreover, it is disposable, portable, and a promising tool for the on-site quantification of pesticides in actual samples.

Solar photocatalytic degradation of carbaryl in water using TiO2-coated filters with different binders and effect of the operating conditions.

This research focused on degradation of carbaryl in water using TiO2-coated glass-fiber filter under sunlight irradiation. The coating substances were 0.3-2% w/v TiO2 mixed with 5 different binders, DURAMAX B1000, PEG molecular weight of 1000, 2000, 4000, and 6000, in a concentration of 0.3-2 wt% of TiO2. Optimum concentration of coating substance was investigated for the best degradation efficiency in terms of reaction kinetic rates. Sorption of carbaryl and zeta potential of coating substance were also studied.The results revealed that carbaryl sorptions on the coated filters were 2% or less. The optimum concentration of coating substance was 1% w/v TiO2 and 1 wt% PEG6000 with the kinetic rate constant of 0.022-0.025min-1. The point of zero charge of 1% w/v TiO2 + 1% wt% PEG6000 occurred at pH 7.5, while the pH of carbaryl solution was 7.3 ± 0.3. Thus, TiO2 was neutral, and repulsive force did not exist in this optimum coating. With the optimum TiO2 loading of 1-2g/L, 100% carbaryl degradation was obtained in 150min.

Development of combined-supramolecular microextraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedures for ultra-trace analysis of carbaryl in water, fruits and vegetables

ABSTRACT For the fast and selective preconcentration-separation of carbaryl from environmental samples, a simple and cheap supramolecular solvent microextraction method (Ss-ME) has been applied with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Various analytical parameters that have a noticeable effect on the extraction of carbaryl by supramolecular liquid phase microextraction were optimised by selecting the peak area as the response. The parameters including pH of solution, type and volume of supramolecular formula, matrix effect and the sample volume were optimised. The quantitative recoveries were obtained between pH 2.0 and 4.0 of sample solution phase by using a supramolecular phase consist of heptanol and tetrahydrofuran. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.03 mg L−1 and 0.09 mg L−1 respectively. The relative standard deviation was 7.11 and the preconcentration factor was 15. The microextraction procedure for trace carbaryl was used for various samples such as fruits, vegetables and water samples with the recovery% range between 90% and 102%.

Simultaneous Determination of Aniline, Benzidine, Microcystins, and Carbaryl in Water Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method for simultaneously determining the levels of aniline, benzidine, microcystin variants (microcystin-LR, RR, and YR) and carbaryl in water was developed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The chromatographic conditions were optimized for the trace determination. Without sample enrichment, the method detection limit for all test compounds ranged from 0.040 to 0.155 μg/L; meanwhile, the recoveries for all test compounds were 83.1–114%. Precision, indicated by the relative standard deviation, was <12.9%. The results meet the requirements for the determination of these compounds. Without the need to clean up the samples, the results of the analysis of samples from wastewater and surface water demonstrated that the UPLC-MS/MS method has the capability to analyze complex matrices in the trace-level monitoring of wastewater samples.

Determination of Trace Carbaryl in Water Using Europium-Diallyl Phthalate as Fluorescent Probe

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method for determination of trace carbaryl in water by using diallyl phthalate-europium (Eu 3+ ) as fluorescent probe was developed in this paper. The interaction between Eu 3+ , diallyl phthalate and carbaryl was studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the change of fluorescence spectra of complexes before/after binding with carbaryl was also investigated. The influencing factors of fluorescence intensity including solution pH value and interferents were evaluated. The results showed that diallyl phthalate was complexed with Eu 3+ in a molar ratio of 2:1 to form stable complexes. Carbaryl could also interact with this probe to form multiple complexes, which significantly increased the fluorescent efficiency of Eu 3+ -diallyl phthalate probe. The fluorescence intensity showed good linear relationship with the concentration of carbaryl at pH 9.0 using 245 nm/615 nm as excitation/emission wavelength in the range of 6.25 × 10 −8 − 2.5.0 × 10 −6 M with linear correlation coefficient of 0.9968. The detection limit of the method was 9.6 × 10 −9 M. Water samples were extracted by acetonitrile, and then detected by using Eu 3+ -diallyl phthalate as fluorescent probes. The recoveries of the method were between 91.8%−94.5%, with RSDs less than 6.1%. The method was suitable for rapid determination of carbaryl in water samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of trace carbaryl in water and grain samples by inhibition of the rhodamine-B oxidation

