Car Trunk Research Articles

A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Inverted Wings Modifications on the Stability and Aerodynamic Performance of a Sedan Car at Cornering

ABSTRACTThis research examines the impact of cornering on the aerodynamic forces and stability of a Nissan Versa (Almera) passenger sedan car by introducing novel modifications. These modifications included single inverted wings with end plates as a front spoiler, double‐element inverted wings with end plates as a rear spoiler, and incorporating the ground as a diffuser under the car trunk. The goal is to enhance the performance and stability of conventional passenger cars. To ensure the accuracy of the numerical data, the study utilized multiple methodologies to model the turbulence model, ultimately selecting the most suitable option. This involved comparing numerical data with wind tunnel experimental data using force balance and pressure distribution. Once validated, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to analyze the vehicle's aerodynamic performance relative to the straight‐line condition under cornering conditions. The car simulation in a cornering condition was conducted at a representative Reynolds number based on the vehicle length of about 1.3 × 107. The study discovered that asymmetry was a recurring theme regarding surface pressure distribution, with greater prominence under cornering conditions. All modified models exhibited a more favorable lift‐to‐drag ratio than the baseline, indicating improved aerodynamic efficiency. The underbody double‐element diffuser proved most effective for enhancing fuel efficiency and stability. Mesh refinement with a polyhedral algorithm consisting of 11.27 million elements and a computational domain with a frontal area of 91.8 m2 and a curved length of 31 m (˜7 times car length) was crucial for achieving accurate and repeatable results. The study employed multiple turbulence models within the CFD framework. The realizable k‐ε model was chosen due to its balance between accuracy and computational cost for all Nissan Versa models. These findings are limited to the selected parameters and wind tunnel conditions, and further investigations might be needed for extreme driving scenarios.

Traumatic hemorrhage of the thyroid as a work-related injury: a case report and review of the literature.

Traumatic hemorrhage of the thyroid gland resulting from blunt injury to the neck is a very rare event. Particular neck positions can expose the thyroid to trauma, especially in motor vehicle collisions, falls, direct blows, or sport activities. Preexisting conditions such as goiters, adenomas, and cysts can increase the risk of bleeding, reducing the force required to rupture the gland and make the thyroid more prone to injury. The authors report the case of a 53-year-old man who was involved in a fire while working on maintenance of a liquid petroleum gas (LPG)-powered car. He subsequently presented to the emergency department with painful swelling of his right anterior neck with a palpable mass. CT scan showed a right thyroid hemorrhagic cyst. The worker reported that he had jumped into the car trunk to extinguish the fire and covered the gas tank nozzle with his own body to prevent dispersal of the accelerant. In this case, the medico-legal evaluation was useful to delineate between natural and traumatic causes of the injury. Medico-legal assessment is key in understanding the dynamics involved in work-related events to identify any legal responsibilities of the worker or the employer.

Optimizing first-mile ridesharing services to intercity transit hubs

Travel to intercity transportation hubs, such as railway stations and airports, can be the most troublesome and inefficient part of the entire air/railway travel journey, as travelers often carry large luggage and have stringent arrival time requirements. Taking public transportation, such as metro and bus services, is inconvenient to carry luggage and less reliable in arrival time while taking taxi services could be less economical. As a result, providing reliable and convenient yet economical on-demand first-mile services for travelers to intercity transportation hubs is essential. This paper proposes a ridesharing approach for the first-mile transport system for travelers heading towards the intercity transportation hub and develops a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model with the objective of minimizing the total operating costs for ridesharing service operators. The MILP model considers (1) large luggage that may occupy seats when the car trunk is not large enough to place them; (2) passengers’ requirements on arrival time and ride time; and (3) travel time uncertainty ensuring that riders’ arrival time and ride time can be satisfied. A tailored adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm with an acceleration strategy is developed for obtaining robust near-optimal solutions within a reasonable time. To assess the solution quality, the MILP model is reformulated as a set-partitioning model, and the column generation algorithm is leveraged to determine a tight lower bound; a greedy algorithm is introduced to obtain an upper bound. Computational experiments on Shanghai South Railway Station demonstrate that ridesharing is an effective strategy for reducing overall travel costs while meeting the first-mile travel demand. In addition, it is essential to consider luggage and travel time uncertainty for determining ridesharing schemes.

