Capital Tax Research Articles

Pension inequality and collective pensions funds: the trade-offs of pension redistribution

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of introducing a Collective Defined Contribution (CDC) scheme to reduce pension inequality within a Fully Funded Defined Contribution (FDC) system. Using an overlapping generations (OLG) model, we analyse the Chilean pension system to assess how a CDC scheme reallocates resources from high- to low-productivity pensioners, increasing overall welfare by improving the replacement rates of low-income retirees. Results show that implementing a CDC scheme boosts the capital stock and GDP while only slightly decreasing private savings and consumption. Although high-productivity workers experience a welfare loss due to increased contributions, the positive redistribution effect for low-productivity workers results in a net welfare gain for society. When compared to raising taxes on labour, capital, or consumption, the CDC scheme proves more efficient, as tax-based alternatives lead to larger welfare losses. Capital taxes significantly reduce investment and GDP, causing a 6.9% drop in steady-state consumption. Our findings are robust across different worker ratios, demonstrating that the CDC scheme is an effective policy for reducing pension inequality while supporting economic growth and maintaining overall welfare.

Analisis Pengaruh Beban Pajak Kini, Beban Pajak Tangguhan, dan Aset Pajak Tangguhan Terhadap Manajemen Laba

This study aims to empirically determine the effect of current tax burden, deferred tax burden, and deferred tax assets on earnings management in automotive companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2022 period. The research method used is a quantitative research method. The data used are secondary data, namely financial statements registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. Based on the determined criteria, a total of 6 automotive companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022 were obtained. The analysis techniques used in this study are panel data regression analysis, panel data regression model testing, classical assumption testing, and the coefficient of determination test. The results of this study indicate that the current tax burden affects earnings management, while the deferred tax burden and deferred tax assets do not affect earnings management. Furthermore, the study found that simultaneously, the current tax burden, deferred tax burden, and deferred tax assets affect earnings management.

The value relevance of deferred tax assets: An empirical analysis of German HDAX-listed companies

Deferred taxes emerge from timing differences in recognizing income and expenses between commercial and tax financial statements. However, the capitalization of deferred tax assets remains contentious, with questions raised about their value relevance to investors. This study aims to investigate the informational value and economic significance of deferred tax assets in financial statements prepared in accordance with both German commercial law (HGB) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The analysis is based on financial data from 1,066 firm-year observations of HDAX-listed companies from 2000 to 2022. Using an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model, the study examines the relationship between deferred tax assets and the market value of equity. Key financial variables, including research and development expenses, deferred tax liabilities, net income, and the market-to-book ratio, are incorporated to provide a comprehensive assessment of deferred tax asset relevance in capital markets. The results demonstrate that deferred tax assets have a negligible impact on the market value of companies, with no statistically significant effect detected. Conversely, research and development costs, as well as net income, exhibit a strong positive influence on firm valuation. These findings suggest that deferred tax assets serve largely as an accounting mechanism, lacking informational value for investors.

Approaches to accounting for deferred tax assets recognized in respect of tax losses

Approaches to accounting for deferred tax assets recognized in respect of tax losses

Wealth Taxation and Household Saving: Evidence from Assessment Discontinuities in Norway

Abstract Neither theory nor existing empirical evidence support the notion that wealth taxation reduces saving. Theoretically, the effect is ambiguous due to opposing income and substitution effects, and empirically, the effect may be masked by misreporting responses. Using geographic discontinuities in the Norwegian annual net-wealth tax and third-party-reported data on savings, I find that wealth taxation causes households to save more. Each additional NOK of wealth tax increases annual net financial saving by 3.76, implying that households increase saving enough to offset both current and future wealth taxes. This positive effect on saving is primarily financed by increases in labor earnings. These responses are the combination of small negative effects of increasing the marginal tax rates and larger positive effects of increasing average rates. My findings imply that income effects may dominate substitution effects in household responses to rate-of-return shocks, which has implications for both optimal taxation and macroeconomic modeling.

