Capture Techniques Research Articles

Handling effects on dispersal of PIT‐tagged Flannelmouth Sucker

AbstractObjectiveHandling and tagging migrating fish might alter their behavior, limiting inference from mark–recapture studies. Posthandling flight of tributary spawning Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis was previously identified in Coal Creek in the upper Colorado River basin. Our objective was to determine if similar issues were present at McElmo Creek in the San Juan River basin.MethodsWe compared emigration timing of Flannelmouth Sucker that had been handled and tagged with passive integrated transponder tags during their tributary spawning run to individuals tagged in previous years and detected both entering and exiting the tributary. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to exit timing.ResultSex and tagging year were associated with emigration timing, but handling did not result in posthandling flight from McElmo Creek. Females exited the tributary ~3 days before males, and larger fish emigrated earlier than smaller adults.ConclusionDifferences in capture technique and timing, available spawning habitat, and fish motivation across river systems may contribute to differences in posthandling emigration of tributary spawning Flannelmouth Sucker.

Ancient Fishing Strategies for the Extinct Thicktail Chub (Gila crassicauda) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

ABSTRACT Now extinct, Thicktail chub (Gila crassicauda) was endemic to central California and was a key component of local fisheries before the 1800s. Little is known about their biology, behavior, ecology, or role in precontact Native American fisheries. Archaeological sites contain large numbers of thicktail chub bones and represent a key source of data to fill our considerable gap in knowledge. We developed regression equations to convert thicktail chub skeletal elements to estimates of standard length (SL). Bones from two contemporaneous precontact Late Period (ca 700 -200 cal BP) sites, CA-CCO-138, and CA-CCO-647, in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, show that precontact thicktail chub achieved a maximum standard length (SL) of 306 mm. Bone size distributions suggest spearing was the most likely capture technique, likely during a spring-summer nearshore fishery. The results contribute vital information to thicktail chub historical ecology and their key role in precontact Indigenous fisheries.

Smart Supervision of Public Expenditure: A Review on Data Capture, Storage, Processing, and Interoperability with a Case Study from Colombia

Effective fiscal control and monitoring of public management are critical for preventing and mitigating corruption, which in turn, enhances government performance and benefits citizens. Given the vast amounts of data involved in government operations, applying advanced data analysis methods is essential for strengthening fiscal oversight. This paper explores data management strategies aimed at enhancing fiscal control, beginning with a bibliometric study to underscore the relevance of this research. The study reviews existing data capture techniques that facilitate fiscal oversight, addresses the challenges of data storage in terms of its nature and the potential for contributing to this goal, and discusses data processing methods that yield actionable insights for analysis and decision-making. Additionally, the paper deals with data interoperability, emphasizing the importance of these practices in ensuring accurate and reliable analysis, especially given the diversity and volume of data within government operations. Data visualization is highlighted as a crucial component, enabling the detection of anomalies and promoting informed decision-making through clear and effective visual representations. The research concludes with a case study on the modernization of fiscal control in Colombia, focusing on the identification of user requirements for various data-related processes. This study provides valuable insights for modern audit and fiscal control entities, emphasizing that data capture, storage, processing, interoperability, and visualization are integral to the effective supervision of public expenditure. By ensuring that public funds are managed with transparency, accountability, and efficiency, the research advances the literature by addressing both the technological aspects of data management and the essential process improvements and human factors required for successful implementation.

Harvesting Broadband Breeze Vibration Energy via Elastic Bistable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for In Situ, Self‐Powered Monitoring of Power Transmission Lines

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), as a new technique for energy capture, has unique advantages in harvesting high‐entropy energy. In view of the wind‐induced vibration characteristics of power transmission lines, the symmetric elastic bistable triboelectric nanogenerator (EB‐TENG) is introduced in this work. The core component of the EB‐TENG is the elastic bistable cantilever beam structure, which is designed by introducing an elastic perturbation structure to the conventional cantilever beam. This beam results in several sub‐resonance frequencies in addition to the natural frequencies, which broadens the frequency band of the EB‐TENG. In addition, the EB‐TENG adopts a symmetrical cantilever beam to ensure effective harvesting of vibration energy, even in situations of self‐tilting and external tilting vibration. The experimental outcomes confirm that the EB‐TENG can significantly harvest vibration energy in the 7–60 Hz frequency range and delivers the maximum peak power of 2.846 mW, which meets the major vibration frequency range of power transmission lines under the action of breeze. Finally, self‐powered strategy based on EB‐TENG online monitoring devices (such as tower obstruction lights, temperature and humidity sensors, and line high temperature wireless alarms) is constructed. This work helps promote the application of in‐situ self‐powered monitoring based on TENG in smart transmission lines.

Falling Detection of Toddlers Based on Improved YOLOv8 Models.

If toddlers are not promptly checked and rescued after falling from relatively high locations at homes, they are at risk of severe health complications. We present a toddler target extraction method and real-time falling alarm. The procedure is executed in two stages: In stage I, a GELAN-integrated YOLOv8 model is used to extract the body features. Based on this, a head capture technique is developed to obtain the head features. In stage II, the "safe zone" is calculated through Generalized Hough Transform (GHT). The spatial location is compared to the preceding stage's two centers of mass points, K for the toddler's body and H for the head. Position status detection is performed on the extracted data. We gathered 230 RGB-captured daily videos of toddlers aged 13 to 30 months playing and experiencing upside-down falls. We split 500 video clips (×30 FPS) from 200 videos into 8:2 training and validation sets. A test set of 100 clips (×30 FPS) was cut from another 30 videos. The experimental results suggested that the framework has higher precision and recall in detection, as well as improved mean average precision and F1 scores compared to YOLOv3, v5, v6, and v8. It meets the standard FPS requirement for surveillance cameras and has an accuracy of 96.33 percent.

Transboundary transportation of CO2 streams by ships: regulatory barriers for scaling up carbon capture and sub-seabed storage

Over the years, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) has been recognized as a crucial element in the toolkit of measures to combat climate change. At the European Union (EU) level, CCS plays a vital role in climate policy, particularly in reducing CO2 emissions from hard-to-abate industries. However, no comprehensive legal framework covers all stages of CCS. These stages include carbon capture techniques, transportation by ships or pipelines, injection, site closure, and post-closure management. Each of these stages is regulated by different legal frameworks that address various topics such as geoengineering, climate change, industrial activities, property, transportation, port operations, waste management, dumping, health, and the environment. Critical legal questions remain unanswered, such as who is liable for discharges in the marine environment during the transportation of CO2 by ships and for the long-term management of sub-seabed storage sites. As the transportation of CO2 by ships will likely have transboundary implications, we explore the legal possibilities, limitations and risks associated with exporting CO2 streams for sequestration under the sub-seabed.

A Novel Piezoelectric Nonwoven Fabric for Recoverable High-Efficiency Filters.

Serious haze pollution, mainly caused by fine and ultrafine particulate matters (PMs) and aerosols, poses a significant threat to the public health, especially when the aerodynamic diameter is less than 2.5 μm. Electrostatic capture techniques, such as polymer electret filters and kinetic plasma processes, are widely used instead of mechanical filtration with high removal efficiency and low wind resistance (pressure drop). However, the inability to recharge, coupled with the generation of ozone byproducts, makes it challenging to meet the requirements for both recoverability and highly efficient filtration. Here, we propose an electrostatic filter as an alternative to conventional polymer electrets, aiming to achieve an ultrahigh removal efficiency, long-term performance stability, and reusability. Piezoelectric LiNbO3 (LN) particles are integrated into the polypropylene (PP) matrix through the melt-blown strategy to fabricate the LN/PP nonwoven fabric. Benefiting from the employment of piezoelectric LN particles, the LN/PP nonwovens exhibit an ultrahigh removal efficiency of 99.9% for PM0.3 to PM10. The airflow facilitates the sustained regeneration of piezoelectric charges on the surface of LN/PP nonwovens, thereby maintaining a removal efficiency of approximately 95% for continuous filtration over 11 days. Even after eight cycles of washing, the removal efficiency of the LN/PP nonwovens remains at nearly 90%, demonstrating the excellent reusability. Our proposed strategy offers an ingenious combination of high-efficiency and recoverability for filters, holding great promise for reducing plastic pollution.

Targeting carbon-neutral waste reduction: Novel process design, modelling and optimization for converting medical waste into hydrogen

This study proposes a novel system designed to turn waste masks (WM) into hydrogen while aiming at carbon neutrality. The system utilizes plasma gasification to primarily convert WM into syngas, which is subsequently upgraded through water gas shift to enhance hydrogen fraction. To mitigate carbon emissions, carbon capture techniques including monoethanolamine-based carbon absorption and oxy-fuel combustion are incorporated into the system. A high-fidelity model of the designed process is developed in Aspen Plus. Machine learning-driven optimization is applied to identify the optimal operating conditions. Utilizing Gaussian process regression-based surrogate optimization, the system achieves around 0.5 kg CO2 eq/kg H2 of levelized emissions per unit hydrogen (LEH) in the reaction stage and the execution time required for optimization is only 4 s, outperforming detailed process models-based optimization. Energy assessment highlights plasma gasification and CO2 absorption as the primary sources of energy loss. Furthermore, life cycle analysis indicates that CO2 absorption is the primary contributor to carbon emissions, accounting for approximately 60% of the total emissions. With levelized emissions of 1.27 kg CO2 eq/kg WM and 5.18 CO2 eq/kg H2, the designed system demonstrates superiority over conventional medical waste treatment and hydrogen production methods.

Risk Assessment of Selected CCS Wells through Feature, Event, and Process Method and Comparison of the Barrier Effect.

To reduce the CO2 release in the atmosphere, the carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technique presents a solution in which the CO2 is captured from the emitting source and injected into a suitable geological formation in the subsurface. For the CCS project to be successful, CO2 must be trapped underground for hundreds of years. In that respect, good integrity plays an important role as it ensures that the injected CO2 remains sequestrated in the subsurface. Hence, this study presents a risk assessment technique with the help of which critical elements that can compromise the integrity of the CCS well can be identified. The approach taken for the risk assessment is based on the feature, event, and process (FEP). However, this method gives a qualitative analysis, and to convert it to a semiquantitative one, FEP is integrated with an interaction matrix, incident potential matrix (IPM), and cause-effect plot diagram. In this paper, risk assessment was conducted on two fictitious wells with different well configurations. It was found that cement and casing were the most vulnerable components, while formation water and subsidence were the most problematic elements in the given well system. It was also concluded that the number of plugs and their location in the well could increase or decrease the intensity of the risk levels in the CCS wells.

Reversed Mg-Based Smectites: A New Approach for CO2 Adsorption

Addressing climate change requires transitioning to cleaner energy sources and adopting advanced CO2 capture techniques. Clay minerals are effective in CO2 adsorption due to their regenerative properties. Recent advancements in nanotechnology further improve their efficiency and potential for use in carbon capture and storage. This study examines the CO2 adsorption properties of montmorillonite and saponite, which are subjected to a novel microwave-assisted acid treatment to enhance their adsorption capacity. While montmorillonite shows minimal changes, saponite undergoes significant alterations. Furthermore, the addition of silica pillars to smectites results in a new nanomaterial with a higher surface area (653 m2 g−1), denoted as reversed smectite, with enhanced CO2 adsorption capabilities, potentially useful for electrochemical devices for converting captured CO2 into value-added products.

Nuclear expansion and chromatin structure remodeling in mouse aging neurons

Abstract Aging, particularly in the brain, involves impairments in multiple cellular functions, many regulated at the nucleus. Chromatin structure plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and the maintenance of genomic stability. During differentiation, each cell type acquire their unique topology, this should be kept for a lifetime, but may deteriorate as we age. However, the effects of aging on the chromatin 3D structure of neurons remain largely unknown and much has been inferred from senescent cells. By combining chromosome conformation capture and microscopy techniques, we investigated cortical neurons of young and aged mice and discovered signs of neuronal nuclear expansion during neuronal aging, leading to increased distances between chromosomes. This expansion alters the topology of compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops. While larger TADs tend to dissociate, smaller TADs and loops exhibit strengthened interactions of chromatin in aged neurons. These topological changes impact the borders of TADs, resulting in weakening, this is parallel to Lamin-B weakening and nuclear envelope alterations. We attribute these alterations to changes in physical forces of an expanding nucleus, driving the distancing of chromosomes filling a growing nuclear area, affecting gene expression and topology, contributing to the functional declines observed during aging.

Deep SVBRDF Acquisition and Modelling: A Survey

AbstractHand in hand with the rapid development of machine learning, deep learning and generative AI algorithms and architectures, the graphics community has seen a remarkable evolution of novel techniques for material and appearance capture. Typically, these machine‐learning‐driven methods and technologies, in contrast to traditional techniques, rely on only a single or very few input images, while enabling the recovery of detailed, high‐quality measurements of bi‐directional reflectance distribution functions, as well as the corresponding spatially varying material properties, also known as Spatially Varying Bi‐directional Reflectance Distribution Functions (SVBRDFs). Learning‐based approaches for appearance capture will play a key role in the development of new technologies that will exhibit a significant impact on virtually all domains of graphics. Therefore, to facilitate future research, this State‐of‐the‐Art Report (STAR) presents an in‐depth overview of the state‐of‐the‐art in machine‐learning‐driven material capture in general, and focuses on SVBRDF acquisition in particular, due to its importance in accurately modelling complex light interaction properties of real‐world materials. The overview includes a categorization of current methods along with a summary of each technique, an evaluation of their functionalities, their complexity in terms of acquisition requirements, computational aspects and usability constraints. The STAR is concluded by looking forward and summarizing open challenges in research and development toward predictive and general appearance capture in this field. A complete list of the methods and papers reviewed in this survey is available at computergraphics.on.liu.se/star_svbrdf_dl/.

Modelling carbon capture from power plants with low energy and water consumption using a novel cryogenic technology

Global warming mitigation requires modern energy generation technology to integrate low-cost carbon capture techniques. Despite volumes of research on the latter, the significantly high unit energy (MWh) of capture and high water consumption, do not enable any current carbon capture techniques to be adopted at a scale. To address this problem, we theoretically explore a novel low-cost carbon capture technology (NLCCT). In this paper, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the effects of the operating conditions and parameters of NLCCT, such as the initial feed gas concentration, compressor intercooler temperature, number of compressor stages, efficiencies of the compressors, and turbines, ambient temperatures on the energy consumption for CO2 capture (ECC) is carried out with a view to obtain costs much lower than current techniques. The study identifies the inlet feed concentration, turbine and compressor efficiencies, and compressor intercooler temperatures (heat transfer effectiveness) as the significant parameters. For a drop of 20 % efficiency, the ECC was found to increase by 40 %, and for an increase in inlet CO2 feed concentration from 4 % to 10 %, the ECC was found to decrease by 31 %. Considering the effect of intercooler temperatures, the ECC increases by 25 % when the intercooler temperature is raised by 6 K. The effect of ambient conditions was also analyzed and observed that for an increase of 27C in the ambient temperature, the ECC would rise by 15 %.

Effects of Curing Conditions, Age, and Particle Size on CO<sub>2</sub> Sequestration of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag Used in Concrete

Mineral sequestration technology is one of the most effective carbon capture and storage techniques. Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), one of the by-products generated during the steelmaking process, has a particularly high potential for mineral sequestration compared to other similar wastes such as blast furnace slag and ladle slag. In the case of BOFS, mineral sequestration not only contributes to carbon uptake but also stabilizes its internal structure. So far, most of the investigations on BOFS mineral sequestration rely on accelerated carbonation involving high pressures and supplying concentrated CO2 in a short period. Although these studies are useful for investigating the overall potential for carbon capture of BOFS, they are less useful for practical applications on a large scale. Moreover, it is hard to draw any conclusions regarding the carbonation reactions lasting for years in stockpiles of BOFS. This research identified the consequences of long-term carbonation on BOFS samples and determined the best conditions for natural mineral sequestration.

The Guardian Node Slow DoS Detection Model for Real-Time Application in IoT Networks.

The pernicious impact of malicious Slow DoS (Denial of Service) attacks on the application layer and web-based Open Systems Interconnection model services like Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) has given impetus to a range of novel detection strategies, many of which use machine learning (ML) for computationally intensive full packet capture and post-event processing. In contrast, existing detection mechanisms, such as those found in various approaches including ML, artificial intelligence, and neural networks neither facilitate real-time detection nor consider the computational overhead within resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Slow DoS attacks are notoriously difficult to reliably identify, as they masquerade as legitimate application layer traffic, often resembling nodes with slow or intermittent connectivity. This means they often evade detection mechanisms because they appear as genuine node activity, which increases the likelihood of mistakenly being granted access by intrusion-detection systems. The original contribution of this paper is an innovative Guardian Node (GN) Slow DoS detection model, which analyses the two key network attributes of packet length and packet delta time in real time within a live IoT network. By designing the GN to operate within a narrow window of packet length and delta time values, accurate detection of all three main Slow DoS variants is achieved, even under the stealthiest malicious attack conditions. A unique feature of the GN model is its ability to reliably discriminate Slow DoS attack traffic from both genuine and slow nodes experiencing high latency or poor connectivity. A rigorous critical evaluation has consistently validated high, real-time detection accuracies of more than 98% for the GN model across a range of demanding traffic profiles. This performance is analogous to existing ML approaches, whilst being significantly more resource efficient, with computational and storage overheads being over 96% lower than full packet capture techniques, so it represents a very attractive alternative for deployment in resource-scarce IoT environments.

The chromosome level genome assembly of the Asian green mussel, Perna viridis

The Asian green mussel, Perna viridis is an important aquaculture species in the family Mytilidae contributing substantially to molluscan aquaculture. We generated a high-quality chromosome level assembly of this species by combining PacBio single molecule sequencing technique (SMRT), Illumina paired-end sequencing, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technique (Hi-C) and Bionano mapping. The final assembly resulted in a genome of 723.49 Mb in size with a scaffold N50 of 49.74 Mb with 99% anchored into 15 chromosomes. A total of 49654 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome. The presence of 634 genes associated with the cancer pathway and 408 genes associated with viral carcinogenesis indicates the potential of this species to be used as a model for cancer studies. The chromosome-level assembly of this species is also a valuable resource for further genomic selection and selective breeding for improving economically important aquaculture traits and augmenting aquaculture productivity.

A Comprehensive Review of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): Technological Advances, Environmental Impact, and Economic Feasibility

Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) technologies are critical to reducing CO2 exhalations on a global scale. This review study synthesizes the many elements of CCUS over 50 years, from R&D to deployment scales, in terms of their mitigation potential for global emission reductions. Next, it discusses existing and new carbon capture techniques from an automation standpoint (e.g., pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture combustion), as well as the economic feasibility of CCUS regionally in terms of capital retail price, operating expenses, and value in the form of potential revenue streams based on CO2, aided by significant range-scaling building blocks such as rising nation. Each technique is thoroughly evaluated in terms of its environmental impact and associated risks, and case studies are used to illustrate practical lessons learnt. The paper also discusses the arguments around what future advances may exist in CCUS technology, and opportunities to scale these up (including research needs for this support), drawing lessons past policy. The findings underscore the importance of integrating CCUS into broader climate strategies to achieve net-zero exhalations while addressing the economic and environmental challenges that remain.

The physical chemistry of interphase loop extrusion.

Loop extrusion constitutes a universal mechanism of genome organization, whereby structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes load onto the chromatin fiber and generate DNA loops of increasingly-larger sizes until their eventual release. In mammalian interphase cells, loop extrusion is mediated by the cohesin complex, which is dynamically regulated by the interchange of multiple accessory proteins. Although these regulators bind the core cohesin complex only transiently, their disruption can dramatically alter cohesin dynamics, gene expression, chromosome morphology and contact patterns. Still, a theory of how cohesin regulators and their molecular interplay with the core complex modulate genome folding remains at large. Here we derive a model of cohesin loop extrusion from first principles, based on in vivo measurements of the abundance and dynamics of cohesin regulators. We systematically evaluate potential chemical reaction networks that describe the association of cohesin with its regulators and with the chromatin fiber. Remarkably, experimental observations are consistent with only a single biochemical reaction cycle, which results in a unique minimal model that may be fully parameterized by quantitative protein measurements. We demonstrate how distinct roles for cohesin regulators emerge simply from the structure of the reaction network, and how their dynamic exchange can regulate loop extrusion kinetics over time-scales that far exceed their own chromatin residence times. By embedding our cohesin biochemical reaction network within biophysical chromatin simulations, we evidence how variations in regulatory protein abundance can alter chromatin architecture across multiple length- and time-scales. Predictions from our model are corroborated by biophysical and biochemical assays, optical microscopy observations, and Hi-C conformation capture techniques. More broadly, our theoretical and numerical framework bridges the gap between in vitro observations of extrusion motor dynamics at the molecular scale and their structural consequences at the genome-wide level.

Effect of active loop extrusion on the two-contact correlations in the interphase chromosome.

The population-averaged contact maps generated by the chromosome conformation capture technique provide important information about the average frequency of contact between pairs of chromatin loci as a function of the genetic distance between them. However, these datasets do not tell us anything about the joint statistics of simultaneous contacts between genomic loci in individual cells. This kind of statistical information can be extracted using the single-cell Hi-C method, which is capable of detecting a large fraction of simultaneous contacts within a single cell, as well as through modern methods of fluorescent labeling and super-resolution imaging. Motivated by the prospect of the imminent availability of relevant experimental data, in this work, we theoretically model the joint statistics of pairs of contacts located along a line perpendicular to the main diagonal of the single-cell contact map. The analysis is performed within the framework of an ideal polymer model with quenched disorder of random loops, which, as previous studies have shown, allows us to take into account the influence of the loop extrusion process on the conformational properties of interphase chromatin.

E-Fuels: A Comprehensive Review of the Most Promising Technological Alternatives towards an Energy Transition

E-fuels represent a crucial technology for transitioning to fossil-free energy systems, driven by the need to eliminate dependence on fossil fuels, which are major environmental pollutants. This study investigates the production of carbon-neutral synthetic fuels, focusing on e-hydrogen (e-H2) generated from water electrolysis using renewable electricity and carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from industrial sites or the air (CCUS, DAC). E-H2 can be converted into various e-fuels (e-methane, e-methanol, e-DME/OME, e-diesel/kerosene/gasoline) or combined with nitrogen to produce e-ammonia. These e-fuels serve as efficient energy carriers that can be stored, transported, and utilized across different energy sectors, including transportation and industry. The first objective is to establish a clear framework encompassing the required feedstocks and production technologies, such as water electrolysis, carbon capture, and nitrogen production techniques, followed by an analysis of e-fuel synthesis technologies. The second objective is to evaluate these technologies’ technological maturity and sustainability, comparing energy conversion efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions with their electric counterparts. The sustainability of e-fuels hinges on using renewable electricity. Challenges and future prospects of an energy system based on e-fuels are discussed, aiming to inform the debate on e-fuels’ role in reducing fossil fuel dependency.