Capital Inequality Research Articles

Diverse Disconnectedness: Homophily, Social Capital Inequality, and Student Experiences in Law School

Diverse Disconnectedness: Homophily, Social Capital Inequality, and Student Experiences in Law School

Still Standing Defiantly: Guidelines for Reducing Inequality of Human capital in the Northeast of Thailand during the Covid-19 pandemic

This study aimed to develop an approach to reduce human capital inequality of marginalized people in the northeastern of Thailand during the Covid – 19 pandemics. This study employed a qualitative research methodology to collect data through focus group discussions with the focus group discussion guideline from a group of key informants who were stakeholders in urban development and the quality-of-life development in Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Khon Kaen Municipality, and Udon Thani Municipality, totaling thirty-six persons. The study results indicate that there were three approaches to reducing human capital inequality of marginalized people in northeastern Thailand during the Covid – 19 pandemic as were follows: a) Promote the civil society networks, 2) Develop Human capital of marginal households, and3) Develop a tripartite inequality reduction mechanism between government agencies, the public sector, and civil society to coordinate cooperation between agencies to share information and problems for further resolutions.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Moneter dan Makroprudensial terhadap Risiko Kredit di Bank Umum Syariah Periode 2018-2022

Abstract 
 The impact of the financial crisis at the end of 2008 resulted in the financial sector losing its ability to mitigate risk, in turn causing increased credit risk. The aim of the study is, of course, to understand the impact of monetary policy and macroprudential on credit risks in Indonesia's non-allocation financing (NPF). The study USES the data panel that has been processed through eviews 10 and applied with multiple linear regression analysis, specifying five different types of cellular general Banks that fit the criteria as a sample of observation during the 2018-2022 period. Research shows that bi rate as a monetary policy proxy and mandatory minimum requirement (GWM) as a macroprudensian policy proxy does not significantly affect credit risk. However, those capital inequality ratios have a significant negative impact on credit risk, while those variables financing to depositite ratios have significant positive effects on credit risk. Monetary policy and macroprudencies are crucial to systemic risk, particularly credit risk in the financial sector, especially at sharia general bank.

Does institutional quality moderate the human capital–inequality dynamics? Comparative evidence from LAC and SSA countries

AbstractAligning with Sustainable Development Goal 10, this study probes whether quality institutions matter in the drive towards reducing income inequality through human capital. An unbalanced panel data on the Gini index (measure of income inequality), human capital index and institutional quality index drawn across 83 Latin America and sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2010 to 2019 is used. For the most part, the consensus is that the interaction of human capital and quality institutions significantly reduces income inequality. For context, inequality reduces by −7.810 and −21.30 points for the full and SSA samples. Other findings reveal that the interaction effect is consistently negative at upper quantiles. Evidence from the margin plots reveals that the effect of human capital on inequality improves as institutional quality is strengthened. The downward trend of the plot within the 95% confidence interval shows that institutional quality enhances the impact of human capital on income inequality for the full sample and in SSA. This is a novel contribution to the literature as it suggests that quality institutions matter in the drive towards reducing the menace of income inequality. Policy recommendations are discussed.

Distance Does Matter, but Time is Critical. The Role of Spatial and Institutional Features in Choosing HEI

ABSTRACT This study aims to discover the barriers to studying a major aligned with personal interests. We applied a unique dataset on real retrospective choices of prospective students in Poland and utilized Random Parameter Multinomial Logistic Regression to model the preferences. We used driving time instead of geographical proximity to abolish the assumption of equal access to transport in Poland. Results from the nationally representative survey found a significant trade-off between driving time and personal interest compliance – one is willing to pay 2 hours in driving time to study a major that strongly matches her interest. The results were coherent with stated-choice studies, except for the average earnings after graduation. There was significant heterogeneity in the subjective willingness to pay between the NUTS2 regions in Poland, suggesting that some regions’ poor academic attractiveness might incentivize prospective students to move out. The continued trend might contribute to an increase in spatial human capital inequalities in Poland, as high achieving students will choose to study in academically oriented higher education institutions, while the disadvantaged might not have enough resources to bear the cost of commuting.

