Exhaust Gas Research Articles

Spatio-temporal quasi-experimental methods for rare disease outcomes: the impact of reformulated gasoline on childhood haematologic cancer

Abstract Although some pollutants emitted in vehicle exhaust, such as benzene, are known to cause leukaemia in adults with high exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and childhood haematologic cancer. In the 1990s, the US EPA enacted the reformulated gasoline program in select areas of the U.S., which drastically reduced ambient TRAP in affected areas. This created an ideal quasi-experiment to study the effects of TRAP on childhood haematologic cancers. However, existing methods for quasi-experimental analyses can perform poorly when outcomes are rare and unstable, as with childhood cancer incidence. We develop Bayesian spatio-temporal matrix completion methods to conduct causal inference in quasi-experimental settings with rare outcomes. Selective information sharing across space and time enables stable estimation, and the Bayesian approach facilitates uncertainty quantification. We evaluate the methods through simulations and apply them to estimate the causal effects of TRAP on childhood leukaemia and lymphoma.

Source appointment and health risk assessment for atmospheric carbonyls in hot tropical city, Vietnam.

The aim of this study is to assess the spatiotemporal variation, sources, and health impacts of the carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the third-most populous city in Southeast Asia. Sampling was conducted according to the US.EPA Method TO-11A, from 2012 to 2016 in both the dry and the rainy seasons at twelve sites. The result shows that the carbonyl mixing ratios are high when compared to typical cities. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone are the most abundant carbonyls together accounting for 89% of the measured carbonyls. The carbonyl mixing ratio in rainy (46.0 ± 32.2ppb) is about twofold higher than that in dry (23.7 ± 10.3ppb). An inverse distance weighting method was adopted to map the spatial distribution of carbonyls across the city. The result shows that the carbonyl levels tended to be high in the city center. Three carbonyl sources are resolved by the PCA/APCS method: industrial sources and solvent usage (54%), vehicle exhausts (24%), cooking emissions (11%). Both lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and non-cancer hazard index (HIs) were calculated to estimate the health impacts on the community due to inhalation exposure to current carbonyl levels. The LCR values vary from 5.31 × 10-6 to 5.75 × 10-5 for formaldehyde higher than those of 6.61 × 10-7 to 1.36 × 10-5 for acetaldehyde, which mostly exceeded the US.EPA recommendation for five age groups. The hazard quotient values are 12.0 to 68.4 for acrolein, 0.44 to 2.84 for acetaldehyde, 0.55 to 1.85 for formaldehyde, and 0.13 to 0.89 for propionaldehyde.

Impact of nano cerium oxide addition with pyrolysis waste plastic oil on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine

Abstract This investigation examined the effect of incorporating cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle into diesel and waste plastic oil (WPO) blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. The WPO was extracted from low density polyethylene using plastic pyrolysis. The blending of diesel and WPO with combination of D70:WPO30 and D50:WPO50 was prepared to evaluate the engine operation. Additionally, the spherical sized CeO2 with 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L was added with this blend. The various blends named as Diesel, D-WPO30, D-WPO30+Ce50, D-WPO30+Ce100, D-WPO50, D-WPO50+Ce50 and D-WPO50+Ce100 were used in this investigation to operate the engine under various load conditions. The experiment was performed using water cooled common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine with prepared D-WPO blend. Different characteristics such as In-cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay time (IDT), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke opacity emission are studied with respect to the effect of different blends and applied load used. It was observed that increasing of CeO2 nanoparticles in blend improved the overall performance and emission of the engine. Form the results, D-WPO30+Ce100 blend showed enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust has temperature (EGT) are 28.2%, 3% and 465oC respectively. Similarly, reduced emission of CO, NOx, HC and smoke opacity was observed in the CeO2 added blends particularly at 100 mg/L. It was concluded that among all blends prepared, the D70:WPO30 with 100 mg/L of CeO2 showed improved combustion, performance and emission characteristics in proposed diesel engine.

ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI KEPADATAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR TERHADAP KONSENTRASI KARBON MONOKSIDA (CO) DAN TINGKAT KEBISINGAN DI JALAN SLAMET RIYADI SURAKARTA

<div class="WordSection1"><p><em>In the current era, the transportation is growing rapidly. It has an impact such as air and noise pollution. Carbon monoxide is one of the dangerous pollutants. While the noise comes from the sound of the vehicle engine, horn, and exhaust. Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta is a protocol road that has a high level of vehicle density. So it is necessary to conduct research with the aim of knowing the effect of motor vehicle density on carbon monoxide concentrations and noise levels. The results showed that the concentration of Carbon monoxide on Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta in the morning and evening exceeded the quality standard of 16038.26 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>and 16141.58 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>. During the day it is still below the quality standard, which is 9425.86 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>. Meanwhile, the daytime noise level on Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta which is calculated by the Leq formula also exceeds the quality standard of 82.33 dBA.</em></p></div>

Retrofit Measures for Aircraft Noise Reduction: Simulation Benchmark and Impact Assessment

DLR, German Aerospace Center, has developed a low-noise retrofit to reduce noise generation of a conventional midrange transportation aircraft, i.e., measures to the airframe and engine exhaust nozzle. Selected measures have been installed onboard of DLR’s flying testbed Advanced Technology Research Aircraft and been subject to a flyover noise campaign. The aircraft in its original configuration and the modified aircraft have been tested and measured in flyover campaigns in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Initial simulation models have been derived from the results and previous component simulations and wind tunnel tests to account for the new reduction measures within DLR’s system noise prediction tool Parametric Aircraft Noise Analysis Module (PANAM). This paper presents the developed measures as selected for the flight test campaigns. An overview of the conducted flight tests is provided. The overall noise simulation process, including aircraft and engine design, flight simulation, and noise prediction, is presented. Simulation results obtained from this process are then compared to the measured levels from the flight campaigns. Estimated simulation uncertainties from PANAM can now be directly compared to differences between measured and simulated levels. Finally, a parameter study is conducted in order to assess the reduction potential of the novel retrofit measures along different simulated flight procedures. Spatial noise distribution in sound exposure level contours is assessed.

Numerical investigation of thermal-flow processes in the ejector-condenser for selected geometrical parameters

The paper presents the results of analysis of thermal-flow processes in the ejector-condenser for selected geometrical param-eters using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) methods. The ejector-condenser is the water-driven, two-phase ejector responsible for creating a sub-pressure allowing exhaust gases (steam and CO2 mixture) to be entrained, condensing steam, and then increasing the pressure above the atmospheric conditions. The axisymmetric numerical model was developed to take into account multiphase, turbulent flow with steam condensation in the presence of inert gas. The influence of the selected geometrical parameters, such as the motive nozzle's and mixing chamber's diameters on the ejector performance was investi-gated. CFD analysis results are presented in the form of developed scalar distributions as well as pressure, temperature and steam mass flow changes along the flow path. Performances for different geometry modes were calculated and compared using parameters such as compression ratio, expansion ratio, mass entertainment ratio and condensation efficiency. The max-imum achieved compression ratio for the analyzed geometrical variants is 1.113 for the assumed mass entertainment ratio of 0.0295. The condensation efficiency varies in a range of 49.6%–91.4% depending on motive fluid inlet conditions and geom-etry mode.

Use of butanol, pentanol and diesel in a compression ignition engine: A review

Using oxygenated alternative fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines is feasible for energy security problems and cli-mate change. Alcohols are regarded as alternative fuels for compression ignition engines because of their excellent physi-cochemical features, emission, and combustion characteristics. Research on alcohols and their additions has progressed significantly in recent years. Several researchers have examined the combined effect of higher alcohol with diesel and their impact and challenged that concentrations of higher alcohol reduce harmful particulate emissions in CI engines. This paper mainly focused on the performance and emissions properties of higher alcohols like butanol and pentanol. Alcohol has a low energy content, typically affecting engine brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Low-temperature combustion (LTC) in compression ignition engines can lower NOx and smoke emissions, and improve the efficiency of the engine. LTC is done by combining higher alcohol with increased exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and retarded fuel injection timing. The higher alcohol, along with the oxygen in the fuel reduces exhaust fumes, improves the air/fuel mixture by providing a longer ignition delay (ID), and can replace the fossil fuel like diesel (partially or whole) to allow efficient and clean combustion in CI engines. Finally, several significant findings and comments are provided regarding potential ave-nues for experimental research and future development. According to thorough analysis, bio-alcohols are considered to be a substitute fuel for CI engines.

Simplified mathematical model of oxy-fuel combustion of municipal solid waste in the grate furnace: effect of different flue gas recirculation rates and comparison with conventional mode

Bioenergy carbon capture technology (BioCCS or BECCS) plays a key role in the European Green Deal, which aims to decarbonize industry and energy sectors, resulting in the production of energy with negative CO2 emissions. Due to the biogenic origin of carbon contained in municipal solid waste (MSW), the application of carbon capture in waste incinera-tion plants can be classified as BioCCS. Thus, this technology has attracted scientists' attention recently since it reduces excessive waste and emissions of carbon dioxide. Currently, there are four incineration plants in the Netherlands, Norway and Japan, in which CO2 capture is implemented; however, they are based on the post-combustion technique since it is the most mature method and not requires many changes in the system. Nevertheless, the separation of CO2 from the flue gas flow, which contains mostly nitrogen, is complex and causes a large drop in the total performance of the system. Oxy-fuel combustion technology involves the replacement of air as an oxidizer into high purity oxygen and recirculated exhaust gas. As a result, CO2-rich gas is produced that is practically ready for capture. The main goal of the study is to develop a math-ematical model of oxy-waste combustion to answer the research questions, such as how the composition of oxidant that is supplied to the process affects the combustion performance. The model includes all important processes taking place within the chamber, such as pyrolysis, char burnout and gas combustion over the grate. The results of the work will contribute to the development of oxy-waste incineration plants and will be useful for design purposes.

Thermodynamic evaluation of contrail formation from a conventional jet fuel and an ammonia-based aviation propulsion system.

Condensation trail (contrail) formation in an airplane's wake requires thermodynamics supersaturation and ice nucleation to form visible ice crystals. Here, using a thermodynamic analysis, we evaluate the potential for forming contrails in a carbon-free, ammonia-powered propulsion system compared to conventional planes powered by jet fuel. The analysis calculates the moisture released by fuel into the atmosphere for each one-degree increase in air temperature due to exhaust gas. It then determines if this moisture can saturate the initially undersaturated atmosphere, maintain saturation as temperature rises, and result in supersaturation with respect to ice while leaving enough moisture for a visible cloud to form. With ammonia increases the critical temperature required for supersaturation. Although ammonia does not generate soot particles in the exhaust gas, various aerosols exist in the atmosphere through other sources that can facilitate heterogeneous ice nucleation. Hence, while ammonia's contrails might not be as dense, they can form at lower altitudes where the air is warmer and endure longer due to the increased water content, which preserves supersaturation for longer as fresh air dilutes the contrail.

Analysis of the Principle and Applications of Four-stroke Engines in Transportation

Abstract. Four-stroke engines a type of internal combustion engine (IC engine) that can turn the heat provided from the fuel to work, and they are mainly classified as two groups, which are gasoline engines and diesel engines. Four-stroke engines can be applied to high power machines because of its high thermal efficiency. In four-stroke engines, the piston reaches the dead center four times in the cylinder to complete a cycle. This cycle includes the taking in of gas, the compression, the ignition, the expansion and the exhaustion of gas. In gasoline engine, this cycle is called the Otto cycle, and in diesel engine, this cycle is called the Diesel cycle. The greatest difference between these two engines is that they burn different types of fuel. In that way, the procedure of converting the heat to work is different. To help this cycle performs better economically and more efficiently, additional attachments such as hybrid engine and computer assistance are used. This research summarizes and analyses the application of four-stroke engines in land transportation, in aviation and in marine transportation, and this article gives a possible prediction to the future trend of the technology advancements of engines in transportation based on the analyses.

Analysis of the Principle of Jet Engine and State-of-art Application

Abstract. In 1903, the Wright Brother made the dream of flight come true. Contemporarily, as the development of modern technology, aviation has become a major type of daily transportation. The jet engines are the magic that makes the airplanes soar high in the blue sky. As the jet engine is a major invention in human history that brought humans to the sky, it is meaningful to gig into the principle behind the engines. In this article, the principle of 5 jet engines are explained. There are benefits but also impacts due to the human beings. Environmental problems are caused by the exhausted gases, healthy of people who work and live near the airstrips and airports are threatened. Different types of jet engine produced by different companies latest are enumerated and stated with detailed data such as thrust and bypass ratio. According to the analysis, the current limitations and challenges of the development with the future prospect are stated.

Multi‐aspect assessment and multi‐objective optimization of preheated tallow biodiesel‐diesel blend as alternate fuel in CI engine

AbstractThis study meticulously examined the impact of preheated tallow biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Employing a single‐cylinder, water‐cooled diesel engine configured with exhaust gas recirculation in this investigation, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) could be used to preheat the biodiesel, reducing its viscosity and density. This improvement in viscosity and density could enhance the injection process, which is often hindered by the higher density and viscosity of biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. The investigation achieved a peak preheat temperature of 70°C for the biodiesel, leading to notable improvements in brake thermal efficiency and brake power, particularly under high‐load conditions. A significant reduction in emissions was observed, with hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels decreasing by 46.87% and 50%, respectively, when using preheated biodiesel. To refine the engine's performance further, this study utilized response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of operational parameters, including injection timing, engine load, and biodiesel preheat temperatures. Optimal conditions were identified at an injection timing of 21° before top dead centre, a preheat temperature of 64°C, and an engine load of 45.45% for which output response was 18.68% brake thermal efficiency, 307°C EGT, 0.0247% vol. CO, 15.32 ppm hydrocarbons, and 131.37 ppm nitrogen oxides (NOx). The successful implementation of preheated tallow biodiesel signifies a crucial step forward in the pursuit of a more sustainable and efficient transportation industry. This advancement holds the promise of reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels, thereby contributing to the global efforts towards achieving a more environmentally friendly energy landscape.

Production process of 800 t/d sintered lime rotary kiln

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the production process and technical characteristics of the 800t/d sintered lime rotary kiln in Beitai Iron Mine of Bensteel Group Corporation Limited. The production process encompasses a number of key stages, including the charging of raw materials, firing, the crushing and screening of finished products, storage and transportation, exhaust gas treatment, and pulverized coal preparation. The study will prove a valuable point of reference for the enhancement of the overall performance of the domestic sintered lime industry.

Cycle analysis and environmental assessments of cascade organic rankine cycle on diesel engine ships

This study investigates the application of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) on ships to reduce fuel oil consumption and assess improvements in the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), and carbon intensity indicator (CII). A cascade ORC(C-ORC) configuration is designed to utilize the exhaust gas from a diesel engine.Thermodynamic simulation identified a combination of toluene and R1233zd as the optimal working fluids for the C-ORC. Exergy analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance difference between the C-ORC system and a version with an internal heat exchanger (C-IHX ORC). The results showed a maximum exergy efficiency of 56.78 % for the C-IHX ORC, compared to 49.33 % for the C-ORC. Further evaluations of the C-IHX ORC, including fuel savings, energy generation, EEXI, and CII, demonstrated that average vessel fuel consumption decreased by 1.02 %, and average attained EEXI improved by 0.93 %. Additionally, the attained CII value was enhanced by 0.98 % on average, depending on operating loads and traveled distances. Although the improvements of EEXI, and CII offered were modest, they present the potential for further enhancement through the utilization of additional waste heat sources, such as economizer steam, and jacket cooling water.

Through analysis of three-generation solar cells, predict the future potential for solar-powered cars

In today's world, the problem of global warming is becoming increasingly serious, leading to natural disasters. One of the main causes of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. There are hundreds of millions of cars worldwide that contain a lot of carbon dioxide in their exhaust emissions, and in the future more and more. So now mankind needs a way to solve this problem. The development and promotion of solar cars is a good way to reduce car exhaust emissions. The role, market size and prospects of solar vehicles are presented in this article. By summarizing the different types of solar cells in different literature, the working principles of the first, second and third generation solar cell, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are analysed. By studying the properties of these batteries, the performance of the fourth generation of new solar cells is predicted and some individual opinions are presented.

Comparison of methods for diagnosing marine IC engines based on working medium parameters including exhaust gas specific enthalpy

Article points out methods currently used to diagnose marine engines in operation. The development of tools and programs for implementing these methods was pointed out. The problem of unsatisfactory measurement susceptibility of marine engines was highlighted. Three methods of parametric diagnosis are presented: measurement of in-cylinder parameters and in exhaust gas duct, numerical simulation due to computer software and calculations based on Wibe function. Unfitness states that were analyzed during tests are presented: reduced injection pressure, obstructed intake air duct and reduced compression ratio. The specific enthalpy of the exhaust gas within one engine cycle was determined as a new diagnostic parameter. As a supplement, thermograms of the engine in various states of inoperability were presented. The obtained results were compared and a series of conclusions derived from them were presented. It was evaluated that numerical simulation is an excellent tool for planning experimental studies. Tests on the engine in operation were found to be the most diagnostically reliable.

Coal Mine Dust Size Distributions, Chemical Compositions, and Source Apportionment

Current regulations mandate the monitoring of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) mass and crystalline silica in underground coal mines to safeguard miner health. However, other RCMD characteristics, such as particle size and chemical composition, may also influence health outcomes. This study collected RCMD samples from two underground coal mines and performed detailed chemical speciation. Source apportionment was used to estimate RCMD and silica contributions from various sources, including intake air, fire suppression limestone dust, coal dust, diesel engine exhaust, and rock strata. The mine dust mass-based size distributions were comparable to those recorded over a decade ago, with a peak around 10 μm and the majority of the mass in the supermicron size range. The current mine conditions and mining practices do not appear to have significantly increased the generation of smaller particles. Limestone rock dust was prevalent in many locations and, along with coal dust, was the main contributor to RCMD at high-concentration locations. Silica accounted for over 10% of RCMD mass at several active mining locations, primarily from limestone and rock strata dust. Reducing the concentration of limestone dust and its silica content could reduce RCMD and silica levels. Further cleaning of the intake air could also improve the overall mine air quality.

Investigation of carbon-black emissions of a tractor biofuel diesel

BACKGROUND: On the one hand, a petroleum-based liquid fuel diesel engine is a reliable basis for tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines, and on the other hand, the current trends make us to think about the environmental component of these diesel engines and besides to remember about reasonable use of non-renewable petroleum motor fuel. In order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems and to assess the smokiness of exhaust gases from a tractor diesel running on ethanol and rapeseed oil, the paper considers the relevant model of the carbon-black formation inside it. AIM: Development of the relevant model of carbon-black emission in a tractor diesel running on ethanol and rapeseed oil to assess the smokiness of exhaust gases and to reduce anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. METHODS: To simulate the processes of formation and burnout of carbon-black particles in a tractor diesel engine, the volume of the combustion chamber was conditionally divided into several areas (soot content indicators in different areas were added up), and the cycle of calculating the exhaust gas smokiness level included several stages (determination of pressure, integral and differential characteristics of heat dissipation, average temperature of the working fluid, fuel supply indicators and fuel evaporation rate, local coefficients of excess air, composition of gases, concentration of decomposition and oxidation products of rapeseed oil and ethanol, the number of carbon-black particles, the mass of dispersed carbon, the rate of transition of particles to the burnout zone). RESULTS: The developed mathematical model is capable of calculating the carbon-black concentration and the main components of the gas mixture in the reaction zone of the combustion chamber, the content of carbon-black in the exhaust gases at various speed and load modes of operation of a tractor diesel engine. It is capable of obtaining valuable information about the dynamics of the main stages of carbon-black formation and burnout in the cylinder of a tractor diesel engine running on ethanol and rapeseed oil. The results of numerical simulation of carbon-black formation and burnout in a tractor diesel cylinder when running on diesel fuel, ethanol and rapeseed oil are obtained and presented. CONCLUSION: Based on the developed relevant model of carbon-black emission in a tractor diesel engine running on ethanol and rapeseed oil, an assessment of its exhaust gas smokiness was carried out, clearly showing a decrease by 3.4–3.8 times in comparison with diesel fuel operation. The presented method for calculating the carbon-black emission of tractor diesel can be used in the multi-area modeling and researches of such in-cylinder processes as heat generation, heat transfer, etc. The accuracy of calculations based on the proposed model is characterized by the perfection of mathematical algorithms describing the rate of fuel evaporation, the development of a fuel flare, the determination of local temperatures, the rate of flame propagation, the local composition of gases in the cylinder, etc.

