Capital Structure Of Brazilian Companies Research Articles

A study about the determinant factors of the capital structure of Brazilian companies: a quantile regression analysis

Purpose: The present paper aims to analyses the determinants of capital structure of ninety-four organizations from the five hundred largest Brazilian companies according to 2018 Exame magazine yearbook.
 Methodology: For this research we used information from financial statements of the five hundred largest Brazilian companies. Data inference was made through descriptive statistical analysis and quantile regression analysis. The data was obtained through the companies’ websites and through economática software. The descriptive and econometric analysis were performed using Stata 12 software.
 Results: The results indicate that the variables such as size and structure of the assets are significant in some quantiles to determine how companies adopt a particular capital structure. In addition, the results indicate the relationship between firm size and total debt level is positive for 25th quantile of the sample. Another point to note is that the asset structure variable has a positive relationship with the long-term debt variable for the 75th and 95th quantiles.
 Contributions of the study: This research is an important contribution for finance literature considering that the quantile regression method was used. The scarcity of research using this method is notorious. Moreover, the results obtained in other works on the subject are not yet convergent about the relevant variables to determine the capital structure.

FINANCING OF BRAZILIAN COMPANIES DURING FINANCIAL CRISES: COMPARATIVE BETWEEN THE CRISES OF 2002, 2008 AND 2015

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the financing decisions by Brazilian companies in the financial crises of 2002, 2008 and 2015, and to identify the impacts of these crises, as well as the influence of the funding sources - banking, subsidized sources and capital markets - on the leverage and maturity of companies' debts in these periods. Originality/value: Crises establish opportunities for the study of determining factors and their impacts on companies. There is no empirical evidence on the impacts of crises on the capital structure of Brazilian companies taking into account the comparison between the crises of 2002, 2008 and 2015, which motivated the present study. Design/methodology/approach: We performed descriptive analyzes and estimated regressions by panel data. Findings: The results showed a statistically positive relationship between financial crises and corporate leverage, as well as short and long-term debt. With regard to leverage, banking resources, resources from capital and subsidized markets showed a statistically positive relationship with the level of leverage of companies only in the 2008 crisis. Considering the maturity of debts, the 2002 crisis was an important determinant for companies' short-term debt decisions, in view of the predominant participation of banking resources at that time. Financing sources were important in determining companies' long-term indebtedness in the 2008 crisis.

Determinants of the Capital Structure of Brazilian Companies: An Empirical Analysis of Pecking Order and Trade-Off Theories in 2005 and 2014

This study investigates the determinants of capital structure, using multiple regression technique data for a sample of 723 companies from various sectors of the Brazilian economy between 2005 and 2014 in order to determine the relative importance of the factors specific company. The theory of pecking order provides the existence of a hierarchy in the use of funding sources, while the trade-off theory considers the existence of a target capital structure that would be pursued by the company. Twelve financial variables were used in which five were dependent (related to indebtedness) and seven independent variables (explanatory of the determinants of capital structure). These were: a) indebtedness: Total Indebtedness; Short-term debt; Long-term debt; Costly Financial debt Short-term; and Financial Debt Costly Long-term; b) Determinants of Capital Structure: Current liquidity; Tangibility; Return on assets; Return to Investors; Payment level of income tax; Sales Growth; and Asset Growth. The main results of this study as a contribution were: a) positive relationships in asset tangibility and negative for asset returns; b) the current ratio is negatively related with the debt indicators; c) the return to investors could not confirm their relationship with debt indicators; d) growth of assets is positively related to short-term debt and negatively related to the indebtedness of short and long onerous financial terms; e) sales growth is negatively related to the debt indicators; f) the level of income tax payment showed a positive relationship with the short-term debt, it is not possible to compare it to other levels of indebtedness.

Capital structure of Brazilian public companies: normality, global financial crisis and economic recession

<p>This article aims to identify the determinants of the capital structure of Brazilian companies and compare it with financial theories. In addition, the normality periods (2007, 2009–2014) and financial crisis periods (2008 and 2015) will be considered in the analysis. The sample has 114 Brazilian public companies in the periods from 2007 to 2015. The methodology used for data analysis was multiple regression for panel data. The results showed that there are differences between the determinants of the capital structure in periods of crisis and of normality. Some of the hypotheses tested were accepted. These hypotheses relate financial theory to empirical analysis. Finally, the research contributed by demonstrating the main determinants of the capital structure in the analyzed periods, showing changes between such determinants.</p>

Estrutura de capital e assimetria de informação: um estudo em empresas brasileiras de capital aberto dos setores têxtil e de energia elétrica

Given the various theories of capital structure and the Pecking Order theory, the present study related the information asymmetry and the capital structure of companies aiming to verify if information asymmetry affects the definition of the capital structure of Brazilian companies held in the electric power industry and textile. The research involved a sample of 53 companies, 31 of the electricity and 22 textiles sector during the years 2008 to 2012. The methodology used was regression with panel data, it allows the same unit cross-sectional monitored over time. The results showed that information asymmetry is an important determinant of capital structure, but that the sectors diverge with respect to the Pecking Order Theory. In the case of the energy sector to reduce information asymmetry led to a propensity for debt, while the textile sector, the opposite occurred, as companies less susceptible to information asymmetry are averse to debt.

