Car Washers Research Articles

Comparison of acetylcholinesterase among employees based on job positions and personal protective equipment in fuel station.

The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) among employees based on job positions and the wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) in fuel station areas. The sample group consisted of 200 people sorted into various groups, including (i) Inside fuel dispenser area (I-FDA) group consisting of 100 employees for refueling, cashier, and loading fuel into storage tanks, and (ii) Outside fuel dispenser area (O-FDA) group, consisting of 100 employees working in convenience stores, food stores, coffee shops, and offices, as well as general staff and car washers. Data were collected using interview questionnaires and blood samples were analyzed for AChE activity. The results showed that the I-FDA group had a significantly lower mean of serum AChE (7.38±1.73 U/ml) than the O-FDA group (7.85±1.49 U/ml) (p<0.05). The I-FDA group had a 2.43 times higher risk of abnormal serum AChE than the O-FDA group (OR=2.43, 95%CI=1.05-5.60). When considering the risk factors for job positions, it was found that refueling and cashier positions had lower AChE activity levels than those who did not (p<0.05). In the part, employees for food sales in a closed building and those wearing PPE masks had significantly higher AChE activity levels than those who did not or who wore them (p<0.05). Based on the aforementioned, employers at fuel stations should strictly determine the appropriate measures for wearing a PPE mask. Further, employees should be provided accommodation away from oil supply or enclosed buildings during breaks to reduce the effects on the neurotransmitter.

Prevalence of fungal infections that cause tinea pedis in farmers in Tegalharjo Banyuwangi

Tinea pedis is a type of superficial mycosis. Tinea pedis is a dermatophyse that is most often found in humans and is usually called water fleas. Lack of maintaining cleanliness and wearing closed shoes is one of the factors that causes Tinea pedis. Tinea pedis usually affects adults who work in wet or humid places, such as car and motorcycle washers, garbage collectors and farmers. When doing activities, the average farmer uses boots for too long. However, some farmers who do not wear boots while working experience itching on the soles of their feet. This research aims to determine the prevalence of fungal contamination that causes water fleas (Tinea pedis) in farmers in Tegalharjo village, Banyuwangi Regency. The population of this research are 30 farmers in Tegalharjo village, while the research sample Is skin scrapings between the toes of the farmers. Then the sample obtained is directly examined by using a microscope and 10% KOH reagent. The results shows that the farmers who are contaminated with the fungus that caused Tinea pedis are 6 people with a percentage (20%) and 24 people who are not contaminated with a percentage (80%). The incidence of infection Tinea Pedis among farmers in Tegalharjo Village, Banyuwangi Regency is also influenced by the duration of working in a day and the habit of wearing boots.

Filter based on sugar cane bagset for the treatment of wastewater from car washers in the city of Ambato, Ecuador

The effects of the oil industry continue to cause damage today. For example, car washers and their components still pollute sewage. This work assesses the efficiency of an artisan filter made of sugarcane bagasse, sand, crushed brick, and pumice stone. The research was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato, Ecuador, and as effluent, wastewater from a small car washing machine was used. To prove the efficiency of the filter and its limitations, the variation index in different parameters of this water was measured for 31 days, such as total solids, total suspended solids, BOD5 (biological oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), pH, oils and fats, turbidity and TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons). The preliminary results showed a significant improvement in the treated effluent's quality, especially in turbidity, TPH, total suspended solids, and pH.

A Case Study of Elgi Equipments Ltd 4Ps Strategy for Air Compressor Industry

The case study paper is based on the 4Ps strategy of the Elgi Equipment’s limited, is an Indian agency as an air compressor and depot gear manufacturing company, manufactures Reciprocating &amp; Screw Air - Compressors, Car Washers Hydraulic Hoist, Lubricating Equipment, Pneumatic Horns, Power brakes, &amp; Automatic Pasteurizing Plants. The four P’s of marketing and advertising and marketing are a really helpful mannequin for businesses to use, but they don’t cowl all of the complexities of doing commercial enterprise today. Companies must assume about what products to grant and how they will promote them at a realistic price. They additionally need to reflect on consideration on where their merchandise is disbursed and whether or now not that vicinity is handy for shoppers who live in special areas of the country. The four P’s framework has now not changed a good deal from when it used to be created. From the study it is interpreted that the 4Ps strategy throughout all industries must be used so that companies focused more over quality. The future scope of the study is that despite the changing landscape, advertising principles nevertheless apply. The four core concepts are product differentiation, pricing flexibility, advertising of brand awareness, and positioning in the market. These have been tested to be great thru time due to the fact they work on a psychological diploma that groups can’t resist. For the air compressor industry more, exploration is needs to do in the areas of Industrial Product service System.