Characteristic of PM2.5 concentration and source apportionment during winter in Seosan, Korea

Seosan is a concentrated industrial complex in the midwestern region of Korea. A study was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021, measuring PM2.5 and chemical components in Seosan using online instruments every hour. The concentration of PM2.5 during the winter season was 31.4±17.8 μg/m3, exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of Korea. The mass fraction of organic matter, elemental carbon, three major ions, five minor ions, crustal elements, and trace elements in PM2.5 accounted for 24.5%, 4.36%, 32.0%, 2.82%, 4.11%, and 5.17% of the total PM2.5 mass concentration, respectively. Source identification was conducted using positive matrix factorization modeling, revealing eight sources of PM2.5: Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), vehicle exhaust, industry, coal combustion, biomass burning/incinerator, oil combustion, soil, and aged sea salt. Source contributions varied during high pollution episodes (HPE), with SIA dominating in HPE1 and soil and aged sea salt in HPE2. The potential source contribution function and conditional probability function were utilized to estimate the potential local and regional emission areas for the identified sources. In Seosan, vehicle exhaust and biomass burning/incinerator were primarily influenced by local sources. SIA, industry, and oil combustion sources were significantly affected by short-range transport from eastern China. Soil and aged sea salt, which exhibited high contributions during HPE2, were associated with long-range transport from Inner Mongolia. Coal combustion was attributed to both local sources, particularly large industrial complexes near Seosan, and long-range transport from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia.Graphical

Performance of sCO2 Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Techno-Economic Perspective as Gas Turbine Bottoming Cycle

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) cycles are compact, cost-effective and widely adaptable to various heat sources, including the waste heat from gas turbine (GT) exhaust gases. While the addition of a steam cycle enhances the typical 40% efficiency of GTs up to 60%, their substantial investments render them less appealing for smaller GTs. This creates an opportunity for sCO2 cycles, but a comprehensive comparison of their performance with that of steam across a range of applications remains lacking. Moreover, their applicability to various industrial scenarios based on existing installations is missing from a techno-economic standpoint. To address these needs, four promising sCO2 cycles are evaluated and optimized using Aspen, and compared with the simple steam cycle. Their techno-economic performances are then investigated for 20 industrial GTs of different size up to the larger combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) units incorporating amine-based carbon capture systems. Due to the significant investments required by the carbon capture unit, the implementation of a CC unit is only investigated for the largest CCGT units. The analysis yielded performance maps demonstrating comparable performances for sCO2 and steam cycles, as well as significant techno-economic advantages for sCO2 bottoming cycles for smaller GTs. However, when it comes to larger GTs combined with reheats and expansions steam cycles, sCO2 cannot outperform them in current technological standards. Nevertheless sCO2 cycles offers an attractive alternative, facilitating cogeneration. Among the different approaches designed to integrate the heat requirements of amine-based capture, steam cycles have always proved more suitable because of the thermal stability of amines. In conclusion, the research underscores the cost-effectiveness and adaptability of sCO2 cycles for heat recovery applications, particularly as bottoming cycles for smaller GTs, while larger GTs present a challenge. The work conducted sheds light on the substantial promise of sCO2 cycles, encouraging further exploration and implementation of these systems in the energy sector.