Interest on Equity and Capital Structure in the Brazilian Context

Purpose – The interest paid on own capital can benefit companies in the Brazilian capital market as it can be considered a business expense and is, therefore, deductible as a corporate tax. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of interest on equity (IOE) on capital structure decisions.Design/methodology/approach – The initial sample consisted of 524 publicly traded companies from different industries in the Brazilian capital market that were listed on Bovespa. Companies in the finance, insurance and funds industries were excluded from the sample due to the unique features of these financial intermediaries. Some companies in the initial sample were excluded due to a lack of published data, inactivity during the sample period, etc. Thus, the paper excluded those companies that did not have valid observations or failed to publish them. The final sample included 370 companies and covered the nine-year period from 1998 through 2006.Findings – To this end, the authors identified the main determinants of capital structure and analyzed, through panel data, the relationship of IOE in addition to other determinants of capital structure, such as size, profitability, investment opportunities, risk, sales growth, real interest rate and real exchange rate, in corporate debt. The novel contribution of this study is the inclusion and analysis of the IOE in studies on the determination of capital structure of Brazilian companies. A new capital structure scenario was created when Law No. 9.249/95 required changes in legislation, ceasing the restatement of balance sheets and allowing companies to compensate their stockholders through IOE. Before this change, companies could only benefit from the tax benefits of debt, using debt capital. Now, they can also benefit from the use of equity because, by requiting equity through the IOE, deductions of income tax and social contributions on net income are allowed by tax law because the IOE may be considered a financial expense.Originality/value – The authors were not able to find any other publication of a similar study in a review of the extant empirical literature.

Capital structure: Empirical evidences of public and non-public firms in Brazil

This study seek to contribute to the literature through research focused on companies listed and not listed on the stock exchange. A survey was used to identify the capital structure of Brazilian companies and relate the results to the Brazilian credit market. The results indicate that most of the investigated companies prefer not to issue convertible debt, as well as the share of firms issuing common shares was small. It was found that firms do not have preference between long-term and short-term debt. Finally, it was also noted that private companies have great concern about the volatility of earnings and cash flow. The differential of this research was to analyze the practices adopted by both public companies and privately held

IPO Market Timing and Capital Structure: Evidences from Brazil

This article examines the occurrence of equity market timing through its effects on the capital structure of Brazilian companies that went public between 1997 and 2007. The results show the existence of equity market timing in the Brazilian stock market but its effects are not persistent in the long-run on the capital structure.

Interest on equity and capital structure in the Brazilian context

Purpose – The interest paid on own capital can benefit companies in the Brazilian capital market as it can be considered a business expense and is, therefore, deductible as a corporate tax. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of interest on equity (IOE) on capital structure decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The initial sample consisted of 524 publicly traded companies from different industries in the Brazilian capital market that were listed on Bovespa. Companies in the finance, insurance and funds industries were excluded from the sample due to the unique features of these financial intermediaries. Some companies in the initial sample were excluded due to a lack of published data, inactivity during the sample period, etc. Thus, the paper excluded those companies that did not have valid observations or failed to publish them. The final sample included 370 companies and covered the nine-year period from 1998 through 2006. Findings – To this end, the authors identified the main determinants of capital structure and analyzed, through panel data, the relationship of IOE in addition to other determinants of capital structure, such as size, profitability, investment opportunities, risk, sales growth, real interest rate and real exchange rate, in corporate debt. The novel contribution of this study is the inclusion and analysis of the IOE in studies on the determination of capital structure of Brazilian companies. A new capital structure scenario was created when Law No. 9.249/95 required changes in legislation, ceasing the restatement of balance sheets and allowing companies to compensate their stockholders through IOE. Before this change, companies could only benefit from the tax benefits of debt, using debt capital. Now, they can also benefit from the use of equity because, by requiting equity through the IOE, deductions of income tax and social contributions on net income are allowed by tax law because the IOE may be considered a financial expense. Originality/value : The authors were not able to find any other publication of a similar study in a review of the extant empirical literature.