Filter based on sugar cane bagset for the treatment of wastewater from car washers, in the city of Ambato, Ecuador

Filter based on sugar cane bagset for the treatment of wastewater from car washers, in the city of Ambato, Ecuador

Design of a column test bench for the evaluation of alternative absorbent materials in wastewater treatment

One of the most used processes for wastewater treatment is filtration, still having unknowns related to the new possible absorbent materials which can provide better pollutant removal. This project proposes a column test bench capable of working with different materials, particle diameters (> 0.35mm) and densities and densities with three columns of 1.5 m length and 4 inches of diameter.. To perform this project, the type of reactive material for the filter medium was identified, considering the nominal and critical size of the fine sand (0.35m), as a basis for determining the design of the length, diameter of the and thickness column. The design conditions were taken so that the hydraulic system can function as a slow and rapid filter. The most critical operating conditions were selected, Qmax: 16.72 lpm and Filtration Rate: 19.80 m / h. Under these operating conditions, a hydraulic head loss of 2.77 m was obtained within the sand column. The result of this research is the design of a column test system that can work under different hydraulics conditions and absorbent materials with sizes greater than 0.35 mm, intended for the investigation of wastewater treatment from car washers and the removal of heavy metals. The final cost of building the column test is about 25% of the commercial price system.

Designing capacitive deionization module for water treatment systems at car washers

It is impossible to effectively use water with a high salt content at car washes. In many places, access to water with a high salt content is almost unlimited but its utilization requires deionization. For this purpose, several methods are used, the main of which are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ion exchange methods, and distillation. However, they have significant drawbacks. Recently, the technology of capacitive deionization of water has been widely used, based on the removal of salt ions from the solution during the charge/discharge of "double" electric layers of carbon materials with a significant active surface (800‒2,000 m2/g). Theoretically, this process should be more energy efficient by using a low potential voltage (1–2 V). This paper considers the interrelation of physical parameters that affect the process of capacitive deionization of water. The dependences of voltage drop on serial internal resistance on different concentrations of sodium chloride and the distance between electrodes for electrodes based on the material SAUT-1S (Belarus) have been investigated. It is shown that the main contribution to the sequential internal resistance is introduced by the resistance of the electrolyte. As the distance between the electrodes increases, the voltage drop on the serial internal resistance increases linearly. A decrease in the concentration of ions leads to a decrease in the conductivity of the solution, which causes an increase in energy consumption and a decrease in the efficiency of sorption. It has been demonstrated that the voltage drop at the serial internal resistance when the voltage on the electrodes is limited, which is set in order to avoid the transition of the electrode charging mode to the electrolysis of water, causes a significant drop in the efficiency of the capacitive deionization process

Design of Car Washing Control System Based on PLC

In order to improve the efficiency of car wash and reduce the labor intensity of car washers. According to the process flow of automatic car washing and its characteristics of simple operation, high efficiency, convenience and stable operation, an automatic car washing control system based on PLC is designed, and WinCC configuration software is selected as the upper computer as the man-machine interface design. The simulation results show that the system has strong stability, improves the automation of car washing and meets the actual needs.

Water safety plan integrated to the land use and occupation measures: Proposals for Caraguatatuba-SP, Brazil

Water Safety Plan is an international tool developed by the World Health Organization to enable the implementation of better water quality guarantees regarding human health issues. This current tool´s template deals with water quantity suring the occurrence of floods and droughts only as emergency situations. The key issues of this paper are how we may integrate proactive drought and flood planning into the so-called Water Safety Plans. The city of Caraguatatuba, north coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, has a large tourist flow a high rate of population growth, and is currently drafting the Water Safety Plan. This article aims to analyze the Caraguatatuba Water Safety Plan and compare its elaboration steps and respective contents to the international practices related to the management of water conflicts with spatial guidelines in order to propose improvements. The methodology starts with an overall view of the Brazilian water system and steps and procedures of Caraguatatuba Water Safety Plan. The case of Caraguatatuba was compared with international practices, and more detailed comparison with a Spanish practice. The key findings were: the need of establishing a legal framework to ensure the plans’ successful implementation and accomplishment of recording the occurrence of extreme water events and its incorporation in the diagnostic step in the planning system, and the elaboration of multiple progressive scenarios establishing land use and occupation guidelines. The spatial guidelines improvements are: specific construction criteria for flood zones, targeting activities compatible with flood zones, patrimony insurance for flood management and creation of catchment points for temporary supply, limitation of non-essential uses as swimming pool and car washers, reduce irrigated land for agricultural crops, adoption an exchange bank for the granting of water resources, proportional fee by water quality and improve water use in industrial processes for drought management.

Bioremediación de hidrocarburos en aguas residuales con cultivo mixto de microorganismos: caso Lubricadora Puyango

Las aguas residuales de las lavadoras-lubricadoras de autos contienen grandes cantidades de hidrocarburos que son descargados en el alcantarillado público sin pasar por un tratamiento adecuado, incumpliendo la normativa. En este trabajo se evaluó el proceso de biorremediación de hidrocarburos totales en las aguas residuales de Puyango, para esto se aplicó un cultivo mixto de microorganismos degradadores de hidrocarburos y derivados, mediante la técnica de bioaumentación (aplicación directa de microorganismos). Para ello se realizó una caracterización de las aguas residuales, además se determinó el contenido de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo (TPH, por su sigla en inglés) y el caudal, durante siete días. Se aplicó un tratamiento consistente en una mezcla de bacterias: Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. y Mycobacterium sp en forma sólida (tableta de 80 g) con una concentración mínima de 4 x 108 UFC/ml soluble en agua, utilizando dos tabletas durante 30 días. Se determinó la concentración del TPH semanalmente, graficando la variación temporal y cuantificando el % de remoción. Los resultados indican que la técnica de bioaumentación fue efectiva (p=0.003) en la remoción del TPH obteniéndose porcentajes por encima del 86%. El tiempo de mayor remoción del TPH se obtuvo en la tercera semana de tratamiento con 92 %. Además, se obtuvo remociones de DQO-40 %, Aceites y grasas -50 %, Tensoactivos -43 % cumpliendo así la normativa vigente de descarga al alcantarillado público para el TPH.

KESIAPAN SPAM REGIONAL KARTAMANTUL DI KABUPATEN SLEMAN: STUDI PADA 4 SPAMDES

SPAM Regional Kartamantul is one of the steps of Special Region of Yogyakarta Government to realize the RPJMN 2015-2019 in the provision of drinking water for 100 percent of the population in 2019. Because Sleman District is one of the areas included in SPAM Regional Kartamantul, this study seeks to identify the readiness of 4 SPAMDes in this district to welcome SPAM Regional Kartamantul. The results of this study are expected to be descriptive assessment of the readiness of those Regional SPAM. This study identified that some SPAMDes are still not ready to be integrated with SPAM Regional Kartamantul. In the future, the ready SPAMDes should be directed to cooperate with or be formed into BUMDes. In adittion, clear tariff arrangements are required for entrepreneurs of fishing ponds, laundry or car washers, whether they are subject to progressive rates or are not allowed to become SPAMDes customers. Nevertheless, there are still a subjective element of the Chairman of PERPAMDES Association that determines the successful and unsuccessful SPAMDes. Therefore, we suggest that in the next study the standard indicators needs to be identified so that the subjective element can be reduced.

Trabajo informal y control policial en espacios públicos: el caso de los lavacoches de la ciudad de Santa Rosa

Trabajo informal y control policial en espacios públicos: el caso de los lavacoches de la ciudad de Santa Rosa

Small Car Wash Business in Botswana and the Desperate Youth: Entrepreneurs or Employment Seekers? A case study of Gaborone

In recent years Botswana has witnessed an unprecedented boom in small business informal car washers. This paper explores the emergence and spread of this phenomenon, with specific attention to the capital city, Gaborone, where there is a high concentration of small car washers. Relying on critical realist philosophy and the entrepreneurial ecosystem conceptual model, we explore the issue of youth self-entrepreneurship against the critical factor of employability. Our findings reveal a number of pointers to socio-economic needs and vulnerable livelihoods. While Botswana economy has been largely characterised by growth, however the economy is not creating jobs, hence the unemployment crisis, which pushes many young people to seek alternative means of survival. In this context car wash entrepreneurship becomes appealing as it is relatively simple to start and requires little start-up capital. Car wash businesses provide hope to desperate youth in search for jobs, as well as contributing to the economy. However, in the long term this option is not sustainable and profitable in its present form. This calls for robust policy intervention to formalise it to SMME status.

Praziquantel sensitivity of Kenyan Schistosoma mansoni isolates and the generation of a laboratory strain with reduced susceptibility to the drug

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by blood-dwelling flukes of the genus Schistosoma. While the disease may affect as many as 249 million people, treatment largely relies on a single drug, praziquantel. The near exclusive use of this drug for such a prevalent disease has led to concerns regarding the potential for drug resistance to arise and the effect this would have on affected populations. In this study, we use an in vitro assay of drug sensitivity to test the effect of praziquantel on miracidia hatched from eggs obtained from fecal samples of Kenyan adult car washers and sand harvesters as well as school children. Whereas in a previous study we found the car washers and sand harvesters to harbor Schistosoma mansoni with reduced praziquantel sensitivity, we found no evidence for the presence of such strains in any of the groups tested here. Using miracidia derived from seven car washers to infect snails, we used the shed cercariae to establish a strain of S. mansoni with significantly reduced praziquantel sensitivity in mice. This was achieved within 5 generations by administering increasing doses of praziquantel to the infected mice until the parasites could withstand a normally lethal dose. This result indicates that while the threat of praziquantel resistance may have diminished in the Kenyan populations tested here, there is a strong likelihood it could return if sufficient praziquantel pressure is applied.

Influence of Exposure History on the Immunology and Development of Resistance to Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni

BackgroundPrevious studies suggest that humans can acquire immunity to reinfection with schistosomes, most probably due to immunologic mechanisms acquired after exposure to dying schistosome worms.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe followed longitudinally two cohorts of adult males occupationally exposed to Schistosoma mansoni by washing cars (120 men) or harvesting sand (53 men) in Lake Victoria. Men were treated with praziquantel each time S. mansoni infection was detected. In car washers, a significant increase in resistance to reinfection, as measured by the number of cars washed between cure and reinfection, was observed after the car washers had experienced, on average, seven cures. In the car washers who developed resistance, the level of schistosome-specific IgE increased between baseline and the time at which development of resistance was first evidenced. In the sand harvesters, a significant increase in resistance, as measured by the number of days worked in the lake between cure and reinfection, was observed after only two cures. History of exposure to S. mansoni differed between the two cohorts, with the majority of sand harvesters being lifelong residents of a village endemic for S. mansoni and the majority of car washers having little exposure to the lake before they began washing cars. Immune responses at study entry were indicative of more recent infections in car washers and more chronic infections in sand harvesters.Conclusions/SignificanceResistance to reinfection with S. mansoni can be acquired or augmented by adults after multiple rounds of reinfection and cure, but the rate at which resistance is acquired by this means depends on immunologic status and history of exposure to S. mansoni infection.

Reduced Susceptibility to Praziquantel among Naturally Occurring Kenyan Isolates of Schistosoma mansoni

BackgroundThe near exclusive use of praziquantel (PZQ) for treatment of human schistosomiasis has raised concerns about the possible emergence of drug-resistant schistosomes.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe measured susceptibility to PZQ of isolates of Schistosoma mansoni obtained from patients from Kisumu, Kenya continuously exposed to infection as a consequence of their occupations as car washers or sand harvesters. We used a) an in vitro assay with miracidia, b) an in vivo assay targeting adult worms in mice and c) an in vitro assay targeting adult schistosomes perfused from mice. In the miracidia assay, in which miracidia from human patients were exposed to PZQ in vitro, reduced susceptibility was associated with previous treatment of the patient with PZQ. One isolate (“KCW”) that was less susceptible to PZQ and had been derived from a patient who had never fully cured despite multiple treatments was studied further. In an in vivo assay of adult worms, the KCW isolate was significantly less susceptible to PZQ than two other isolates from natural infections in Kenya and two lab-reared strains of S. mansoni. The in vitro adult assay, based on measuring length changes of adults following exposure to and recovery from PZQ, confirmed that the KCW isolate was less susceptible to PZQ than the other isolates tested. A sub-isolate of KCW maintained separately and tested after three years was susceptible to PZQ, indicative that the trait of reduced sensitivity could be lost if selection was not maintained.Conclusions/SignificanceIsolates of S. mansoni from some patients in Kisumu have lower susceptibility to PZQ, including one from a patient who was never fully cured after repeated rounds of treatment administered over several years. As use of PZQ continues, continued selection for worms with diminished susceptibility is possible, and the probability of emergence of resistance will increase as large reservoirs of untreated worms diminish. The potential for rapid emergence of resistance should be an important consideration of treatment programs.

Correlation between Eosinophils and Protection against Reinfection withSchistosoma mansoniand the Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection in Humans

Longitudinal investigations of an adult male population of Kenyan car washers who have heavy and quantifiable occupational exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae revealed that some individuals develop resistance to reinfection while others remain highly susceptible. We sought to characterize immune correlates associated with host protection in this population. Previous studies have demonstrated an association of peripheral eosinophilia with resistance to reinfection with schistosomes. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the percentage of circulating eosinophils and the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection on the susceptibility of the car washers to reinfection with schistosomes. Elevated percentages of circulating eosinophils were associated with resistance to reinfection by S. mansoni in HIV-1-seronegative persons. In the HIV-1-seropositive cohort, low CD4+-T-cell counts were associated with a less intense eosinophilia. Moreover, eosinophils from the car washers expressed high levels of FcepsilonRI beta chain, a molecule important in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immunity. Levels of FcepsilonRI beta chain expression correlated with serum levels of total and antigen-specific IgE for HIV-1-negative car washers, but this was not the case for individuals coinfected with HIV-1. Overall, these data further implicate eosinophils as having a potential role in development of protective immunity against schistosomes and suggest that changes associated with HIV-1 coinfection increase susceptibility to reinfection.

Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Distribution of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, which are also coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 invasion of cells, was measured on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and monocytes in peripheral blood samples from a group of Kenyan car washers. Patients with active schistosomiasis displayed higher cell surface densities of these receptors than did cured schistosomiasis patients.

INCIDENCE OF DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS AMONGST SOME OCCUPATIONAL AND SELECT GROUPS IN JOS

Fifty-nine Agro farm workers, 265 inmates from Jos main prison, 60 hair weavers and 40 car washers were examined in Jos for dermatophyte infections. Dermatophyte isolates included Trichophyton and Microsporum species. The highest infection rate of 75% was recorded among the farm workers with toeweb infections due to T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. 25% of the other infections were from the groin region due to T. tonsurans and T. mentagrophytes. Fifty-nine percent of infection by T. mentagrophytes in prison inmates was restricted to the groin region. Other species of fungi isolated from the inmates were Trichosporon cutaneum and Aspergillus niger. Among the car washers, tinea manum, ringworm of the hand, and interdigital infections due to T.mentagrophytes were observed. There was no visible infection among either the female hair weavers or the female prison inmates. Keywords: Dermatophytosis, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis, Tinea pedis, Tinea cruris. (Af J Clinical & Exp Microbiology: 2003 4(2): 11-17)

Resistance to reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni in occupationally exposed adults and effect of HIV-1 co-infection on susceptibility to schistosomiasis: a longitudinal study

Previous studies have reported age-dependent development of resistance to reinfection by schistosomes and identified immunological correlates of this resistance. However, whether resistance exists that is independent of age effects has been questioned. We did a longitudinal investigation of reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni in an adult population with high occupational exposure. We monitored a cohort of 96 male car washers working along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya during 349.7 person-years for frequency of water contact and infection with S mansoni. Patients were treated with praziquantel upon study entry and after reinfection with S mansoni. Bivariate analyses and a multivariate proportional hazards model were used to assess the effects of water contact, previous infections, and HIV-1 on S mansoni reinfection rates. 13 car washers did not get reinfected or only became reinfected after an extended time (91 weeks). 47 initially had a short time to reinfection (15 weeks) but on subsequent treatments showed increased time to reinfection (29-38 weeks). 36 consistently displayed short times to reinfection (<15 weeks) despite multiple reinfection and treatment cycles. Decreased CD4 T-cell counts in HIV-1-positive individuals corresponded to increased susceptibility to S mansoni reinfection. Adults similarly exposed to schistosomiasis are either resistant to reinfection; susceptible, but develop resistance to reinfection after multiple treatments; or remain susceptible to reinfection. Thus, immunological resistance to reinfection with S mansoni exists or can develop independent of age effects. The consequence of HIV-1 co-infection suggests that CD4 T cells contribute to this resistance.