Capital endowment, health information literacy and healthy dietary behaviors: Evidence from a survey of Chinese rural residents

Unhealthy diets threaten people’s health and this is exacerbated by capital inequality. Drawing on Bourdieu’s capital theory, this study constructs a model of residents’ healthy diet decision to analyze the effects of capital endowment and health information literacy on rural residents’ healthy dietary behaviors in China. Based on a dataset of 899 rural residents from 16 prefecture cities in Shandong Province in 2022, confirmatory factor analysis and path hypothesis test of capital endowment and health information literacy were conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). We examined the mediating effect of health information literacy, tested the generalizability of the healthy diet decision model by Multi-Group analysis, and examined the importance ranking of model variables by Importance-Performance map analysis. Economic capital, cultural capital, cognitive social capital, and health information literacy had a significant positive correlation with healthy dietary behaviors, among which cognitive social capital had the strongest correlation, while structural social capital did not have a significant correlation. In addition to directly influencing rural residents’ healthy dietary behaviors, health information literacy also played a mediating effect in residents’ healthy diet decision model. Our healthy diet decision model had certain generalization ability. The government and other related parties should expand the channels for rural residents to obtain cognitive social capital to improve the accessibility of cognitive social capital for rural residents and improve their ability to obtain, identify and apply health information by means of publicity and education.

Social Capital Inequality According to Hukou in Unequal Economic Environments in China

China is experiencing an increase in socioeconomic inequality in comparison to the global trend. Employing the hukou registration as a focal point, this study seeks to examine social capital differences between developed and underdeveloped regions in China. As the data for the analysis were from the China Family Panel Studies, social capital was measured by social trust, participation, and networks. The Gini coefficient, a measure of economic inequality, was calculated for 25 different provinces in China in this paper. In light of the fact that these are panel data collected between 2014 and 2018, this study employed the random-effect model for panel analysis. The first finding is that individuals, in an environment characterized by high levels of economic inequality, have low levels of social capital levels in China. Second, the inverse relationship between economic inequality and social capital varies according to social capital element. Specifically, this inverse relationship was observed in social trust and social networks, but not in social participation. Third, hukou registration moderated the inverse relationship between economic inequality and social capital. The rural hukou registration revealed a stronger inverse relationship between economic inequality and social capital than its urban counterpart. This indicates that the negative impact of economic inequality on social capital resulted in additional inequality among rural hukou holders.

Im Schatten August Bebels. Sozialdemokratische Antisemitismusabwehr als Republikschutz 1918–1932

Antisemitism was a key, if not the defining feature of the political culture of Imperial Germany. Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, antisemitic groups and parties attracted considerable public support, cutting through different religious milieus and social classes in the otherwise diverse and often divided German Empire. Perhaps unlike any other political movement, the antisemites could muster the support of parts of the ruling elites as well as of the various strata of the middling classes. Antisemites in Germany, but also in the German-speaking parts of Austria-Hungary, sought to present themselves as a ‘Christian-Social’ alternative to the growing socialist movement by combining demands for state intervention and welfare with an anti-Jewish critique of modern capitalism. It was against this backdrop that August Bebel (allegedly) described antisemitism as the ‘socialism of fools’. What Bebel referred to here, and in several speeches at party conferences, was the misguided attack on the excesses and growing inequalities of capitalism as a ‘Jewish problem’ rather than as a product of an exploitative economic system. Antisemites might well be opposed to capitalism, but they had no practical way of overcoming it because of their obsession with ‘Jewish capital’. Bebel’s intervention marked the beginning of the continuous struggle of the SPD against antisemitism in Germany throughout the Wilhelmine period and during the Weimar Republic.

