Capital Development Authority Research Articles

Women and Urbanisation in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

This study examines women's role in the urbanisation of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. From the standpoint of feminist theory, urbanisation is believed to create expanded opportunities for the general populace as well as for women, who typically face discrimination in rural economies. However, the initial FCT master plan ended up being distorted by the dynamics and complexities of Abuja's urbanisation and growth process over time, which is driven by political and economic realities. There are drawbacks to urbanisation in civilisations with strong sociocultural norms and values, such as the fact that women must endure various forms of gender inequality, discrimination, and exclusion, particularly in the political sphere, which present significant difficulties. This study makes use of secondary data to demonstrate how the FCT's 2003 reconstruction to its original Master Plan provided chances for active participation in which women were included for both native people and newcomers. In a similar vein, the Federal Capital Development Authority's (FCDA) and other local council offices, which hired indigenous people for their departments and agencies, significantly altered the way of life for women from being rural farmers to empowered workers. In order to address the issues facing women in the FCT, empowerment must be a multifaceted process that transforms the economic, political, social, psychological, and legal conditions of the weak (women). It must also aim to demolish cultural, traditional, and social norms that devalue, disempower, and dispossess women, with a primary goal of meeting their needs.

Spatio-temporal assessment and prediction of wetlands: Examining the changes in ecosystem service value of RAJUK DAP area using Artificial Neural Network and Geospatial Techniques

Wetlands are a crucial component of the earth's socio-ecological structure, providing significant ecosystem services to people. Changes in wetlands, driven by both natural and manmade causes, are altering these ecosystem services. Although Bangladesh is developing, natural resources like wetlands are changing in the country at different scales, with urban areas experiencing significant impacts. This study intends to evaluate the past, present, and future scenarios of wetlands and examine the changes in ecosystem service value (ESV) of the RAJUK (Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha or Capital Development Authority) Detailed Area Plan (DAP) region. This research examined the effects of five different Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classes on ESVs for 27 years from 1995 to 2022. Findings reveal that the current wetland area is 80.16 km2 in the post-monsoon season and 306.67 km2 in the pre-monsoon season. Composite post-monsoon wetland map from 1995 to 2015 that 19.48 km2 of wetlands are classified as hydro-ecologically consistent wetlands. Wetland area has decreased by 140.926 km2 between 1995 and 2022, according to simulations, and is predicted to do so by another 27.11 km2 during the following eight years. The total ESV of wetlands dropped by about 26.72 percent between 1995 and 2022, primarily due to conversion to habitation and agricultural use. Also, the projection of LULC and associated ESV for the year 2030 demonstrates how ESV evolves throughout this period and which LULC classes are more susceptible to change, while the kappa coefficient was used to compare the simulated models to the actual wetland area. The current study will undoubtedly be helpful to decision-makers who make a substantial contribution to preserving ecosystem services and the wetland landscape.

The Role of Capital Development Authority, Dhaka, Bangladesh: From Sustainable Development Goals to Action

The Role of Capital Development Authority, Dhaka, Bangladesh: From Sustainable Development Goals to Action

Assessing the Level of Urban Sustainability in the Capital of Pakistan: A Social Analysis Applied through Multiple Linear Regression

It is reported that the rapid rate of urbanization has negative impacts on the environment, society, and economic conditions in the capital of Pakistan, which need to be addressed for sustainability. This study attempts to quantify the level of urban sustainability by using a Multiple Linear Regression Analysis in a social context. Primary data were collected through a random sampling survey, while secondary data were collected from the Capital Development Authority, public documents, and past studies or case reports. These data were associated with land values, property rent, the availability of commercial space, social security, the sense of belonging, and the frequency of urban flooding. The major sources of secondary data were the revised master plan of the city (2020–2040), urban gazette data, land value registers, property dealers’ records of real estate, and government documents. The results of the analyses show that there is a strong correlation between the selected variables and the urban sustainability of the area. These results were expressed through the coefficient of regression and coefficient of correlation through regression statistics, including R = 0.801 for economic sustainability, R = 0.822 for urban sustainability, and R = 0.905 for social sustainability. The results reveal that the level of urban sustainability is at risk due to overpopulation and the degradation of the ecosystem. It is concluded that there is a need for the implementation of a revised master plan in the area for the sustainable development of the city.

Economic valuation of selected ecosystem services in Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan.

Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a mechanism where a consumer is able and ready to pay for the protection of the precise ecosystem service and there must be a provider such as local societies receiving an economic resource, who in return, must have the ability to maintain that ecosystem service. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services. Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate tourism and carbon stock services of the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. Two forest zones (Chirpine and Scrub) of Islamabad capital territory (ICT) were selected for estimation of carbon stock and their carbon credits and carbon worth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted for tourism as a payment for ecosystem services. The method for carbon stock assessment was systematic sampling for Chirpine forest whereas random sampling was done for scrub forest. The size of sampling plot was 17.84 m radius, and a total of 93 plots (49 Scrub zone and 44 Chirpine zone) was taken in the study area. The carbon stock of both zones (Chirpine and Scrub zone) is 22556.75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20105.79, Scrub 2450.96) and total carbon dioxide sequestered by both zone is 82557.72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73587.2, Scrub 8970.52), total carbon credits of both zone is 302160.87 (Chirpine 269328.97, Scrub 32831.9) and the carbon worth of both Chirpine and scrub zone is 4532418.92 $ (Chirpine 4039937.09$, Scrub 492481.83$). Similarly, from tourism point of view, in Shakar Parian, 94% tourists were agreed for PES whereas 6% were disagreed for the PES (the 6% tourist were disagreed to contribute for PES, 40% were agreed for Rs.5 contribution and 54% for Rs.10.). moreover, in Lake view Park, 97% tourists were agreed and 3% are disagreed (In Lake View Park 5% tourists were disagreed for the PES contribution whereas 32% were agreed for Rs.5 and 63% were for Rs.10). In Damen e Koh, around 87% tourist were agreed and 13% were disagreed, (24% were agreed for the contribution of Rs.5 and 63% tourists were agreed for the contribution of Rs.10). In Marghazar Zoo, 93% tourists were agreed (22% were agreed for contribution of Rs.5 and 71% tourist were agreed for contribution of Rs.10) and 7% are disagreed for PES whereas 7% tourists were not agreed for contribution. PES may implement to compensate forest and parks manager to ensure better management of the forests and parks. Due to prime location and scenic beauty of the ICT, it has huge potential for implementation of PES mechanism for sustainable forest management and conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that Capital Development Authority (CDA) Islamabad should devise a plan for implementation of PES in forests and parks of ICT for its sustainable management of recreational and forest resources.

The Impact Analysis of Job Rotation and Motivation on Employees Performance: A Case Study of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) Abuja

The study explores the impact of Rotation and Motivation on Employee’s performance in an organization called Federal Capital Development Authority. The population of the study was 450 employees of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) Abuja, with a sample of 200. The study employs descriptive statistics, including frequencies, mean, and percentages, to address the research questions. The Spearman Rank correlation coefficient is utilized to test the study’s hypothesis, revealing a significant relationship between employee motivation and organizational performance. The findings underscore the impact of extrinsic motivation on worker performance, aligning with equity theory’s premise that fair remuneration enhances productivity. The recommendation emphasizes the adoption of extrinsic rewards across organizations to bolster overall productivity. Employers are urged to formulate equitable pay policies, fostering attraction, motivation, retention, and satisfaction among employees. Recognizing the need for further exploration, the researcher advocates for additional studies examining the relationship between rewards and worker performance across various private and public organizations. Such investigations are deemed essential for offering insights and solutions to conflicts arising from inadequate reward systems.

Assessment of the Adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) In Construction Industries in Nigeria: A Case Study of Abuja Metropolis

This paper examines the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Nigeria’s construction industries, specifically in the Abuja Metropolis. The study uses a quantitative approach and aims to assess the readiness of construction firms in Nigeria to adopt BIM. The target population includes Architects, Builders, Civil Engineers, and Quantity Surveyors working in the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), Abuja. The population size is 127 professionals, with 127 registered under their respective professional bodies. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, which was administered to 127 construction professionals in Abuja. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques, including frequency counts and percentages. The findings suggest that the readiness of construction firms in Nigeria for BIM adoption is crucial, and stakeholders’ awareness of BIM adoption is high. The paper also identifies barriers to BIM adoption in the Nigerian construction industry and suggests strategies to enhance stakeholders’ readiness. The study recommends enhancing BIM adoption by focusing on model-centric workflows, collaboration and data management, and integrated analysis as pre-requisites for setting up mechanisms for BIM adoption.