A novel, sensitive, selective and simple kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of trace levels of carbaryl based on its inhibitory effect on the oxidation of rhodamine-B by chlorine and bromine released from reaction of potassium bromate with hydrochloric acid in micellar medium. A linear relationship was observed between the inhibitory effect and the concentration of the compound. The absorbance was monitored at the maximum wavelength of 555nm. The effect of different parameters such as pH, temperature and concentration of rhodamine-B, potassium bromate and surfactant on the reaction were investigated and optimum conditions were established. Under the selected experimental conditions, carbaryl was determined in the range of 0.04–0.4μgmL−1. Sandell’s sensitivity and molar absorptivity were found to be 0.00055μgcm−2 and 3.658×105Lmol−1cm−1 respectively. The proposed method was applied satisfactorily for the determination of carbaryl in water and different grain samples. The results were compared with those obtained by reference method and were found to be in agreement.

Novel pipette-tip graphene/poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogel composite extractor for the analysis of carbofuran and carbaryl in water

A novel pipette-tip extractor of a graphene/poly (vinyl alcohol) cryogel (graphene/PVA) composite sorbent was prepared to preconcentrate carbamate pesticides in environmental water samples before analysis with a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). This novel pipette-tip extractor with the graphene/PVA sorbent exhibited a high porosity when observed through a scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Under optimal conditions, using only 1.0 mL of sample and 0.75 mL of eluting solvent, the developed method provided a wide linear range of 10–700 ng mL−1 and 10–500 ng mL−1 with limit of detection (LOD) of 6.40 ± 0.18 and 9.17 ± 0.34 ng mL−1 for carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) and carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), respectively. The pipette-tip extractor provided high extraction efficiency with high accuracy indicated, by good recoveries in the range of 74.5 ± 4.8% to 119.7 ± 1.6% and 76 ± 15% to 114 ± 19% for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. In addition, the fabrication procedure showed a good pipette-tip extractor-to-pipette-tip extractor reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 1.3–9.8% (n = 5). When the developed pipette-tip extractor was applied for the extraction of carbofuran and carbaryl in surface water samples near vegetable plantation areas, 25.9 ± 8.2 ng mL−1 of carbofuran was found, and carbaryl was also detected in concentrations that ranged from 45.0 ± 4.0 to 191 ± 13 ng mL−1.

Halogenated molecularly imprinted polymers for selective determination of carbaryl by phosphorescence measurements

A highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the recognition of the pesticide carbaryl in water has been synthesized using halogenated bisphenol A compounds as one of the polymeric precursors and carbaryl as the template molecule. On the basis of the heavy-atom effect, both the brominated and the iodinated MIPs allowed analyte detection by room-temperature-phosphorescence measurements. In the presence of an oxygen scavenger (sodium sulphite) the halide, included in the polymeric structure, induced efficient room-temperature phosphorescence of the analyte (once it had been selectively retained by the MIP). The MIP cavity can be easily regenerated for subsequent sample injections with 2 mL methanol. The optosensing system developed has demonstrated high selectivity for carbaryl, even in the presence of other luminophores that could be unspecifically adsorbed onto the MIP surface. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit for the target molecule was 4 microg/L (3-mL sample injection volume), and the linear range extended up to 1 mg/L of the analyte. Good reproducibility was achieved (a relative standard deviation of 3% was obtained for ten replicates of 150 microg/L carbaryl). The synthesized sensing material showed good stability for at least 3 months after preparation. Finally, the applicability to carbaryl determination in real samples was evaluated through the successful determination of the pesticide in spiked mineral and tap water samples.

The effects of carbamate pesticide on fish in freshwater ecosystems: A review

There are potential hazards o non-target organisms associated with uncontrolled use of pesticides in agriculture and other purposes. Carbaryl is a methyl-carbamate 1- naphtholenol marketed in Nigeria as Vetox 85R and used in controlling soil insects and many insect pests of cash crops. It is also employed in controlling mites, lice, fleas, and ticks on poultry, cattle and domestic pets. Indiscriminate application on crop farms by aerial and ground spray, accidental spillages, dumping of empty pesticide containers into freshwaters and open fields, and leakages from containers are important means through which Vetox 85R gains entry into the environment. Vetox 85R is also applied on ponds and stagnant water purposely to control aquatic insects. Research reports reveal chronic and acute toxic effects of this chemical on fish and fish food. The deleterious effects of sublethal concentrations of carbaryl on fish during spawning period include rupture of blood vessels supplying the ovary with blood, rupture of ovigerous lamellae and enlargement of oocysts. Behavioral impact on fish includes restlessness. Chronically sub-lethal concentrations also resulted in hypoglycemia and depletion of liver glycogen. Other effects include rupture of the columnar epithelium of fish stomach. Carbamate insecticides are generally neurotoxic, inhibiting activity of cholinesterase. High concentration of carbaryl in water leads to fish and fish-food mortality. Keywords: Carbaryl; fish; freshwater ecosystems; pesticideInternational Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2 (3) 2006: pp. 235-240