Tax incentives for human capital accumulation and enterprise innovation quality: Evidence of a quasi-natural experiment in China

This study analyzes the impact of human capital tax incentives on enterprise innovation quality. For this purpose, it designs as a quasi-natural experiment, using China's pre-tax deduction policy for employee education and training expenses. The results confirm that tax incentives for human capital accumulation significantly enhance corporate innovation quality. The primary mechanisms driving this effect are the alleviation of financial constraints and the promotion of human capital accumulation. Moreover, this effect is stronger in regions with higher levels of financial development and greater human capital density.

Luxury Tax and Wealth Tax – Between Transparency and Sustainability of the Tax System

Luxury Tax and Wealth Tax – Between Transparency and Sustainability of the Tax System

Optimal taxes and basic income during an episode of automation: a worker’s perspective

Abstract Motivated by distributional concerns raised by recent breakthroughs in AI and robotics, we ask how workers would prefer to manage an episode of automation in a task-based model, which distinguishes between automation and traditional technical progress. We show that under majority voting with the option to implement a “partial” UBI (as transfers to workers) it is optimal to tax capital at a higher rate than labor in the long run to fund the partial UBI. We show that, unlike traditional technical progress, automation always lowers the labor share in the long run, justifying distributional concerns. A quantitative analysis of an episode of automation for the US economy shows that it is optimal from the workers’ perspective to lower capital taxes and transfers over the transition. Nevertheless, this policy increases worker welfare by only 0.7% in consumption-equivalent terms, compared with a 21.6% welfare gain to entrepreneurs, because the welfare gains to workers from lower capital taxes are second-order, while the gains to entrepreneurs are first-order.

Usury enforcement as an alternative to capital taxation in pre-modern states

AbstractAll governments have an obligation to protect their territory and the wealth within that territory from external predation. In fact, since war has historically resulted in the plunder and destruction of wealth, it seems straightforward to suggest that the cost of providing adequate defense of one’s territory is a function of the accumulated wealth within the territory. Suppose that all wealth in society is capital. The accumulation of capital conveys a private benefit to its owner, but imposes an external cost on society. As with any externality, the optimal tax policy would be to tax capital. The revenue from capital taxation could then be used to finance defense. Such a taxation scheme, however, requires the state has an appropriate level of bureaucratic capacity. During the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, this sort of state infrastructure did not exist. Yet the rulers of those states faced the same constraint. In this paper, I argue that the enforcement of usury laws during this period replicate the outcome of the optimal capital tax. Lending at interest was prohibited. However, rulers often allowed certain groups to lend in society in exchange for a license fee. This granted monopoly status to lenders. At the same time, rulers imposed binding price ceilings on interest rates. The combination of these three characteristics of enforcement replicate the long-run restriction on capital accumulation of the optimal capital tax and generate revenue that is possibly equivalent to the tax as well. I then model ruler behavior given these incentives. Finally, I use historical evidence from England, Italy, and France to support my argument.

PENGARUH BEBAN PAJAK TANGGUHAN, ASET PAJAK TANGGUHAN DAN PERENCANAAN PAJAK TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA PADA INDUSTRI MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN

This study aims to analyze and obtain empirical evidence regarding the influence of deferred tax expenses, deferred tax assets, and tax planning on earnings management in the food and beverage sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 – 2022. This research is a quantitative study with an associative method, and the data used in this study are secondary data. The data analysis method used is panel data regression, processed using Eviews version 12. The population used in this study consists of energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 – 2022, totaling 84 companies. The sample selection in this study uses purposive sampling techniques. The obtained sample consists of 16 companies with a research period of 5 years, resulting in a total of 80 data points. The results of this study indicate that, partially, deferred tax assets do not have a significant effect on earnings management, but deferred tax expenses and tax planning have a significant effect on earnings management. Deferred tax expenses, deferred tax assets, and tax planning simultaneously have a significant effect on earnings management.