Cars, compounds and containers: Judicial and extrajudicial infrastructures of punishment in the 'old' and 'new' South Africa.

This paper examines non-state infrastructures of vigilante violence in marginalized spaces in South Africa. I argue that car trunks, shacks, containers, and other everyday receptacles function as the underside of official institutions, such as prisons and police lock-ups, and bear historical imprints of the extrajudicial punishments inflicted on black bodies during colonialism and apartheid. I focus on two techniques: forcing someone into the trunk of a vehicle and driving them around to locate stolen property, and confinement in garages, shacks, containers, or local public spaces. Whereas in formerly 'whites only' areas, residents have access to insurance, guards, gated communities, fortified fences, and well-resourced neighbourhood watches, in former black townships and informal settlements, this is not the case. Here, the boot, the shack, the shed, the car, and the minibus taxi play multiple roles, including as vectors and spaces of confinement, torture, and execution. Thus, spatiotemporality affects both how penal forms permeate space and time, and how space and time constitute penal forms. These vigilante kidnappings and forcible confinements are not mere instances of gratuitous violence. Instead, they mimic, distort, and amplify the violence that underpins the state's unrealized monopoly over the violence inherent in its claims to police and punish.

A portable muon telescope for multidisciplinary applications

Muon tomography or “muography” is an emerging imaging technique that uses cosmogenic muons as the radiation source. Due to its diverse range of applications and the use of natural radiation, muography is being applied across many fields such as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. Muons can be detected using various detector technologies, among which, resistive plate chambers (RPC) are a very cost effective choice. RPCs are planar detectors which use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons, already used since years in major particle accelerator experiments.We have developed a muon telescope (or “muoscope”) composed of small scale RPCs. The design goal for our muoscope is to be portable and autonomous, in order to take data in places that are not easily accessible. The whole setup is light and compact, such to be easily packed in a car trunk. Individual RPCs are hosted in gas-tight aluminium cases. There is no need for gas bottles, once the chambers are filled. The muoscope can be controlled from a reasonable distance using wireless connection. In this paper we summarize the guiding principles of our project and present some recent developments and future prospects, including a long-term stability study of the resistivity of the semiconductive coating obtained with serigraphy.

TRUNK WITH FOLDING CROSSBARS, PATENT OSIM – RO NR. 130559/2019 PROPOSED FOR INSTALLATION ON THE DACIA – DUSTER CAR

The work presents a manner of implementation of an existing Romanian patent (OSIM - Ro Patent no. 130559/2019 which refers to a car trunk with folding crossbars), for its adaptation to the Dacia-DUSTER car, as a SMART trunk. The novelty element is that the trunk is designed in such a way that it can fold / hide inside the longitudinal bars when it is not used (leading to fuel savings), and respectively, it can be extended by folding to be put in a working position, when it becomes active. In addition, the trunk has possibilities of adjustment depending on the types / dimensions of the luggage transported and is integrated more harmoniously with the shape of the car's body, compared to the existing universal.

An Evaluation of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence as a Tool for Forensic Discrimination of Single Polyester Fibers.

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry was applied to a forensic discrimination of single polyester fibers. In a non-destructive direct measurement of 5 mm long single fibers used for forensic references, trace metallic elements such as Ti, Sb, Ge, Mn, and Co, found in additives and catalyst residues, were detected using a benchtop TXRF spectrometer. The individual elemental compositions of the fibers were identified, and correlations between the compositions and manufacturers were established using principal component analysis (PCA). Black polyester fibers sampled from the car trunk mats were also analyzed. Several fibers were found to contain both Sb and Ge, elements that characterize different polymerization catalysts; this indicates that the fibers were composed of recycled materials. The TXRF and SR-μXRF spectra showed similar patterns for the fiber samples that were analyzed.