A molecularly imprinted polymer for carbaryl determination in water

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the recognition of the methyl-carbamate pesticide carbaryl in water has been synthesized using a non-covalent approach. Selection of the monomers employed in the polymerisation was carried out by using molecular modelling. The functional monomers with the highest binding energy to the template were selected and used for the synthesis of MIPs. A flow-injection system for the selective and sensitive monitoring of carbaryl in water samples has been proposed based on the native fluorescent emission detection of the template retained by the MIP. This flow-injection system has demonstrated high specificity for carbaryl against other methyl-carbamate pesticides (e.g. bendiocarb and carbofuran). Detection limit for the target molecule turned out to be 0.27 μg/L (3 mL sample injections), with upper linear range above 50 μg/L and sample throughput of seven analysis per hour. The polymer can be easily regenerated for subsequent sample injections (at least up to 200 cycles tested) and showed good stability for at least 4 months after preparation. Finally, the potential and feasibility of monitoring carbaryl in environmental samples has been successfully demonstrated for spiked river water samples.

Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters from a coastal watershed

Organophosphate and carbamate compounds are among the most widely used pesticides. Contamination of surface water by these compounds is of concern because of potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially those at lower trophic levels. In this study we evaluated the persistence of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and carbaryl in waters from various sites in the Newport Bay-San Diego Creek watershed in southern California (USA). The persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos was much longer than that of malathion or carbaryl and was further prolonged in seawater. Microbial degradation contributed significantly to the dissipation of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in freshwater, but was inhibited in seawater, leading to increased persistence. In contrast, degradation of malathion and carbaryl was rapid and primarily abiotic. A greater temperature dependence was observed for carbaryl degradation in all waters and for diazinon degradation in freshwater. The interactions of pesticide persistence with water location, temperature, and type of pesticides suggest that site- and compound-specific information is needed when evaluating the overall ecotoxicological risks of pesticide pollution in a watershed. Because the persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos may increase significantly in seawater, mitigation should occur before the pesticides reach seawater. The relatively short persistence of these compounds in freshwater suggests that practices aimed at extending residence time (e.g., diversion to wetlands) may effectively reduce pesticide output to downstream water bodies.

Reductive degradation of carbaryl in water by Zero-valent iron

Reduction of carbaryl solution by zero-valent iron powder (ZVIP) was studied in a rotator batch system (70 rpm) in order to evaluate the utility of this reaction in remediation of carbamate contaminated water. Degradation with different amount of ZVIP: 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 g/ml at pH 6.6 and at ambient temperature was investigated. The results show that the process exhibits a degradation rate appearing to be directly proportional to the surface contact area of ZVIP (325-mesh) with the carbaryl molecules. Three analytical techniques were used to monitor carbaryl degradation: (1) A UV–Vis diode array spectrophotometer was used to record all spectra. (2) A high performance liquid chromatography was used to separate by-products and examine the evolution of breakdown products. (3) A home-built spectrophosphorimeter that uses the solid surface room temperature phosphorescence (SSRTP) was employed to observe selectively the decline of the carbaryl concentration at different amount of ZVIP on Whatman no. 1 filter paper. Results show that the reducing degradation of carbaryl with ZVIP as the source of electrons is effective with a half-life close to several minutes.

Spectrophotometric determination of carbaryl by on-line elution after its preconcentration onto polyurethane foam

An analytical methodology has been developed for the UV-spectrophotometric determination of carbaryl in waters after its preconcentration onto a polyether type polyurethane foam followed by on-line elution. The aforementioned strategy offers an easy way for in-field sampling and to improve the analytical sensitivity. Several chemical and flow variables (mass of sorbent, sample flow rate, sample volume and carrier flow rate) were studied to ensure the best performance of the system. Recovery studies, carried out on natural water samples spiked with known amounts of carbaryl at concentration levels between 250 and 500 μg l −1, provided recovery percentages between 94 and 105%. A detection limit of 12 μg l −1 was achieved and a variation coefficient of 3.4% was obtained at 0.50 μg ml −1.

Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Carbaryl. 2. Assay Optimization and Application to the Analysis of Water Samples

The effect of several physicochemical factors on the analytical characteristics of an immunoassay to carbaryl has been studied and this information used to optimize the assay. The immunoassay is based on the LIB-CNH36 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and employs a heterologous coating conjugate. The optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), performed in a high salt concentration buffer with bovine serum albumin instead of Tween 20, has a carbaryl I50 of 0.058 ppb and a detection limit of 0.010 ppb, which means a 4-fold improvement in the assay sensitivity with respect to the nonoptimized conditions. The assay proved to be very specific for carbaryl since not even 1-naphthol, the main carbaryl metabolite, was recognized. Water samples with very different conductivities were spiked with carbaryl at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 ppb and directly analyzed by the developed ELISA. The mean recovery was 112%, and the mean coefficient of variation was 10.7%, which proves the suitability of the method to determine carbaryl in waters at such low levels. Keywords: Carbaryl; immunoassay; ELISA; optimization; Tween 20; pH; ionic strength; solvent tolerance; water analysis

Determination of trace amounts of carbaryl in water by solid-phase laser-induced fluorescence

A quick and very sensitive method is proposed for the determination of the insecticide carbaryl, following transformation in 1-naphthol, using solid-phase fluorescence excited by a pulsed nitrogen laser and detected with a charge-coupled device. Carbaryl is hydrolized in an alkaline medium resulting in 1-naphthol. This hydrolysis product is fixed on QAE Sephadex A-25 gel at pH 11.20. The fluorescence of the gel, packed in a 1 mm silica cell, was measured directly using a solid-surface attachment. The detection limit obtained was 1.8 ng. A recovery study was carried out on several types of water samples to check the efficiency of the method. The results obtained are compared with data published in a previous paper where the LS-50 spectrofluorimeter was used. The detection and quantification limits are improved here by an order of magnitude.

Validation of an enzymatic biosensor with liquid chromatography for pesticide monitoring

This article summarizes the need for validation of the use of biosensors as field measurement techniques in environmental monitoring. An enzymatic biosensor based on the reaction of acetylthiocholine chloride, which is enzymatically hydrolyzed to thiocholine and gives a disulfide compound by dimerization, was validated using liquid Chromatographic techniques for the determination of various organophosphorus pesticides and carbaryl in water at levels varying from 0.1 to 5.7 μg/l of individual compounds. With both techniques the batch of water containing the greater amount of pesticides also gave the higher signal via the biosensor. The total number obtained with the biosensor could be used as a positive indication of the presence of the target pesticides and could distinguish the presence of 3.9 and 10.3 μg/l of total target pesticides in the water sample. In a second step, an on-line oxidation of the samples took place and the different oxometabolites of the pesticides were determined by both biosensor and liquid Chromatographic detection. The use of diode-array detection permitted unequivocal confirmation of the various oxo metabolites from their UV spectra

Determination of Trace Amounts of Carbaryl in Water by Solid Phase Spectrofluorimetry

Abstract A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of carbaryl residues in water is presented. Carbaryl is hydrolized in alkaline medium to 1-naphthol. This hydrolysis product is fixed on QAE Sephadex A-25 gel at pH 11.20. The fluorescence of the gel, packed in a 1 mm silica cell, was measured directly using a solid-surface attachment. Spectral characteristics of 1-naphthol-gel system are described in detail. The applicable concentration range was 0.5–60.0 ng.ml−1, with a relative standard deviation of 0.9% and a detection limit of 0.1 ng.ml−1. The method was applied to the determination of carbaryl in natural waters.

Validation of a paramagnetic particle-based ELISA for the quantitative determination of carbaryl in water

Validation of a paramagnetic particle-based ELISA for the quantitative determination of carbaryl in water

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for carbaryl

Seven rabbit antisera were obtained by immunization with either N-(l-naphthylacetyl)-6-aminohexanoic acid (3) or l-(l-naphthyl)-3-(5-carboxypentyl)urea (8) conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). From these sera Ab2114 (against 8KLH) was used for the optimization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of the insecticide carbaryl. An I50 of 2-5 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL were obtained using N-(2-naphthoyl)8-aminohexanoic acid (5) coupled to conalbumin as a coating antigen. No interference with naphthol, the main degradation product of carbaryl, was observed. An enzyme tracer was prepared by covalently linking hapten 5 with alkaline phosphatase. When the ELISA was performed using a format involving coating the plate with antibodies, an 150 of 0.4-0.6 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL were obtained. Preliminary studies with different samples showed that this immunoassay can be used for the determination of carbaryl in water, soil, body fluids, and food samples. This paper demonstrates the flexibility of using stable derivatives of a target compound such as carbaryl to generate antibodies and a sensitive ELISA for molecules containing functionalities susceptible to chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation.