Car Costs Research Articles

Foresight Study of IoT Technology in Preventing Road Crash: A Case of Car Alcohol Detector

Alcohol detector in car is the application of IoT technology that senses alcohol level consumed by the driver’s breath and prevents them from driving. Road crash that caused by drunk driver recorded the number of deaths increase and it is uncontrollable and continuously happened. The aim of this study is to identify the key drivers and determine the futures implication wheel of road crash prevention by the implementation of alcohol detector installation in car. The STEEPV analysis is used to identify key drivers and for questionnaires development. A total of 223 respondents from Klang Valley participated in the survey with a response rate of 58.07%. Based on impact-uncertainty analysis, the top two drivers are “save human lives” and “safety feature increase car safety.” The implications of saving human lives are reducing the number of deaths, improving market needs, avoiding traffic congestion, and increasing the value of human life. Whereas the implications of safety feature that increasing car safety are that it increases production activity of new car, preventing road crash, increasing car cost as well as business capabilities. Overall, this study is important for future researchers and the automotive industry by contributing a significant idea for future needs technology in car.

ANALYSIS OF THE INDICATORS OF THE DEPOT REPAIR OF PASSENGER CARS

The article presents the results of the analysis of the technical characteristics of passenger cars and the main indicators of depot repairs of passenger cars. The indicators of depot repairs of passenger cars on the Southern Railway by types and manufacturers of cars for the period from 2015 to 2020 were studied. The data analysis indicates that in the overall structure of the volume of depot repairs of passenger cars by type, compartment cars predominate, while interregional passenger cars have the smallest share. In the overall structure of the volume of passenger cars depot repairs by manufacturing enterprises, cars of the Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works predominate, while the smallest share is made in Germany. The largest number of depot repairs were carried out for sleeping, compartment and interregional cars built by the Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works. The age of the cars that underwent depot repairs during the period from 2015 to 2020 ranges 10 to 20 years. The age of the majority of non-compartment cars that underwent depot repairs during the specified period ranges 30 to 40 years. The analysis shows that the cost of depot repairs of a sleeping car built by the Tver Carriage Works is lower than the cost of depot repairs of a sleeping car built by the Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works. The cost of depot repairs of German and Russian compartment cars is lower than the cost of depot repairs of a compartment car built by the Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works. It was established that the cost of depot repairs of a compartment car built by the Kryukovsky Railway Car Building Works is lower, and the cost of an interregional car is higher than the cost of depot repairs of a sleeping car of the same manufacturer. The analysis shows an almost annual increase in cost over the period, which is due to an increase in material and labor costs.

SUBSTANTIATING RATIONAL ROLLING STOCK AT AN ENTERPRISE IN THE TRANSITION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Analysis of modern trends in the development of road transport has been carried out, which reveals that the sales of electric cars in the world are growing annually. China, the USA, and the European Union can be considered the leaders in terms of sales volume. Ukraine is among the top ten leaders in terms of the growth rate of electric vehicles. The expediency of replacing cars with an internal combustion engine by electric cars has been considered. Electric vehicles are a relevant topic for the strategic development of automotive companies and auto enterprises in Ukraine. The analysis shows that the problems of motor transport enterprises are primarily related to significant physical wear of the rolling stock. However, the high cost of electric cars, compared to traditional cars with an internal combustion engine, is a significant problem that inhibits the transition of enterprises to electric vehicles. The current work reports a study aimed at investigating the modern capabilities of enterprises and the use of electric vehicles. An automated procedure for calculating the rational number of rolling stock at an enterprise has been devised, which makes it possible to conduct a study of changes in costs depending on the composition of the company’s cars, which provides technical and economic arguments and facilitates understanding for making a decision about the rational rolling stock of the enterprise under the difficult conditions of transition to electric vehicles. The scientific novelty of this work relates to the improvement of methodical approaches to improve the resource saving of the enterprise through the selection of rational options for the distribution of rolling stock − cars with an internal combustion engine and electric vehicles. The practical significance of the reported results is the development of an automated procedure for calculating the rational number of rolling stock at an enterprise. Clear recommendations are given regarding options for the development of motor vehicle enterprises, which could reduce the costs of operating cars and increase the competitiveness of enterprises under the conditions of the economic crisis, shortage of energy resources, and intensive environmental pollution. Keywords: car with an internal combustion engine, electric vehicle, rational rolling stock of enterprises, automated procedure, costs for the purchase and operation of cars.