Impact of confinement in vehicle trunks on decomposition and entomological colonization of carcasses

In order to investigate the impact of confinement in a car trunk on decomposition and insect colonization of carcasses, three freshly killed pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben) carcasses were placed individually in the trunks of older model cars and deployed in a forested area in the southwestern region of British Columbia, Canada, together with three freshly killed carcasses which were exposed in insect-accessible protective cages in the same forest. Decomposition rate and insect colonization of all carcasses were examined twice a week for four weeks. The exposed carcasses were colonized immediately by Calliphora latifrons Hough and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) followed by Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Protophormia terraenovae (R.-D.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). There was a delay of three to six days before the confined carcasses were colonized, first by P. regina, followed by Pr. terraenovae. These species represented the vast majority of blow fly species on the confined carcasses. Despite the delay in colonization, decomposition progressed much more rapidly in two of the confined carcasses in comparison with the exposed carcasses due to the greatly increased temperatures inside the vehicles, with the complete skeletonization of two of the confined carcasses ocurring between nine and 13 days after death. One confined carcass was an anomaly, attracting much fewer insects, supporting fewer larval calliphorids and decomposing much more slowly than other carcasses, despite similarly increased temperatures. It was later discovered that the vehicle in which this carcass was confined had a solid metal fire wall between the passenger area and the trunk, which served to reduce insect access and release of odors. These data may be extremely valuable when analyzing cadavers found inside vehicle trunks.

Impact of confinement in vehicle trunks on decomposition and entomological colonization of carcasses.

In order to investigate the impact of confinement in a car trunk on decomposition and insect colonization of carcasses, three freshly killed pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben) carcasses were placed individually in the trunks of older model cars and deployed in a forested area in the southwestern region of British Columbia, Canada, together with three freshly killed carcasses which were exposed in insect-accessible protective cages in the same forest. Decomposition rate and insect colonization of all carcasses were examined twice a week for four weeks. The exposed carcasses were colonized immediately by Calliphora latifrons Hough and Calliphora vomitoria (L.) followed by Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Phormia regina (Meigen) and Protophormia terraenovae (R.-D.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). There was a delay of three to six days before the confined carcasses were colonized, first by P. regina, followed by Pr. terraenovae. These species represented the vast majority of blow fly species on the confined carcasses. Despite the delay in colonization, decomposition progressed much more rapidly in two of the confined carcasses in comparison with the exposed carcasses due to the greatly increased temperatures inside the vehicles, with the complete skeletonization of two of the confined carcasses ocurring between nine and 13 days after death. One confined carcass was an anomaly, attracting much fewer insects, supporting fewer larval calliphorids and decomposing much more slowly than other carcasses, despite similarly increased temperatures. It was later discovered that the vehicle in which this carcass was confined had a solid metal fire wall between the passenger area and the trunk, which served to reduce insect access and release of odors. These data may be extremely valuable when analyzing cadavers found inside vehicle trunks.

Improving finite element modelling of the dynamic behaviour of a car trunk lid with modal based updating method

Predicted results of a finite element model used to develop physical test structures are often found to be not in a good agreement with the experimental results due to the invalid assumptions made in the finite element modelling. This study will focus on improving the correlation level between the finite element model and experimental model of a car trunk lid with the presence of resistance spot welded joints using modal based updating method. The natural frequencies and mode shapes computed from the updated finite element model of the car trunk lid are compared with the corresponding experimental results. HyperWorks and Leuven Measurement System (LMS) test are used for the modelling and modal testing. MSC Nastran SOL200 is used to identify potential updating parameters and to improve the initial finite element model in the light of corresponding experimental results which are obtained from modal testing. The comparison of the results showed that the total error of 58.59 per cent predicted from the initial finite element model of the trunk lid has been successfully reduced to 3.62 per cent. In conclusion, modal based updating has been successfully used to improve the correlation level between the initial finite element model and the physical model of the trunk lid.

Dark and gritty/slick and glossy: Genre, Nollywood and Lagos

Abstract In this article, I am concerned principally with Taxi Driver (Oriahi, 2015), Gbomo Gbomo Express (Taylaur, 2015), Just Not Married (Patrick, 2016), Ojukokoro (Greed) (Olaitan, 2016) as well as Catch.er (Taylaur, 2017). These films are characterized as much by the depiction of clever criminals as the cultivation of a cynical disposition from which transgressions of this sort appear stylish and violence is rendered 'cool'. Almost all of them turn on a scheme to dupe others of a large sum of money, and are punctuated by backstabbing partners in crime, tables turning by chance, edgy armed standoffs and a surprising number of bodies in car trunks. Given the dark portrait of Lagos these films present, one might be inclined to read the genre cycle as a reiteration of the role Lagos has historically played as embodiment of popular anxieties concerning insecurity, material inequality and social breakdown. And yet, in recent years, conditions within the city have markedly improved over those of the deepest point of urban crisis in the 1990s when Lagos was, indeed, paralysed by a generalized condition of insecurity and dysfunction. New Nollywood's repertoire of film styles has expanded to include international film cycles and genres such as romantic comedies, psychological thrillers, police procedurals, among others. This raises important questions about the nature of correspondences between cinema and the city, such as whether New Nollywood genre films tell us anything about social, cultural or historical circumstances in Lagos, or the place the city occupies in the popular imagination, for instance. Recent upmarket film noirs speak, instead, to the evolution of Lagos as a media capital. I examine the different kinds of work genre performs in New and Old Nollywood films and propose a number of ways to critically interpret genre's various registers.

Effect of arson fires on survivability of entomological evidence on carcasses inside vehicle trunks

Three vehicles with trunks containing pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben) carcasses which had been allowed to decompose for 30 days, were set alight in controlled burns to determine whether forensically valuable insect evidence could still be recovered. Each car trunk contained the remains of a carcass, together with its associated carrion insect fauna. An insect collection was performed prior to the fires. Each car was then set alight using a small amount of gasoline as an accelerant, poured onto the driver’s seat, lit by a burning stick. The fire was allowed to reach its peak before being extinguished. In all cases, the fires completely destroyed the vehicles. The vehicles were examined the following day and insect evidence was collected. In all cases, large amounts of burned, charred and undamaged insect evidence remained, including identifiable prepuparial 3rd instar larvae, live pupae inside intact puparia and empty puparial cases. As well bones and unburned clothing were also intact. One car did not burn as well as the others with the fire not involving the trunk area as much as in the other cars. Once the fire was extinguished, it was clear that the reason for this was the presence of a steel fire wall, between the passenger compartment and the trunk. This reduced the spread of the fire to the trunk and increased evidence survival. However, in all vehicles, insect evidence survived, which could still be used to estimate the period of insect colonization and thereby infer the minimum elapsed time since death. The evidence was also a clear indicator that the decedent had not died in the fire. After the fire, the carcass remains were still attractive to blow fly adults (Diptera: Calliphoridae). In car fire cases it is important to consider that entomological evidence may still be just as useful in the investigation as in non-burned cases.

Effects of storage temperature and time of antimony release from PET bottles into drinking water in China.

Antimony (Sb) concentrations were measured in 10 brands of PET bottled drinking water available in supermarkets in China. To simulate general storage habits based on market research, these PET bottles with drinking water were stored for 4weeks in a lab or a car trunk during the summer. Although the PET package material of brand A had the lowest Sb level (142.71±29.81μg/g), it showed a significant increase in Sb concentrations when stored in both the car trunk and the lab. There was significant release of Sb from the PET bottles into the water following 24h of incubation at ≥40°C (40, 50, 60, and 70°C), especially at 70°C. The potential health risk of Sb release from PET bottles was calculated based on daily intake values and determined to be acceptable for consumers under normal storage conditions.

Preliminary Investigation on Generation of Electricity Using Micro Wind Turbines Placed on A Car

Wind energy is one of the prominent resources for renewable energy and it is traditionally extracted using stationary wind turbines. However, it can also be extracted using mini or micro wind turbines on a moving body, such as an automobile, while cruising at high speeds on freeways. If the electricity is produced using air flowing around the vehicle without affecting aerodynamic performance of the vehicle, it can be used to charge up the battery or power up additional accessories of the vehicle. For the first time, in the present work, a preliminary investigation was carried out to generate electricity by utilizing air flow on a moving car. Initially, a correlation between the car speed and wind velocity was established using an anemometer. Placing a set of two micro wind turbines along with two micro generators on the rear end of the car trunk, the present study investigated the feasibility of generating electricity from these micro wind turbines while evaluating the effect of drag force on the performance of the car through the experimental approach and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Both approaches confirmed negligible effect of drag force on the vehicle performance in terms of gas mileage and changes in drag coefficient values. Following these studies, the micro wind turbines were also tested for electricity generation at various cruising speeds of the car ranging from 50 to 80 mph on the freeways. The voltage and power generated always showed an increasing trend with increasing the car speed, however they saturated when a cut off limit was setup with the voltage controllers. A maximum voltage of 3.5 V and a maximum current of 0.8 A were generated by each micro wind turbine when a cut off limit was used along with a load consisting of four LED bulbs in parallel with 3.5 V and 0.2 A rating each. On the other hand, when the tests were repeated without using the cut-off limit, a maximum voltage of 18.91 V and a maximum current of 0.65 A were recorded with a load of six flash bulbs in series (flash bulb rating – 4.8 V and 0.5 A each). These studies clearly demonstrate the flexibility to vary the voltage and current outputs from the micro wind turbines indicating a possibility for utilizing the wind energy on the cars at high speeds.Article History: Received Sept 5th 2016; Received in revised form Dec 6th 2016 ; Accepted January 4th 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Bangi, V.K.T., Chaudhary, Y., Guduru, R.K., Aung, K.T and Reddy, G.N. (2017) Preliminary investigation on generation of electricity using micro wind turbines placed on a car. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(1), 75-81.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.1.75-81

Joe

Joe David Moolten (bio) Phone rings. Hello, I say . . . Hello, he says.Can I talk to Joe? Sorry, wrong number, I say,click. Phone rings. Hello, I say . . . Joe? he says.No, sorry, I say, click. Phone rings. Wars start this way,reproducibly accurate fuck-ups. Hello, I say . . .Hey Jojo?! he says like a handslipping through the handset to slapmy back, pull out a chair at the table.No, sorry, I say, click. Phone rings. I let itgo on shrilling like a pandererminding a whore's infant, love the same as rageat the dna level, Joey, Joseph, Joe-boy,the secretly never-aborted film starhome from France, the not so nice twinwho mind-melds every nightlong distance, the estranged best friendwith a car trunk full of meth. Only I'm not. I'm calmsurface above the drowned, the Greek stagewith fate but no king, staticlike prayer's general din, know who it is. [End Page 105] David Moolten David Moolten's most recent book, Primitive Mood, won the T.S. Eliot Award from Truman State UP. He lives and writes in Philadelphia, PA. Copyright © 2017 University of Nebraska Press

The (Mis)measure of a Man: Martin “Jack” J. Fouquette, Jr., 1930–2014

The (Mis)measure of a Man: Martin “Jack” J. Fouquette, Jr., 1930–2014

Harsh Flash: The New York Photography of Weegee

Harsh FlashThe New York Photography of Weegee Kristine Somerville Click for larger view View full resolution Weegee (Arthur Fellig), Weegee Using Typewriter in His Car Trunk, 1942/International Center of Photography/Getty Images [End Page 101] To me a photograph is a page from life. —Weegee Arthur Fellig, a.k.a. Weegee, revered the famous photographer Alfred Stieglitz. During the early ’40s, he often saw Stieglitz walking up and down Madison Avenue in a long black cape and hat as if in a trance. Weegee found it strange that no one paid any attention to him. With the publication of Naked City and Weegee’s People, which both sold well, Weegee had finally earned celebrity as New York City’s brash street photographer. He worked up the nerve to introduce himself to his idol. “Are you Stieglitz?” he asked. The old master of the camera invited Weegee to his studio, a small, cramped space, the walls covered in paintings and photographs like a gallery, unsteady towers of books everywhere, and an unmade cot tucked in the corner where he slept. Stieglitz was eighty-one, in poor health, had very little money and hadn’t made a photograph in ten years. He considered himself a failure and lived on memories of Berlin at the turn of the century, the happiest time of his life. Weegee’s paramount interests at the time were increasing his fame and income—money seemed to slip through his fingers—but his meeting with Stieglitz left him with the realization that these twin ambitions were fleeting and ultimately worthless. Leaving his cloistered hero’s rented room, he vowed to remain focused on the work and try to maintain his integrity. Keeping this vow was hard for a self-made immigrant son and survivor of dire poverty. As a grizzled, hard-boiled crime photographer with an ever-present cigar and porkpie hat, he was more threatening than the low-level gangsters he photographed. He lived alone and worked at night. Photography gave meaning to his existence and kept him from falling into a life of carousing Bowery dives and brothels. He was fond of saying, “I loved the racket. It’s exciting. It’s dangerous. It’s funny. It’s tough. It’s heartbreaking.” Weegee was born Usher Fellig in 1899 outside Lemberg, an Austrian province that is now part of Ukraine. An anti-Semitic campaign swept through the eastern fringes of the country in 1903, leaving his deeply religious Jewish parents financially ruined. His father, Bernard, left for America, settled in New York in a lower East Side tenement and worked as a hat salesman and assistant to a rabbi. It took him four years to save [End Page 102] money to send for his family. The voyage was a rough one, making the entire family seasick, but when young Usher saw Ellis Island, he called it “the most beautiful place in the world.” As was standard practice at the time, an immigration official Americanized his name, changing it from Usher to Arthur. Click for larger view View full resolution Weegee (Arthur Fellig), And the Living Suffer, 1944/International Center of Photography/Getty Images Despite his avid reading of Dreiser and Dostoyevsky, along with Nick Carter detective stories, Arthur was a poor student and dropped out of the seventh grade. To help feed his six brothers and sisters, he made money selling newspapers and candy bars on the streets but grew tired of the dirty, overcrowded cold-water flat with its bug-infested beds. At fifteen he left home to lessen his parents’ burden and make his own way. He enjoyed the chaos of the Lower East Side. Along with the beggars and peddlers, prostitutes and tenement gangs, he quickly figured out how to get by on the streets and was never quite comfortable anywhere else. When he couldn’t scrape together twenty-five cents for a bed in a Bowery flophouse, he slept on benches in parks and the rail station. [End Page 103] Other bums became his guardians, teaching him where he could score a job and meal. Click for larger view View full resolution Weegee (Arthur Fellig), Shameful Arrest, 1942/International Center of...