The Effect of Capital Gains Taxes on Business Creation and Employment: The Case of Opportunity Zones

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 established a new program called Opportunity Zones (OZs) that reduces or eliminates capital gains taxes on investment in a limited number of low-income Census tracts. We provide a model illustrating how a change in capital taxation affects employment in existing and new establishments. We then use establishment-level data to show that, in its first two years, the OZ designation increased employment growth relative to comparable tracts by between 3.0 and 4.5 percentage points in metropolitan areas. The job growth occurred in multiple industries and persisted into 2021 rather than quickly disappearing. However, most of the jobs created by the program were likely taken by residents who live outside of the designated tracts, consistent with only 5% of U.S. residents working in the same Census tract as the one in which they live. This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance. Funding: The authors are grateful for the financial support of an award from UW-Madison’s Fall Research Competition. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03223 .

Evaluasi Penerapan PSAK 24 tentang Imbalan Kerja dan Dampaknya pada Laporan Keuangan Perusahaan Sektor Jasa Kesehatan: Studi Kasus pada PT KMU

Purpose: This study aims to determine the compliance and understanding of PT KMU in implementing PSAK No. 24 of 2018, transparency, and disclosure of information provided by PT KMU to employees regarding the provision of employee benefits, and the impact of the application of PSAK No. 24 of 2018 on PT KMU's financial statements. Research methodology: Qualitative descriptive research was conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation. Results: As a consequence of this study, PT KMU put into effect PSAK 24 of 2018 in compliance with both Indonesian laws and financial accounting standards. PT KMU offers employees full openness and access to information on perks. Applying PSAK No. 24 in 2018 creates deferred tax assets and affects the company's profit margin. Limitations: The limitations of this research are that the interviews with PT KMU informants were conducted simultaneously, and the list of interview questions between informants was the same. Contribution: This research advances our knowledge and comprehension of how to use PSAK 24 of 2018 in compliance with relevant laws and regulations as well as Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards.

Facing the economic tribunal: how calculative techniques impede effective finance capital taxation in Europe

ABSTRACT The rise of new financial transaction schemes enabled new forms of tax fraud in Europe in the 2010s. Despite extensive public attention to this issue, the political measures adopted to strengthen taxation control have remained remarkably lax. The article analyses the emergence and spread of US neoliberal problematisations of administrative burdens to the OECD, and how these problematisations coalesced with the development of standardized regulatory cost‒benefit techniques. Focusing on the Danish case, this constellation of problematizations and techniques is argued to have worked as an economic tribunal, effectively obstructing the control of tax dividend reclaims.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PSAK 46 (STUDI KASUS PADA PT TELEKOMUNIKASI INDONESIA, TBK)

This paper presents an analysis of the implementation of PSAK 46 on deferred taxes at PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. For the period 2021-2022. The study focuses on the recognition, presentation, and disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities in the financial statements. The research uses the annual financial reports of PT Telkom Indonesia for the years 2021-2022. The results reveal the company’s recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities, as well as the impact on its financial performance. The study contributes to enhancing the quality of financial information required by stakeholders

Pengaruh perencanaan pajak, aset pajak tangguhan, dan profitabilitas terhadap manajemen laba perusahaan industrial yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2018-2022

This research aims to examine the influence of tax planning, deferred tax assets, and profitability on earnings management of industrial firms listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange. Tax planning variables are measured by the RR index, deferred tax assets are measured by DTA, profitability is measured by ROA and earnings management is measured by SEC. This type of research is quantitative influence research using secondary data. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling method and resulted in 32 companies as research samples from 63 companies. The data analysis technique in this research is multiple linear regression using the SPSS 29 program. The partial research results show that tax planning and deferred tax assets have a significant and positive effect on earnings management, and profitability has no effect on earnings management. The research results simultaneously show that tax planning, deferred tax assets, and profitability have an influence on earnings management.