Recent Advances in Natural Products with Anti-Leukemia and Anti- Lymphoma Activities.

Leukemia and lymphoma are the most common blood cancers, which pose a critical threat to the health of adults and children. The total incidence and mortality rates of both are approximately 6% globally. Compared with the expensive cost of CAR T cell therapy, natural products from animals, plants and microorganisms have the characteristics of wide-range sources and costeffectiveness in the treatment of cancer. Moreover, the drug resistance that emerged in leukemia and lymphoma treatments shows an urgent need for new drugs. However, in addition to the natural products that have been marketed in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, there have been a large number of studies on natural products that fight blood cancer in recent years. This review summarized the recent studies on natural compounds with anti-lymphoma and anti-leukemia activities, hoping to provide novel weapons into the drug development arsenal.

Assessing the impact of ride-sourcing vehicles on HOV-lane efficacy and management strategies

High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, which exclusively allow vehicles with two or more travelers on board to enter, has been recognized as a promising and practical way to motivate travelers to carpool. However, in the presence of ride-sourcing services, ride-sourcing vehicles with one driver and one (or more) passenger on board also meet the vehicle requirements of HOV lanes. So instead of encouraging travelers to carpool, HOV lanes may benefit ride-sourcing users and stimulate ride-sourcing demand. In this paper, in a single-corridor network with both HOV lanes and general purpose (GP) lanes, we model travelers’ mode choices among transit, driving alone, ride-sourcing, and carpool, and delineate travelers’ lane choices at user equilibrium, with the travel time of GP/HOV lanes and the carpool price being endogenously determined. With numerical examples, we show that the occupation of HOV lanes by ride-sourcing vehicles will greatly reduce the time saving on HOV lanes, thus lower the attractiveness of carpool, and increase the total travel time cost on the corridor. To solve this problem, we propose to implement an additional tolling scheme on HOV lanes, so that carpool users can split the toll evenly, while ride-sourcing riders have to pay the toll alone. As shown by numerical examples, the optimal tolling scheme can effectively reduce the occupancy of ride-sourcing vehicles on the HOV lane and encourage users to carpool. And the impacts of the ride-sourcing price, driving car cost and the HOV lane capacity ratio on the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid toll and HOV strategies are examined through sensitivity analysis.

Big data and machine learning in cost estimation: An automotive case study

This paper presents a case study on the applicability of machine learning and big data technology for product cost estimation, using data on the material cost of passenger cars. The study provides contributions to six research aspects. First, we show which machine learning algorithms are appropriate when dealing with product cost estimation for highly complex products with more than 2000 parts and hundreds of cost drivers. Second, our case study provides a novel approach to increasing the predictive accuracy of cost estimates for subsequent product generations. Third, we show that the accuracy is up to 3.5 times higher when using big data compared to an intermediate size of data. Fourth, machine learning can outperform cost estimates from cost experts during the early stage of new product development, even when dealing with highly complex products. Then, we evaluate the use cases, issues, and benefits of machine learning and big data from the perspective of cost experts. Specifically, the case study shows that machine learning can reliably select the most important cost drivers (fifth aspect) and calculate the average cost of cost drivers over thousands of product configurations (sixth aspect). However, cost experts must be knowledgeable about the product and remain careful when interpreting machine learning outcomes, as they can yield misleading outcomes in some exceptional cases. In conclusion, machine learning and big data empirically proved to be able to generate additional value in many aspects for managing costs during the early phase of new product development.