Determinants of the level of indebtedness for Brazilian firms: A quantile regression approach

Abstract We investigate the determinants of the capital structure of Brazilian companies between 2000 and 2009. We use a quantile regression model and compare its results with the ones provided by conventional models (least squares and fixed effects). We show that the effects of the capital structure determinants change depending on the quantile. This can be explained by bankruptcy and agency costs associated to the amount of debt leverage of firms, relative to each quantile. Based on these results, we analyze the predicted effects of the two leading capital structure theories, namely pecking order and trade-off, conditioned on the determinant, type of debt and quantile analyzed. Our results for the size and profitability variables indicate that the pecking order theory is more suitable to the data as the quantile increases.

A estrutura de capital das maiores empresas brasileiras: análise empírica das teorias de Pecking Order e trade-off, usando panel data

Pesquisas sobre estrutura de capital das empresas são consideradas dentre as mais relevantes na área de finanças. Diversas abordagens teóricas têm sido discutidas e testadas na literatura financeira. Este estudo buscou analisar o nível de endividamento das maiores empresas brasileiras, à luz das duas principais teorias que versam sobre o assunto, a teoria de Pecking Order e a teoria de trade-off, testando seus determinantes. A teoria do Pecking Order sugere a existência de uma hierarquia no uso de fontes de recursos, enquanto a teoria de trade-off considera a existência de uma estrutura meta de capital que seria perseguida pela empresa. O estudo é uma adaptação do artigo de Gaud et al. (2005), cujo trabalho serviu como base e principal referência para a escolha das principais variáveis e dos testes econométricos realizados. Tal como Gaud et al. (2005), desenvolvemos as análises estatísticas utilizando a metodologia de Panel Data, que considera os dados da amostra em corte transversal e longitudinal. Além de testes estáticos, foram feitos testes dinâmicos, com o objetivo de analisar o processo de ajuste da estrutura de capital ao longo do tempo, em direção a um suposto nível-alvo ótimo. Os resultados demonstraram relação negativa entre o nível de endividamento das empresas e o grau de tangibilidade dos ativos e a rentabilidade, bem como relação positiva do endividamento com o risco. Demonstraram ainda que empresas de capital estrangeiro são mais endividadas que empresas nacionais. De um modo geral, os resultados sugerem que a teoria de Pecking Order é mais consistente do que a teoria de trade-off para explicar a estrutura de capital das companhias abertas brasileiras. Em especial, destacamos a relação negativa entre endividamento e rentabilidade, confirmando vários outros resultados de pesquisa obtidos na realidade brasileira. A análise dinâmica demonstrou baixa velocidade do processo de ajuste da estrutura de capital em direção ao nível-alvo, sugerindo a existência de elevados custos de transação e confirmando o comportamento de Pecking Order dos administradores.

Innovation Strategy and Capital Structure of Brazilian Companies

This study has as objective to investigate the influence of innovation on capital structure and financial slack of Brazilian companies. In order to conduct the study, four hypotheses are evaluated. The first three hypotheses on this study follow O’Brien’s (2003) propositions. Besides, in an attempt to test the type of financial slack that the companies use to support their innovation strategy and to evaluate profitability, other hypotheses are also tested. H1: The more important the innovation to the company’s strategy, the lesser the leverage. H2: The more important the innovation to the company’s strategy, the lesser the relation between profitability and leverage. H3: There is a negative interaction between the leverage and the importance of innovation to the company’s strategy, regarding its impacts on the firm’s performance. H4: Enterprises that adopt an innovative strategy financed by equity have more financial slack. The results show that innovation does not explain variance of the leverage (Hypothesis 1 is not corroborated). Hypothesis 2 predicts that, when innovation becomes an important strategy, the lesser the company’s tendency to follow the pecking order theory of capital structure, and the leverage will weaken. The interaction between the variables innovation and profitability was tested to support the model. In the present study innovation did not explain variance of leverage. Results suggest that the more innovative a company, the higher the leverage. This result seems to confront evidences that the higher risk of an innovative company should be accompanied by more equity. However, in Brazil some companies have access to governmental agency that lends money, with subsided interest rates, for companies in sectors that are considered strategic. Thus, innovative companies may have more leverage due to access to governmental funding. For Hypothesis 3, results are similar to those of O’Brien’s (2003) work regarding the persistence of performance. It is important to highlight that O’Brien (2003) used market-to-book ratio to analyze performance, whereas this study did not use the same criteria, since we gathered data from private companies, which do not have market values. For Hypothesis 4, the results show that adoption of innovation strategy financed by equity imply financial slack. Thus, the result could indicate that firms innovate with the use of slack. Other important indication of these results would be the fact the resources used in the innovation strategy could come from special agencies. In Brazil, the Social and Economic Development National Bank (BNDES) has an important role in financing companies, sponsoring projects and charging lower interest rates. Thus, although not studied in this research, funding from the BNDES is attractive to the Brazilian enterprises and its lower rates may motivate debt by innovative companies.