Sustainable Development Pathways for Chinese Cities: An Assessment of the Advanced Inclusive Wealth Index

AbstractThe inclusive wealth index (IWI) is a stock metric proposed internationally in recent years to measure a region's sustainable development potential. To explore sustainability more comprehensively in this context, this paper improves the inclusive wealth (IW) system proposed by the United Nations Environment Programme by extending the definition of intangible capital and refining the classification of different types of capital. We then used the advanced IWI to investigate the changes in per capita IW and its capital composition in China's 10 National Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zones from 2010 to 2019, and proposed sustainable development pathways for Chinese cities. Our results underline the fact that IW and capital structure across different types of cities is highly variable. The growth of IW per capita in Shenzhen, an international metropolis, mainly depends on advanced produced capital and intangible capital. For Ordos, however—a resource‐rich “energy city”—the per capita IW is driven by ordinary produced capital and restricted by non‐renewable natural capital, thus showing a low level of sustainability. Through its consideration of four kinds of capital, this study also points out the inequality of human capital between urban‐rural and male‐female groups, and demonstrates how increasing educational attainment helps to promote the transfer of human capital between regions and sectors. In general, a strong potential for sustainable development is linked to the promotion of highly educated human capital, advanced produced capital and intangible capital, while the ecosystem service value of natural capital is also key.

Race, fitness-to-practice and the experience of trainee educators

This study examines the reasons behind Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students’ over-representation within fitness-to-practice (FTP) processes at a university in the north of England. Referrals to FTP are intended to rectify the underperformance of students, acting as a workplace misconduct procedure, applied in an education context. The phenomenon itself replicates trends of racial disadvantage across education and the workplace. Some suggested causes for these trends include capital, racial discomfort and structural inequality discussed in the literature review. In this study, the experiences of BAME students on placement in education settings are examined to provide insights into the disparity in FTP referrals, using a phenomenological approach. This involved semi-structured interviews to capture subjective first-person accounts from the target sample. These were evaluated using thematic analysis, and the findings were considered using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a lens.The findings demonstrated two opposing accounts that were united by their conception of racial identity. The research found that BAME students’ placement experiences may be in response to an intersectional convergence of race and the status of the role they occupy within the placement. A clear link between FTP and placement experiences could not be established, but the CRT perspective points to issues around racism, white neutrality and supremacy active in BAME students’ placement settings. 

Inequality and the COVID-19 Crisis in the United Kingdom

We review the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on inequalities in education, the labor market, household living standards, mental health, and wealth in the United Kingdom. The pandemic has pushed up inequalities on several dimensions. School closures, in particular, disrupted the learning of poorer children, leading to lower attainment. Mental health worsened for those groups (women and younger adults) who had poorer mental health pre-pandemic. Lockdowns and social distancing particularly reduced the ability of younger, lower-earning, and less educated people to work. However, job-support programs combined with the expanded welfare system meant that, if anything, disposable income inequality fell. Rising house prices have benefited people around the middle of the wealth distribution. In the longer term, lower work experience and training for the less educated and missed schooling—particularly among children from more deprived families—could push up human capital inequalities and reduce social mobility.

Disparities and intersectionality in social support networks: addressing social inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought social injustice and inequalities to the forefront of global public health. Members of marginalised communities, such as racial/ethnic and sexual minorities, and persons with disabilities, have been shown to be more vulnerable to certain consequences of the pandemic. Research suggests a protective role of social support in health and wellness promotion, yet little is known about the disparities in specific social support sources (i.e., family, friends, and a significant other) between marginalised populations and their counterparts. Also unclear is the role of intersections of these marginalised identities in social support structures affected by the pandemic. Hence, it is crucial to capture and characterise such differences and intersectionality in order to address social inequalities in a time of global crisis. To that end, we surveyed U.S. adults across 45 states to examine their social support from family, friends, and a significant other. Results revealed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic on social support among racial/ethnic and sexual minorities and persons with disabilities. Additionally, we found that White individuals with a marginalised identity received less social support than their White counterparts but received a similar level of social support when compared with racial/ethnic minorities without additional marginalised identities. This article seeks to elucidate the social support disparities associated with disproportionately increased social isolation for marginalised populations due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Specific recommendations are provided for addressing issues around social disparities and inequalities. With the experience and awareness attained working with marginalised populations, mental health professionals, public health officials, and community stakeholders should be poised to attend to social capital inequalities for diversity, equity, and inclusion now and in the post-pandemic era.