Nationwide understanding of financial costs of automobiles

Nationwide understanding of financial costs of automobiles

Selected Problems of the Automotive Industry—Material and Economic Risk

This article is a synthetic, brief review of the literature, reports and references on the transformation of the automotive industry into zero-emission cars, in particular electric cars. It analyzes the technological and economic aspects of changes in the automotive industry regarding the transformation to zero-emission cars. Despite great de-emission parameters, the production of electric cars does not have a zero carbon footprint. The acquisition of critical elements, their production and the production of other components and materials needed for their construction have an environmental impact. The supply chains of materials for the construction of batteries for electric cars are characterized by significant risks related to, among others, a lack of diversification and limited flexibility. The dominant supplier of rare elements for batteries is China. The article analyzes the impact of prices on the demand for electric cars and compares them to internal combustion cars. Research shows that most electric cars are sold in China, the USA and Europe (about 95% of the supply). The costs of cars are of great importance, which, given the current reduction in the purchasing power of consumers, make the forecasts of the dynamic growth of electromobility very cautious, and even stagnation in the purchase of electric cars is expected in the second half of 2023.

Energy consumption structure model considering urban green and low-carbon transportation

<p class="Abstract">The importance of energy conservation and emission reduction has become the consensus of the international community, and Iraq is also actively improving the urban public transportation system to control carbon emissions. This paper collects panel data of Tikrit city in Iraq in the past 3 years, constructs a random effect variable coefficient model, and studies the impact of the development of urban low-carbon transportation system on the energy consumption structure. The study finds that the government can use public transportation pricing strategies to influence consumers. In order to realize the optimization of energy consumption structure, the impact of electric vehicles on energy consumption structure will decrease with the increase of urban development. The transportation sector can increase the purchase and travel costs of traditional cars by restricting travel, purchases, and charging parking fees, which affects the number of private cars and reduces the obstacles to optimizing the energy consumption structure. The government should increase financial subsidies, improve rail transit and reasonable bus (electric) vehicle operation systems, increase investment in new energy vehicle research and development, and encourage high energy density and low power consumption technologies. development, increase residents’ demand for new energy passenger vehicles, and optimize the energy consumption structure.</p>

Are green cars an optimal and efficient choice for motorists? Evidence from Italy

This study evaluates whether a motorist's choice over green cars (i.e., cars with featuring low CO2 emissions) and non-green cars (i.e., cars featuring high CO2 emissions) is efficient. To this end, we present a micro-founded model of motorist choice incorporating the impact of eco-incentives and taxation on CO2 emissions. Subsequently, we implement data envelopment analysis on a large database of new cars registered in 2019 to evaluate efficiency. The results show that the motorist's optimal choice (green car) does not coincide with the efficient choice. Moreover, motorist choice is mainly guided by the high price of green cars. On average, the efficient choice coincides with cars that end up in the dark area (they do not benefit from eco-incentives and do not pay the pollution tax), being the cheapest, the lightest, the least powerful (low Kw) and petrol fuelled. On average, these elements pertain to Italian motorists with respect to their tastes; most importantly, their budgets do not go well with the high costs of green cars.

EXTERNAL COSTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTIN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSITION TO LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE

To make the transition to a low-carbon economy and sustainable transport system, to solve environmental and climate problems, many countries are replacing traditional cars that run on petroleum fuel with electric cars. Unlike vehicles with an internal combustion engine (ICE),electric vehicles` emission from operation phase are practically zero, but this is not the case if we consider a full life cycle. In this paper, we briefly describe the electric vehicle market, examine the life-cycle emissions of electric cars and ICE cars, propose a methodological approach to the economic assessment of negative impact of emissions from road transport, carry out a comparative assessment of external costs of cars that run on traditional and alternative fuel. To achieve these goals, we use the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which allows to calculate country-specific and time-adjusted value of a statistical life, and consider the characteristics of Russia`s energy balance and automotive market. The results demonstrate that, in general, under Russian conditions, electric cars are more environmentally friendly and contribute less to climate change than cars with internal combustion engines. The external costs caused by life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of an electric car are lower than similar emissions from a traditional car by about 70 rubles per 100 km. The external costs caused by emissions of pollutants from the electric car operationphase are lower than external costs caused by emissions from an ICE car by approximately20 rubles per 100 km.