Behavioural Responses to Wealth Taxation: Evidence from Colombia

Abstract We study behavioural responses to personal wealth taxes in Colombia. We utilise tax microdata from 1993 to 2016 linked with the leaked Panama Papers to investigate offshoring to the country’s key tax havens. We leverage variation from discrete jumps in tax liability and four major reforms to the wealth tax system, including changes in tax rates and duration, using bunching and difference-in-difference techniques. We find compelling evidence that taxpayers instantly reduce the wealth they declare in response to a wealth tax. Moreover, these effects can persist for years even after the wealth tax is no longer in place, providing the first evidence of a hysteresis effect for a temporary tax policy. The response is driven by misreporting items that authorities cannot cross-verify, such as overstating debt and understating non-third-party-reported business assets. Additionally, the wealthiest taxpayers respond to wealth tax increases by hiding assets in hard-to-track entities in tax havens.

Zakat Maal Management and Regulation Practices: Evidence from Malaysia, Turki and Indonesia

This research investigates the management and regulatory practices of zakat maal (wealth tax) in Malaysia, Turkey, and Indonesia, aiming to provide a comparative analysis grounded in empirical data. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative qualitative analysis based on secondary data from academic literature, government reports, and institutional publications. The results show, first, Malaysia employs a centralized and technologically integrated approach, ensuring transparency and efficiency in zakat collection and distribution. In contrast, Turkey adopts a decentralized model driven by non-governmental organizations and community participation, fostering flexibility but posing challenges in standardization and oversight. Indonesia's hybrid model combines governmental oversight with private sector involvement, aiming to balance regulatory control with local adaptability, yet needs help in coordination and public trust. Second, the policy enhancements such as improved coordination mechanisms, strengthened regulatory frameworks, and enhanced public awareness to optimize Zakat's role in poverty alleviation and social welfare across Malaysia, Turkey, and Indonesia. This research contributes to the broader discourse on Islamic finance and social policy by providing nuanced insights into zakat management practices, offering valuable implications for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars interested in enhancing zakat efficacy globally.

The Influence of Company Size, Tax Planning, and Deferred Tax Assets on Non-cyclical Consumer Company Earning Management

This study examines the influence of firm size, tax planning, and deferred tax assets on the manipulation of earnings in non-cyclical consumer companies that are publicly traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The primary goal is to examine the connections between these variables and their combined impact on earnings manipulation. The study selects 64 organizations through purposive sampling and uses associative quantitative research methods to assess secondary data from their financial reports. The analysis indicates that company is no significant impact on earnings management from company size, tax planning, or deferred tax assets, whether examined individually or collectively. This indicates that larger corporations, although more widely known and subject to more oversight, do not participate in profit manipulation to a greater extent than smaller enterprises. Similarly, tax planning and deferred tax assets are primarily used to enhance fiscal efficiency rather than manipulate results. The low coefficient of determination suggests that there are other elements, not considered in this study, that have a greater impact on earnings management. In line with previous research, these results highlight the fact that deferred tax assets, firm size, and tax planning are not the main factors influencing earnings management in Indonesian non-cyclical consumer companies. More variables that add to a more thorough understanding of the factors influencing earnings management should be found through longer-term and larger sample sizes in future studies.

Top incomes and tax policy

Abstract Modern tax systems do not satisfactorily tax the wealthiest individuals. Meanwhile, government revenue needs have increased in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper discusses ideas for new revenue sources focused on the top of the distribution: A progressive tax on net wealth with a high exemption threshold, a wealth tax on corporations' stock and a one-off tax on top-end unrealized capital gains. Given the size and concentration of wealth, the revenue potential of these policies is significant.

Measuring and taxing top incomes and wealth

Abstract We discuss the measurement of top incomes and wealth in the UK and options for reforming their taxation. First, we highlight the importance of capital gains and migration in understanding long-term trends in top income shares and of survey under-coverage at the top in understanding top wealth shares. We next consider the scope for reforms to the taxation of capital to tackle these inequalities, whilst also improving the efficiency of taxation, emphasizing the roles of capital gains tax, inheritance tax and wealth taxes. Finally, we examine the question of who is taxed, including the tax treatment of highly mobile individuals and of trusts.