Changes in Demographic Factors’ Influence on Regional Productivity Growth: Empirical Evidence from China, 2000–2010

Improving total factor productivity is an important way for China’s economy to avoid the middle income trap. Demographic changes are believed to have significant impacts on productivity growth. Using the census and socioeconomic data of 358 prefecture cities in mainland China, this paper analyzes the changes in the global and local spatial dependence of total factor productivity. We then employ spatial regression methods to investigate the role of changes in population factors in productivity growth in 2000 and 2010. We draw three observations from the analysis. First, population density plays an important role in both years. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between population density and productivity growth. Second, human capital stock has a significant positive impact while human capital inequality becomes insignificant in 2010. This is likely a result of China’s education equality policies. Third, the impact of the aging of workers and their migration status on productivity growth also changed over the decade. Different cohorts of workers and migrants have had different influences on productivity growth because of their different access to higher education. The study provides important insights over how demographic factors impact China’s productivity growth.

Distribution of Human Capital Between Regions in Indonesia Using the Alternative Human Development Index

Human capital is an important factor in the development and economic growth of a country. This study aimed to (1) adopt a modified model of the Human Development Index (HDI) called the Alternative Human Development Index (AHDI) to measure human capital between regions in Indonesia, and (2) analyze the distribution pattern of human resource inequality between regions in Indonesia using cluster analysis. The results showed that the measurement of human capital with AHDI provided more comprehensive measurement results because it used a more complete dimension of human capital and showed the advantages and disadvantages of human capital between regions in Indonesia. The distribution of human capital inequality in Indonesia based on AHDI, using cluster analysis, showed that regions in Indonesia are divided into areas of high, medium, low and very low AHDI performance. The low and very low clusters are a priority for the government in the development of human capital in Indonesia.
 Keywords: human capital, gender empowerment, health index, democracy index, cluster analysis

REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE COUNTRIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Social capital is considered a productive resource for societies. The increase in social trust is usually related to both economic growth and a reduction in inequality. In Latin American countries, and particularly the economies that belong to the Pacific Alliance, the relationship between social capital and income inequalities has not been studied at regional level. The paper aims to analyze whether social capital impacts income inequality in the case of the Pacific Alliance regions. Dynamic panel data models were used, covering 72 regions during the period 2002-2011. The results show that the decline in generalized trust and congress trust impacts negatively income inequality, while government trust, police trust and company trust have not effect.

The Effect of Human Capital Inequality on Income Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia

Education inequality in Indonesia tends to experience a downward trend which indicates that the education distribution is more equally distributed from year to year. this phenomenon should lead to a reduction in income inequality. However, income inequality in Indonesia has increased compared to 9 years ago. This study intends to look at the human capital inequality condition in provinces in Indonesia and analyze the effect of human capital inequality on income inequality. The Gini coefficient concept is used to measure human capital inequality and income inequality. The annual panel data covered 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2015 – 2019. The analytical methods used dynamic panel data regression using the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) Arellano-Bond approach. The results indicate income inequality with a lag of 1 year, literacy rate, and trade openness have a negative and significant effect on income inequality. Furthermore, the human capital inequality and the average years of schooling have a positive and significant effect on income inequality. So, to reduce income inequality, policymakers are advised to minimize human capital inequality, especially in the education sector by paying attention to conditions in priority provinces.

Chinese Urban Development under the “New Type Urbanization” Policy

The Chinese 7th national population census (2020) was held in the recent year of the "urbanization of a new type" state program. The successful management of the entire complex of urbanization processes becomes an important social and political task. Improving the living standards and social security of migrants acts as important components of the reduction of inequality and development of human capital. Census data shows that the program helped the government not only to support the growth of the number of urban dwellers but also to improve the quality of the process. The share of urban dwellers in Chinese population increased from 54.3% in 2014 to 61.4% in 2020, the number of cities larger than 5 million inhabitants reached 21. The Government lifted restrictions on obtaining permanent registration in cities less than 3 million inhabitants and issued more than 100 million intermediate type registration documents (juzhuzheng). Transparent and unified point-quota registration rules have been introduced in large cities, which usually rank applicants according to their age, education, length of residence, tax history and other parameters. These measures made possible expansion of the coverage of rural and nonresident migrants and their children by the social protection system. At the same time, contrary to the program's guidelines, population of the largest cities continued to grow rapidly, and significant interregional and intraregional imbalances remained sharp. Share of the north-eastern part in the urban population of China continued to decline. The continuation of the program "urbanization of a new type" was not formally announced, however it is clear, that the urban system of the PRC will develop in line with the program’s guidelines in the next decade.