The more kilometers, the merrier? The rebound effect and its welfare implications in private mobility

Tighter fuel economy standards came into force in the EU in 2020. Such standards reduce the usage cost of cars, encouraging people to drive more, a reaction known as the rebound effect. Whether and how to prevent the rebound is an ongoing policy debate – since the rebound eliminates parts of the expected fuel savings – yet the economic analysis of the rebound welfare implications is very scarce. To fill this gap, first the direct rebound for private vehicles in Switzerland is estimated and is found to be between 30% and 40%. Second, the utility surplus from the extra kilometers is estimated for each household, at 7 cents per kilometer on average. This is half the external costs of driving in Switzerland (15 cents per km). This gap supports a rebound mitigation, for instance through an internalization of external costs with a tax on the distance driven.

Assessment of competitiveness of a Russian electric car as a substantiation of the need to stimulate electric cars market in Russia

Objective: to assess the competitiveness of a Russian electric car and an ICE car, taking into account the external costs associated with emissions of the main greenhouse gas – CO2.Methods: the article uses comparative and quantitative methods, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of estimating the total cost of ownership (TCO), justifies the use of the avoidance cost approach as an optimal approach to assessing the external costs associated with climate change.Results: modern efficient economic development is inextricably linked with the organization of a low-carbon transport system. The green transition to electric vehicles makes it possible to solve the problem of externalities associated with the increased public costs due to greenhouse gas emissions. The paper examines the prospects for the transition to electric cars from the viewpoint of reducing the external costs of cars. The article assesses the current state and key barriers to the development of electric transport production. A comparative assessment of the competitiveness of Russian electric vehicles and ICE cars is given, taking into account the external costs associated with carbon emissions. The comparison was carried out based on an estimate of the total cost of ownership, taking into account the external costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was determined that the total cost of five-year ownership of the Evolute i-Pro car, taking into account support measures, is even lower than that of the Lada Vesta Sport ICE sedan, which is close to it in terms of technical characteristics, by 342.7 thousand rubles. Without subsidies, Evolute i-Pro does not yet achieve parity in the cost of ownership with an ICE car, despite low operating costs, free parking and exemption from paying transport tax. Based on the conducted research, conclusions are made about the measures necessary to increase the gap between the total costs of ownership in ICE cars and electric cars to increase the competitiveness of the latter.Scientific novelty: the author’s approach was used to compare the competitiveness of the new Russian electric car Evolute i-Pro and Lada Vesta Sport ICE car, which, in addition to support measures, includes external costs associated with carbon emissions.Practical significance: the results obtained may be useful to developers of state support measures in assessing the effectiveness of the current subsidy mechanism and making decisions on further stimulating the development of the electric cars market in Russia. The results of the study will also be especially useful to residents of Moscow who are thinking of buying a Russian electric car.

Thermal performance assessment for an array of cylindrical Lithium-Ion battery cells using an Air-Cooling system

Modern society depends on energy storage systems like Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Li-ion battery cells are delicate to changes in temperature. Extreme environmental conditions affect their life cycle and performance. Therefore, effective cell temperature management is a must for secure and dependable battery operation. Additionally, the high production costs of electric cars must be countered by the adaptability of the battery pack design for modern electric vehicles. As the chemical reactions generate more heat and raise the battery's temperature, it may cause the battery to explode and cause fires in the workplace. To address this issue, the present work attempts to numerically study a novel design of an efficient air-cooling system for improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries by reducing the operational temperatures under a different coolant flow rate. The main output of the presented study is the analysis of a novel design of an efficient air-cooling system for lithium-ion batteries. The study aims to reduce the operational temperatures of the batteries under different coolant flow rates to improve their performance and service life. The numerical simulations are carried out using a finite volume-based computing tool with the K-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model. The analysis is performed for various pertinent parametric ranges, including the spacing between the batteries, Reynolds numbers, and average Nusselt numbers. The results indicate that increasing air inlet velocity (Re) substantially reduces the average air temperature of the cooling pack and temperature difference (ΔT) of the battery cells, and the cooling pack's average heat transfer rate (Nu) increases monotonically as the Re increases.