Abstract #1601739: To Study the Sociodemographic, Baseline Clinical and Metabolic Profile of Newly Diagnosed Patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Visiting Outpatient Department of Capital Development Authority Hospital Islamabad

Abstract #1601739: To Study the Sociodemographic, Baseline Clinical and Metabolic Profile of Newly Diagnosed Patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Visiting Outpatient Department of Capital Development Authority Hospital Islamabad

Machine learning-based assessment and simulation of land use modification effects on seasonal and annual land surface temperature variations

Rapid urban sprawl adversely impacts the local climate and the ecosystem components. Islamabad, one of South Asia's green and environment-friendly capitals, has experienced major Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes over the past three decades consequently, elevating the seasonal and annual Land Surface Temperature (LST) in planned and unplanned urban areas. The focus of this study was to quantify the fluctuations in LULC and LST in planned and unplanned urban areas using Landsat data and Machine Learning algorithms involving the Support Vector Machine (SVM) over the 1990–2020 data period. Moreover, hybrid Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were employed to project the future changes in LULC and annual LST, respectively, for the years 2035 and 2050. The findings of the study reveal a distinct difference in seasonal and annual LST in planned and unplanned areas. Results showed an increase of ∼22 % in the built-up area but vegetation and bare soil decreased by ∼10 % and ∼12 %, respectively. Built-up land showed a maximum annual mean LST followed by bare-soil and vegetative surfaces. Seasonal analysis showed that summer months experience the highest LST, followed by spring, autumn and winter. Future projections revealed that the built-up areas (∼27 % in 2020) are likely to increase to ∼37 % and ∼50 %, and the areas under the highest annual mean LST class i.e., ≥28 °C are likely to increase to ∼19 % and ∼21 % in planned, and ∼38 % and ∼42 % in unplanned urban areas for the years 2035 and 2050, respectively. Planned areas have better temperature control with urban green spaces, and controlled infrastructure. The Capital Development Authority of Islamabad may be advised to control the expansion of built-up areas, grow urban forests, and thus mitigate the possible Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect.

Balancing Economic Sustainability with Densification: A Case Study of Dhaka

Economically sustainable urban residential neighborhoods are characterized by adequate provision of physical infrastructure including transport facilities and utility services. The built urban fabric of residential areas of Dhaka has been undergoing densification operation over the past decades without considering the physical infrastructure capacity of these areas in terms of accessibility and provision of transportation and utility services. This intervention eventually exerted pressure on the existing infrastructure and caused negative externalities like traffic congestion, pollution, and water clogging. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the impact of densification on residential areas of Dhaka through the lens of economic sustainability. Seven residential areas from Old and New Dhaka that underwent various degreesof densification were selected as the study areas. Primary data was collected through a random sampling household questionnaire survey, fieldwork, and informal qualitative interviews with the residents and officials. Various published literature, newspaper articles, plans, and reports from government archives, Capital Development Authority (RAJUK), Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC), and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) provided the secondary data. The analysis is carried out in two parts. In the firstpart the impact of densification on accessibility to transportation facilities and utility services is analyzed in terms of availability of the services, distance to the bus stops, average travel time, modal choice, and residents’ satisfaction level. The second part explores the relationship between density and aspects of economic sustainability through Pearson’s correlation test. The findings revealed that public transportation is more accessible in lower-density areas than the higher-density residential areas owing to the road network pattern. A significant service delivery gap except for water supply was observed regarding the provision and quality of gas, electricity, sewerage, and garbage disposal services across all the study areas. Overall, density was found to have a negative association with the accessibility to physical infrastructures indicating that high-density residential areas of Dhaka do not have increased access to public transport and utility services which is contrary to the expected benefits of high-density living. A comprehensive density planning with an integrated sustainable transport plan needs to be formulated where viable public transport like Bus Rapid Transit (BRTs) systems and waterways may mitigate the situation from further worsening.

Automated code compliance checking through building information modelling

The design, construction and handing over of building projects need to comply with the rules set by the local authorities. However, manual assessment of the drawings and plans against variable and complex sets of rules is quite cumbersome, inconsistent, expensive and prone to human error, resulting in huge delays in construction projects. The aim of this research was thus to develop an automated code compliance (ACC) checking process using building information modelling (BIM). The drawbacks of manual code compliance were assessed through a review of the existing system. These were confirmed by 15 interviews with officials of the Capital Development Authority (CDA) in Pakistan. Feedback on the newly developed ACC system with BIM integration was sought through 30 interviews with customers and CDA employees. While the new programme of the code compliance reduced the time involved from 1 week to 6 h, customers were concerned about the additional expense of engaging an architect to develop a complete set of BIM models. ACC and BIM integration in local municipalities should raise the profile of Pakistan in industry innovations and pave the way to meeting several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

The influence of climate change, green innovation, and aspects of green dynamic capabilities as an approach to achieving sustainable development.

Green dynamic capability is acquiring significant traction among academics, practitioners, and policymakers; however, its relationship to green innovation, climate change, and sustainable development remains unclear. This study aims to identify green innovation within the context of developing nations to cover this void. Utilizing dynamic capability and stakeholder theory, this research illuminated the significance of green dynamic capability for sustainable development. Using a two-wave research methodology, the sample for this study was comprised of organizations from the Pakistani public sector. This investigation compiled data from 342 top and middle-level employees from the ministry of climate change, the ministry of agriculture, and the capital development authority (CDA). Using SEM SMART-PLS-path modeling to test hypotheses and investigate the model's causal links. Green innovation mediates the positive relationship between green dynamic capabilities and sustainable development, as indicated by the findings. However, neither green dynamic capabilities nor the relationship between green innovation and sustainable development is moderated by climate change. The findings of the study suggest strategies for government organizations to use green innovation in environmental literature. In addition, organizations will collaborate to develop strategies to combat climate change.

Land Use and Environmental Planning in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Over the last two decades, Pakistan has made considerable progress in reducing absolute poverty and improving shared prosperity, but most of the population remains poor or vulnerable. A key dimension of social vulnerability in South Asia is exposure to hydrological and meteorological hazards including storms, floods, and droughts. In this review, a questionnaire from the inhabitants to assess the adequacy of existing urban plans regarding reasonable improvement in Rawalpindi has been organized. In addition, by gathering the important secondary information from the concerned divisions, the planning specialists from Rawalpindi Development Authority (RDA), Capital Development Authority (CDA), Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA) Rawalpindi and the engineers of the plans were likewise met and their opinions discussed. Furthermore, utilizing SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) to break down the essential information and to draw deductions. Similarly, the urban sustainability index, a set of indicators based on environmental, social and economic parameters was selected for development. As the result, planning issues and problems in Rawalpindi were analyzed in five separate subjects: (1) Land use planning and policy, laws and regulations, (2) Urbanization and transport system, (3) Landuse Change and Its Impact on Watershed Hydrology, (4) Site planning techniques and (5) Social and environmental impact assessment. The mitigation measures and recommendations were suggested accordingly.

Impacts of urbanization, LULC, LST, and NDVI changes on the static water table with possible solutions and water policy discussions: A case from Islamabad, Pakistan

Rapid urbanization, coupled with land use land cover changes (LULC), has caused stress on freshwater resources around the globe. As in the case of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, the population has increased significantly, creating a deficit of natural resources and affecting the environment adversely. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of urbanization and LULC on the decline of the static water table in Islamabad. It also seeks to analyze water policy issues in order to achieve sustainable water resource development. The excessive pumping of the existing groundwater has exceeded the safe limit, which is justified by the constantly growing population. However, the changes in the LULC of the study area have turned many green pastures into barren land. Our research data were obtained from the Capital Development Authority (CDA), Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), and Landsat Satellite images. After analyzing PMD and CDA data for the last 20 years (2000–2020), the results were interpreted using Arc GIS. It has been observed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value increases as the Land Surface Temperature (LST) decreases. Therefore, the overall observation is a decreasing trend in Islamabad temperatures due to the increased vegetation in the study area during the period of 2000–2020. It was observed that there has been a considerable drop in water levels due to over-pumping in a few areas. It is primarily associated with the increasing population of the capital in the last 2 decades. This study uses a survey to explore the potential locations for check dams to enhance and recharge the groundwater aquifers in the capital, Islamabad. It suggests catchment areas throughout the Margalla Hills along with different localities, such as Rumli Village, Trail 5, and Shahdara.