Review of Renovating Value: HGTV and the Spectacle of Gentrification

In Renovating Value, Robert Goldman uses the lens of HGTV programming as a vehicle for exploring the contemporary “crisis of value” in the wake of the 2007–2008 recession. Goldman encourages the reader to see within the quotidian spectacle of shows like Property Brothers, Fixer Upper, and Flip or Flop, attempts to “salvage” the category of value. Here staged acts of home remodeling, renovation, and resale enact forms of creative destruction that attempt to symbolically mediate and smooth over the contradictions, insecurities, and inequities of late-stage capitalism. A key strength of the book lies in Goldman’s ability to parse wider meaning from HGTV’s “cultural narratives” through a careful and nuanced reading, which remains rooted in a wider analysis of the political economy of housing. He traces powerfully the ways in which the ascendancy of HGTV paralleled the resurgence of home renovation and flipping in the years following the recession. The...

Social Trust, Literacy, and Lifelong Learning: A Comparison of the U.S. and Nordic Countries

Societal social trust has been shown to be related to economic growth and equality. Low levels of social trust are especially consequential in aging societies and can result in low levels of social capital and greater inequality at older ages. Nordic countries are known for their greater social trust, access to education, economic productivity, and social equality. To better understand social trust promoters, we explored data from the 2012/2014 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among social trust, basic skills (i.e., literacy), and non-formal education (NFE) participation for adults ages 45 to 65, in the U.S., Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Additionally, through 19 key informant interviews and a review of the literature, we investigated the structure and availability of NFE across the five nations. As compared to the U.S., adults ages 45 - 65 in Nordic countries have higher levels of social trust (all Nordic countries; p < 0.001), lower rates of poor literacy skills (Finland, Norway, and Sweden; p <.001), greater rates of participation in NFE (Denmark and Sweden; p < 0.05). Through the availability of NFE, such as folk high schools and learning circles in Nordic countries, adults can participate in NFE at little or no cost. Similar programs are not available in the U.S. This research informs policy and practice for the provision of NFE, which is critical to increase levels of social trust, and in turn, to promote economic development, social equality and positive aging in the U.S.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Social Capital Inequality among Older Adults of Tehran: A Population-Based Study (Urban HEART-2).

Background: Social capital (SC) is an essential concept of communities, and there is more SC inequality. In the current study, we studied SC Inequality concerning the explanatory socioeconomic factors. Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study, the household data were retrieved from an Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey in 2011. Over 5000 elderlies in Tehran (> 60 years old) consented toparticipate in the study and filled out 2 SC questionnaires (SCQ) and a household properties questionnaire (HPQ). Subsequently, the collected HPQ data were then statistically analyzed and used to measure the economic status of households. Besides, the statistical concentration index of the SC was applied to measure socioeconomic inequality and decomposed into its determinants using both SCQ and HPQ data collections. The concentration index and the decomposition analysis were used to analyze the study data. Results: The overall concentration index of the SC in Tehran senior citizens was 0.059 (95%CI,0.044-0.076). Among the SC dimensions, collective activity, social coherence, voluntary help, and social network were more concentrated in the poor older adults. Simultaneously, reciprocity was more focused onthe wealthy class, and there was no inequality in trust. The decomposition of the concentration index showed that economic status made the most considerable contribution to the SC inequality among citizens (69.11%), followed by the level of education (12.695) and the elderlies'job type (9.58%). Conclusion: Given that the economic status and level of education are the 2 main determinants of SC inequality, a holistic policy approach should be adopted to address the socioeconomic inequalities that are taken root in Tehran's senior communities.