다구찌 방법을 활용한 Rear Center-Hinge Bracket 강건 설계

The rear center-hinge bracket is designed for supporting and folding the rear-seat backrest. This bracket needs to be strong enough to be able to rigidly hold the rear-seat backrest and to withstand luggage loads from the car trunk that are generated when a vehicle is driving on the roads. Particularly, current accident studies report that many serious occupant injuries occurred when the rear-seat back easily folded inward toward the car interior, driven by the luggage loads in the trunk. Given this fact, the robust design of the rear center-hinge bracket that mainly supports the rear backrest has become more important for providing customer safety and preventing high warranty and durability problems. However, none of the studies have emphasized its significant role and considered its robust optimization. Therefore, this paper presents how the hinge-bracket design is optimized based on an application of the finite-element method coupled with the parameter design using Taguchi's design experiment. Finally, Taguchi method's application optimizes a robust center-hinge bracket that shows more rigid performance although it has lighter weight and thinner thickness.

Evaluation of a separation method for source identification in small spaces

This paper investigates the efficiency of a field separation method for the identification of sound sources in small and non-anechoic spaces. When performing measurements in such environments, the acquired data contain information from the direct field radiated by the source of interest and reflections from walls. To get rid of the unwanted contributions and assess the field radiated by the source of interest, a field separation method is used. Acoustic data (pressure or velocity) are then measured on a hemispheric array whose base is laying on the surface of interest. Then, by using spherical harmonic expansions, contributions from outgoing and incoming waves can be separated if the impedance of the tested surface is high enough. Depending on the probe type, different implementations of the separation method are numerically compared. In addition, the influence of the walls' reflection coefficient is studied. Finally, measurements are performed using an array made-up of 36 p-p probes. Results obtained in a car trunk mock-up with controlled sources are first presented before reporting results measured in a real car running on a roller bench.

Vector intensity reconstruction using the data completion method

This paper presents an application of the data completion method (DCM) for vector intensity reconstructions. A mobile array of 36 pressure-pressure probes (72 microphones) is used to perform measurements near a planar surface. Nevertheless, since the proposed method is based on integral formulations, DCM can be applied with any kind of geometry. This method requires the knowledge of Cauchy data (pressure and velocity) on a part of the boundary of an empty domain in order to evaluate pressure and velocity on the remaining part of the boundary. Intensity vectors are calculated in the interior domain surrounded by the measurement array. This inverse acoustic problem requires the use of a regularization method to obtain a realistic solution. An experiment in a closed wooden car trunk mock-up excited by a shaker and two loudspeakers is presented. In this case, where the volume of the mock-up is small (0.61 m(3)), standing-waves and fluid structure interactions appear and show that DCM is a powerful tool to identify sources in a confined space.