Identification of Potential Natural Aquifer Recharge Sites in Islamabad, Pakistan, by Integrating GIS and RS Techniques

Islamabad is essentially the only well-planned city in Pakistan, but groundwater depletion has become a serious issue there because of the rapid increase in population, poor water management, and deforestation. The current water demand of the city is about 220 million gallons per day, with the Capital Development Authority (CDA) providing up to 70 million gallons per day. The need for water is mostly fulfilled through groundwater sources, such as water bores and commercial tube wells. Hence, identifying recharge sites for natural aquifers is a significant component of groundwater required to overcome the water crisis. Therefore, this study aims to identify potential sites for natural aquifer recharge by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), weighted linear combination (WLC), and fuzzy logic methods. To achieve the stated objective, seven local influencing factors including soil, slope, water table, population density, land use land cover (LULC), drainage density, and elevation have been utilized in this study. AHP was utilized for the evaluation of the relative importance of the above-mentioned factors, while fuzzy logic was applied for the standardization of these factors. Finally, the AHP-WLC and fuzzy logic approaches were used to merge factor maps in order to identify suitable sites for natural aquifer recharge in Islamabad City. Two different suitability maps were constructed from both techniques, and on each of the resulting maps, the subregions were categorized into five classes: not suitable, less suitable, moderate, suitable, and most suitable. Based on the AHP-WLC results, 5% of the whole study area is deemed most suitable for natural aquifer recharge (NAR), whereas from the fuzzy logic results, 10% of the study area is marked as most suitable. In contrast, 37% and 32% of the whole study area were identified as suitable by the AHP-WLC and fuzzy logic methods, respectively. While both techniques can obtain satisfactory outcomes, the suitability map from fuzzy logic has produced more precise results. Hence, we propose to CDA-Islamabad here different sites for recharge wells based on the results of fuzzy logic. As recommended by this study, to date CDA has constructed twelve recharge wells.

Performance Appraisal as A Yardstick for Promotion in the Federal Capital Development Authority

This paper examined Performance Appraisal as a yardstick for promotion in the Federal Capital Development Authority. The objectives of this study are to assess the performance appraisal systems in the Federal Capital Development Authority; to determine the relationship between performance appraisal and promotion, and to examine the challenges of implementing performance appraisal in the Federal Capital Development Authority. In order to achieve this, the paper employed a sampling technique, and the data collected were analyzed using simple percentages. Chi-square was used to test the formulated hypothesis. The study discovered that performance appraisal is not a yardstick for promotion in the Federal Capital Development Authority then concluded and recommended that; there should be a measure in checking the effective implementation of the performance appraisal system in Federal Capital Development Authority; Performance appraisal should be a major yardstick to the promotion of any kind that might take place in the Federal Capital Development Authority; Promotion in the Federal Capital Development Authority should be balanced; the management of Federal Capital Development Authority should find an immediate and lasting solution to any challenge that might arise in the cause of implementing performance appraisal in the Federal Capital Development Authority; and the right minds and brains in terms of competences and skills should be allowed to carry out the implementation of the performance appraisal in Federal Capital Development Authority

WASTE TO WEALTH: A CASE STUDY, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

This research aims to explore the potential of revenue generation and job creation from the trash. Research methodology in this study includes a semi-structured questionnaire survey, interviews with representatives of the Capital Development Authority, experts from the field and academia, scavengers, and a wide-ranging literature review. Islamabad generates approx. 2830 tons of municipal waste daily at an average rate of 1.0 kg/capita/day. Municipal solid waste contains 79% wet and inorganic recoverable material mixed with irrecoverable waste items and ultimately buried at the disposal site. Although the literacy rate in Islamabad is the highest in the country, public awareness regarding the impacts of improper waste management and benefits of appropriate waste management like revenue generation, job creation, and health does not exist. Existing waste management includes mixed waste storage at source and waste transfer stations, collection and transportation, and mixed waste dumping or burning. There is no institutional arrangement to recover above 2200 tons of recoverable materials a day from source to destination. In the informal sector, 10 percent of 79% of recyclables are recovered daily by waste pickers from streets, waste transfer stations, and waste disposal sites. Municipality in Islamabad has no policy regarding at source waste segregation, separate waste storage, collection, transportation, and restrictions on mixed waste disposal. This research would suggest measures for tapping the potential of resource generation and transformation of waste to wealth in Islamabad.

Assessing Burned Areas in Wildfires and Prescribed Fires with Spectral Indices and SAR Images in the Margalla Hills of Pakistan

The extent of wildfires cannot be easily mapped using field-based methods in areas with complex topography, and in those areas the use of remote sensing is an alternative. This study first obtained images from the Sentinel-2 satellites for the period 2015–2020 with the objective of applying multi-temporal spectral indices to assess areas burned in wildfires and prescribed fires in the Margalla Hills of Pakistan using the Google Earth Engine (GEE). Using those images, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), which are often used to assess the severity of fires, were calculated for wildfires and prescribed fires. For each satellite image, spectral indices values were extracted for the 5th, 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th and 95th percentiles of pixels of each burned area. Then, boxplots representing the distribution of these values were plotted for each satellite image to identify whether the regeneration time subsequent to a fire, also known as the burn scar, and the severity of the fire differed between the autumn and summer wildfires, and with prescribed fires. A statistical test revealed no differences for the regeneration time amongst the three categories of fires, but that the severity of summer wildfires was significantly different from that of prescribed fire, and this, for both indices. Second, SAR images were obtained from the Sentinel-1 mission for the same period as that of the optical imagery. A comparison of the response of 34 SAR variables with official data on wildfires and prescribed fires from the Capital Development Authority revealed that the 95th percentile of the Normalized Signal Ratio (NSR p_95) was found to be the best variable to detect fire events, although only 50% of the fires were correctly detected. Nonetheless, when the occurrence of fire events according to the SAR variable NSR p_95 was compared to that from the two spectral indices, the SAR variable was found to correctly identify 95% of fire events. The SAR variable NSR p_95 is thus a suitable alternative to spectral indices to monitor the progress of wildfires and assess their severity when there are limitations to the use of optical images due to cloud coverage or smoke, for instance.

WATER SUPPLY FOR NEWLY INCLUDED EIGHTEEN WARDS IN DHAKA NORTH CITY CORPORATION: AN INTROSPECTION

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh and a city with 20 million inhabitants, faces numerous challenges such as water logging, ground water depletion, inadequate sanitation, polluted river water, unplanned urban development, and the existence of large slums where more than one third of its population lives. Residents of Dhaka enjoy one of the lowest water tariffs in the world, which limits the utility's capacity to invest. The utility in charge of water and sanitation in Dhaka, DWASA, addresses these challenges. By this way, operating costs are more than covered, and a reduction of water losses from 53% in 2003 to 29% in 2010. For these achievements DWASA, got a Performer of the Year Award at the Global Water Summit 2011 in Berlin. The award selection was made by participants based on presentations by the managers of seven invited utilities from Algeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Poland, Romania and the United States. In the future DWASA plans massive investment to replace dwindling groundwater resources with treated surface water from less polluted rivers located up to 160 km from the city. In 2011 Bangladesh's capital development authority, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK), made rainwater harvesting for new houses mandatory in an effort to address water scarcity and reduce flooding. The inclusion of Eighteen wards in DNCC aims to improve the availability, safe and quality of water in a sustainable way. There are number of studies found, where the water supply in Dhaka City areas are considered as main focus. This study found the gap of water supply in DNCC after Eighteen wards were included in the corporation.

Building codes and regulations for disaster resilience in Bangladesh: the case of Dhaka

Purpose The paper deals with the challenges and opportunities of enabling resilience of the built environment through building regulations and codes in a developing country context. The purpose of this paper is to explore how voluntary compliance can be achieved, drawing from the views of key stakeholders in this field. Design/methodology/approach Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is a central hub of more than 20 million people. The city is growing rapidly in an unplanned manner to host the increasing population, creating vulnerability to different hazards including earthquakes, fires and building collapses. The Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) and the building and planning regulations of the Capital Development Authority are the key instruments for ensuring safety, but lack of compliance is widespread. The views of relevant stakeholders on issues relating to compliance of safe building codes for ensuring disaster resilience were documented and analysed. Findings It was found that those involved in construction activities are in most cases not aware of the BNBC; landowners were reluctant to follow regulations and codes to avoid extra cost; and construction workers were not interested in compliance as there were no incentives. While enforced deterrence is required, it has its limitations in a context such as Dhaka. Raising awareness and building capacity at all levels can offer a way forward for voluntary compliance. Incorporation of knowledge on regulations and codes for disaster resilience into university and technical education curricula are likely to allow developing the capacity of built environment professionals and widespread awareness can be raised through training, media and public events. Originality/value There are many publications on building regulations and codes, but few specifically focussing on disaster resilience. Also, much of the discussion on regulations and codes deals with compliance through enforcement, but hardly any deal with the idea of voluntary compliance. There are also a lot of publications on disasters in the case study city, Dhaka, but comparatively few on building codes and regulations specifically for disaster resilience.