Car-Economics: Forecasting Prices in the Pre-Owned Market Using Machine Learning

The purchase price of a new car and a few additional costs are determined by the company that makes the vehicle. Used vehicle sales are increasing globally as a result of rising new car prices and people’s unwillingness to afford them. This strategy is successful since the vendor often sets the price impulsively and the buyer normally isn’t aware of all the features and the car’s market value. According to research, figuring out a used car’s fair market value is both difficult and important. Consequently, it is necessary to create a precise method for estimating used automobile cost. In this case, machine learning prediction approaches could be helpful. The model has to be trained on the massive dataset using techniques like random forest and decision tree before it can be used. Our primary objective is to develop a model that, given the information provided by the client, can accurately and dependably anticipate the selling price of a used car. In this project, our team designed a stunning User Interface (UI) that asks customers for comments and provides pricing estimates. The database stores both the user inputs and the predicted cost of the automobile.

Comparative assessment of competitiveness and external costs of electric car and car with internal combustion engine (on the example of Moscow)

Aim. To carry out a comparative evaluation of the competitiveness of electric car and car with internal combustion engine (ICE) of the middle price segment and their external costs on the example of Moscow.Tasks. To describe the methodology and estimate the total cost of ownership of an electric car “Moskvich 3e” and its gasoline counterpart “Moskvich 3”; calculate the external costs of an electric car and a gasoline-powered car related to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants; estimate the total cost for society.Methods. In order to compare the competitiveness of cars with different types of engines, the method of total cost of ownership was used; in the aspect of obtaining the total cost for society by economic evaluation of emissions, the external costs associated with climate change and air pollution were calculated.Results. Currently, the total cost of five-year ownership of electric car “Moskvich 3e” is higher in comparison with the car “Moskvich 3” practically by 461 thousand rubles, even taking into account the existing support measures in Moscow. The difference in external costs due to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants is about 68.3 thousand rubles. The electric car is more environmentally friendly and contributes less to climate change. The difference in the total cost of five-year ownership of an electric car “Moskvich 3e” and its gasoline analogue, taking into account the external costs (total cost for society) is 392 thousand rubles. This means that the internalization of external costs may slightly increase the competitiveness of the electric car.Conclusions. The study will allow potential buyers to assess the real affordability of vehicles of interest to them, in particular vehicles “Moskvich 3” and “Moskvich 3e”. The obtained results may serve as a basis for further development of support measures for electric motor vehicles in Moscow, for example, when calculating the amount of subsidy necessary to ensure the competitiveness of electric cars of the medium price segment.

Application of Advanced Nanotechnology in Electric Vehicles

This paper focuses on nanotechnology and its relative applications in electric vehicles. The main parts of the article explain the role of electric vehicles in affecting the markets nowadays. The purpose is to give a direction for developing electric vehicles for future commercial use and suggestions for correcting some problems during the expansion of the electric vehicle markets. Applications of nanotechnology on cars have already developed and continued quickly. Nanotechnology helps a lot more for electric vehicles due to the advanced technology used, and there are still many problems faced by electric vehicles. The following part discusses the applications of nanotechnology on electric automobiles and the advantages of using the advanced method to improve the sales of electric cars. The applications are shown in various aspects, from car components inside car tires to the coating process of painting. The former two parts focus on the merits brought by nanotechnology. In the coating part, the theory of coating protection is discussed minutely. Another main part of the article is related to some challenges faced by the electric automobile industry nowadays, which require much more effort for manufacturers to fix the problem. Batteries and costs of cars make the electric car industry further succeed.

Пропозиції щодо перспективної конструкції вантажного вагона зі змінними кузовами

The importance of this work for Ukraine stems from the need for efficient freight transportation technologies, freight car fleet renewal, introducing swap-body freight cars, and increasing their operating safety. Swap-body cars are an innovation in freight services. Traditionally, versatile and specialized freight cars consist of an undercarriage part (running gear, automatic couples, and automatic braking devices), which, as a rule, is versatile, and a body part (an underframe and a body). The cost of the former and the latter is 80 and 20 per cent, respectively, of the total car cost. The idea of a swap-body car is to separate the underframe from the car body and include the former into the undercarriage part, thus leaving only the car body in the body part. Thus, the undercarriage part of a car of this type is a flat car for swap bodies, which consists of an underframe, running gear, automatic couples, automatic braking devices, and body fasteners. A new type of freight rail vehicles for unimodal railway transportation is the swap-body car, whose bodies can be replaced according to seasonal freights. For the Ukrainian railways, it is expedient to develop a swap-body car design of their own. This calls for scientific and technical support at the design and the operational development stage. The aim of this work is to determine the maximum loads on the load-bearing structural elements of swap-body cars in normal operation and to work out recommendations on a prospective home design of a swap-body freight car. This paper presents a mathematical model of 3D vibrations of a swap-body freight car in its normal motion along a track of arbitrary alignment, which accounts for the technical condition of the car undercarriage and the track. This model underlies the scientific and technical novelty of the paper. The analytical model of a swap-body car moving along a track is a mechanical system of rigid bodies. For each wheel, the track is simulated as an equivalent mass, which can move only in a vertical and a lateral horizontal direction and bears in these directions on springs and viscous dampers, which model the elastoviscous properties of the rails and the underrail base. The nonlinear differential equations of the system’s dynamics are solved by the Adams?Bashforth method. The paper presents a numerical estimate of the dynamics of motion of cars with swap bodies of different length and mass. For all the car motion variants considered, the maximum forces in the fitting supports whereby the body is supported on the undercarriage do not exceed their permissible values. The calculated values of the flat car’s dynamic parameters show that in terms of safety a car speed higher than 80 km/h is not safe for all the body-on-undercarriage layouts considered. Practically important recommendations on a prospective home design of a swap-body freight car are presented. The innovative technology of freight transportation with the use of swap-body cars will allow one to avoid car demurrage caused by seasonal variations in freight shipment and speed up the replacement of damaged bodies. Besides, the service life of a body may differ from that of an undercarriage, which allows one to reduce acquisition, operation, and maintenance costs.

A novel air-cooled Li-ion battery (LIB) array thermal management system – a numerical analysis

Li-ion battery cell operations, as an energy storage device, are delicate to changes in temperature. Extreme environmental conditions affect their cycle life and performance. Therefore, effective cell temperature management is necessary for secure and dependable battery operation. Additionally, the high production costs of electric cars must be countered by the adaptability of the battery pack design for Electric Vehicles. As the reactions generate more heat and raise the battery's temperature, it may cause the battery to explode and cause fires in the workplace. The CFD simulation is used to study the influence of a novel design of an efficient Air-cooling system to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries by reducing the operating temperatures under a different coolant flow rate. The operational performance and service life of lithium-ion batteries are greatly affected by operating temperature. The different spacing between the batteries is investigated (S = 2, 4, and 6 mm) by using air as a cooling fluid to dissipate the heat from lithium-ion batteries by flowing the air inside flow air inside the cooling pack. The Reynolds numbers (Re) vary from 15,000 to 30,000 in the current analysis. The increasing Re number increases the average Nusselt numbers (Nu). The findings demonstrate that the thermal performance (Nu) rises as the spacing rises. The outcome of this study will provide helpful information for the designer for proper modeling of the actual battery pack design of modern, efficient EVs.

Consumer Perception on the adoption of Electric Vehicle from an Indian Context- An Empirical Study

Governments from many countries are encouraging people to switch to electric cars by offering financial incentives. According to earlier studies, challenges to consumer acceptability include the high cost of an electric car, the lack of charging infrastructure, and time and range concerns. Participants in the study are Indians who now own cars. To assess the data, structured equation modeling was employed. (SEM). A potent mediator in the adoption of electric vehicles has been identified as attitude (ATT). A few policy recommendations are offered for a more successful, long-term policy framework for India's future adoption of electric vehicles. For underdeveloped nations like India, research on crucial hurdles and insufficient charging infrastructure is addressed.