Capital Components Research Articles

Relationship between Perceived Stress and Psychological Capital in Nursing and Midwifery Students in Ahvaz, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic led to mental health problems in people, including nursing students. People use different coping strategies when faced with unprecedented stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived stress and psychological capital components (hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy) in nursing and Midwifery students in Ahvaz, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted on 178 third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing and Midwifery students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a census method. The data were collected from May to July 2022 online using a demographic checklist, Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale 14-item, and Luthans’s Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation test, and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: A significant and negative correlation was found between perceived stress and psychological capital components (r=-0.5, P<0.001). Regression models showed that optimism (β=-0.36, P<0.001), self-efficacy (β=-0.30, P=0.001), visiting a psychologist (β=-0.17, P=0.005), and resilience (P=0.043, β=0.16) were the predictors of perceived stress in nursing students. These factors were able to predict 32% of the changes in the perceived stress variable. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between psychological capital and perceived stress in nursing students. It is recommended to make appropriate plans to improve the psychological capital of these students to prevent and control their stress during the pandemic.

Managerial ability and firm growth: intellectual capital components

PurposeThis study analyses the way various components of intellectual capital (IC), namely, human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), relational capital (RC) and innovation capital (INNC), act as mediators in the relationship between managerial ability (MA) and a firm’s ability to achieve growth.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs data envelopment analysis to quantify the MA of 825 Taiwanese listed electronics companies from 2017 to 2022. The proxies of firm growth are return on asset growth, operating income growth and total asset growth. This study then utilises a three-step mediation analysis methodology to examine the relationships between MA, IC and firm growth.FindingsFindings indicate that HC, SC, RC and INNC mediate the link between MA and firm growth. This suggests that competent managers can capitalise on the potential benefits of these investments to achieve firm growth.Practical implicationsCompetent managers can utilise different IC investments to grow the financial performance and strength of their businesses. Managers should continually scan, secure opportunities and adjust their investments in knowledge assets in accordance with the dynamic capabilities view. That is, managers, in general, and operations managers, in particular, can implement guidelines that prioritise IC investments in the future to expedite firms’ development.Originality/valueThis study extends the existing frameworks that study investment variables as mediators between MA and firm outcomes. Most particularly, this study adopts four components of IC for measurement. Moreover, firm performance is measured using dynamic growth indicators rather than static measures.

The influence of reflexive modernity on the change of human capital

Relevance is due to the need to revise approaches to the theoretical understanding of the concept of "human capital" in modern society, since it is considered as a resource for the development of society, solving many current social problems, as well as confronting new risks. The concept of "reflexivity" as a social phenomenon also needs conceptual development. It is also necessary to identify the relationships between these phenomena.The purpose is to consider how the content of the phenomenon of human capital is transformed in the conditions of the formation of the socio-cultural structure of the information society, including the growing reflexivity of social interaction.Objectives: to identify the key features of understanding the phenomenon of reflexivity (reflection) in philosophy, psychology, sociology; the specifics of this phenomenon in the context of the formation of the information society, as well as the impact of this process on the content component of human capital in modern society.Methodology. The author relies on the achievements of related sciences in the field of the study of reflexivity. The analysis of the problem is based on the ideas and principles of systemic, synergetic, activity-based approaches, as well as the provisions of the theories of emergent effects and human capital.Results. The article substantiates the idea that the transition to a new type of social organization, accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics in the social system, led to the development and strengthening of the importance of reflexivity of society. At the same time, the requirements for the individual are changing and the content of human capital is being revised. This process is conditioned by the need to increase awareness, objectivity of ideas about the system of social relations in conditions of expanding individual freedom, its role in social processes, increasing the volume of information produced by society and the subjects involved in this process.Conclusions. Reflexivity as a characteristic of the social system appears at the later stages of the development of society. The basis of its formation was the evolution of psychological processes in humans and a qualitative change in the organization of society. On the one hand, there is an expansion of the potential of the individual and society, on the other ‒ the risks they have to face. Objectively the content of human capital is expanding, and social demands on it are growing. The ability to reflect seems to be an integral part of it. It involves the mastery of a person's ways of thinking and intellectual techniques for perceiving processes and events in society, which was previously the lot of the elite; internalization, rather than declaring universal values.

From knowledge to profit: business reputation as a mediator in the impact of green intellectual capital on business performance

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to support the green movement and improve corporate performance by focusing on green intellectual capital and its various components (e.g. green human capital, green structural capital and green relational capital). Furthermore, this study looks into the impact of business reputation in mediating the link between green intellectual capital qualities and business performance.Design/methodology/approachTo obtain data from the target population, this study employed quantitative techniques and a survey approach for data collection from respondents (managers and employees) of firms. The final sample size was 255.FindingsAccording to structural equation modeling green human capital, green structural capital and green relational capital all have a positive and statistically significant impact on organizational performance. Furthermore, the study shows that a company’s reputation plays an important role in mediating the relationship between the green intellectual capital component and business performance. These findings are confirmed by the natural resource-based perspective theory. This shows that developing green intellectual capital and promoting a green environment increases a company’s reputation among stakeholders, which promotes organizational performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s findings will help policymakers and administrators better understand the role of green intellectual capital in business reputation and performance. Based on empirical data, the study would contribute to the management, environmental science and performance literature.Originality/valueTo the best of the researcher's knowledge, this is the first study to apply the natural resource-based view theory and to consider corporate reputation as a mediator between green intellectual capital and business success.

Relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital: Evidence from Jordan

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital within Jordanian manufacturing firms. This study used a sample of Jordanian manufacturing firms and applied regression analysis to test the effects of board size, executive director duality, percentage of independent directors, and ownership concentration on intelligence capital performance. Thus, 64 Jordanian listed manufacturing firms represent the study sample for the study period (2014–2022). The study employs advanced statistical methods to evaluate how these governance mechanisms affect intellectual capital, including human, structural, and relational capital. The study results indicate that the board size and CEO duality had no significant impact on intellectual capital performance. A positive significant determinant is the firm performance measured by earnings per share with a coefficient estimate of 6.331 at p-value <0.0. The significant positive effect of firm performance on intellectual capital performance indicates that financial health is an important driver of intellectual capital utilization. Good firms are likely to have more resources to invest in human capital, technology, and innovation, which are necessary components of intellectual capital. Future research should continue to explore these dynamics across different contexts to inform more effective governance and management practices.

Transactional leadership and intellectual capital, the mediating role of knowledge sharing: The study of customs employees in Sulaymaniyah governorate

This study aims to examine the impact of transactional leadership style on intellectual capital, and knowledge sharing as a mediator between transactional leadership and each of the intellectual capital components (human capital, structural capital, and relational capital) in the public sector, in Sulaymaniyah governorate in north of Iraq. The research model was settled based on the previous investigations on transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, and intellectual capital. To collect the data, convenience sampling was utilized, questionnaires were sent to employees in five customs directorates, and 355 responses were received. The research model analytical estimation was conducted through the employment of (SEM) Structural Equation Modeling by using Partial Least Square (PLS). The findings of the research show that transactional leadership has a significant relationship with knowledge sharing as well as with all three components of intellectual capital. Knowledge sharing also has a significant correlation with the components of intellectual capital. Moreover, the study's results show that knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between transactional leadership with human capital, structural capital, and relational capital.

Unbundling returns to postsecondary degrees and skills: evidence from Colombia

ABSTRACT Using longitudinal data of college graduates in Colombia, we estimate labor market returns to postsecondary degrees and to various skills—including literacy, numeracy, foreign language, and field-specific skills. Graduates of academic programs and schools of higher reputation obtain higher earnings relative to vocational public programs. A one standard deviation increase in each skill predicts average earnings increases of 1–3%. Returns vary along the earnings distribution, with tenure, with the degree of job specialization, and by gender. Our results imply that degrees and skills capture different human capital components that are rewarded differently in the labor market.

The Analysis of Mutual Relations and Dependencies of Intellectual Capital Components in Polish Enterprises in the Context of Sustainability Goals

The Analysis of Mutual Relations and Dependencies of Intellectual Capital Components in Polish Enterprises in the Context of Sustainability Goals

Grossman’s Generalised Health Demand Model: An Application on Türkiye

Health is the main source of economic activity and human capital. Each individual wants to be healthy throughout her life in order to maximize his/her individual benefit and strives for this. In this study, which examined the health demand of individuals, Grossman's health demand (consumption and investment) model, which pioneered research on health demand, was referenced. The demands of 25825 individuals for medical care included in the 2016 and 2019 health research micro datasets in Türkiye were examined using the negative binomial regression model. In addition, the effects of human capital components (education, income, etc.) on the general health status of individuals were analyzed using the ordinal logit model. Health demand is influenced by economic variables as well as social and cultural factors and individuals' life behaviors. Such variables are also included in the analysis. According to the results, it was seen that individuals with chronic diseases are more likely to receive medical care than those who do not have such a disease. Besides, it was concluded that education, income, and sports exercises improve the health status of individuals, whereas aging and an increase in the number of diseases worsen the health status.

Investigating the mediating role of green performance measurement systems in the nexus between green intellectual capital and environmental performance

Purpose This study aims to propose and examine a conceptual model that shows how green performance measurement systems (GPMS) mediate the relationship between green intellectual capital components and environmental performance. Design/methodology/approach The research surveyed 407 Vietnamese publicly listed companies to gather empirical data. Then, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) are used to examine the degree of emphasis firms place on using GPMS to transform green intellectual capital into firm value. Findings The results indicate that both green human capital and green organizational capital have a direct positive impact on environmental performance. On the contrary, the influence of green social capital on environmental performance was found to be indirect through the mediation of GPMS. Practical implications GPMS can be considered a tool that helps managers renew, develop and synchronize their systems to take advantage of green resources in environmental performance improvement. Social implications The effective assimilation of GPMS within industrial entities holds the potential to mitigate air pollution and hazardous waste, thereby ameliorating social conditions for both employees and the neighboring community. Besides that, proficient implementation of GPMS enhances collaborative efforts within the industrial sphere, yielding collective societal benefits. Originality/value This study emphasizes the importance of aligning green intellectual capital with appropriate control mechanisms, such as performance measurement systems, to maximize the benefits derived from these capital resources. The findings provide insights for organizations seeking to enhance their environmental performance and sustainability practices by effectively using their intellectual and social capital while implementing robust measurement systems.

Are small and medium-sized enterprises the strength of the Polish economy?

The research conducted under the micro-project Intellectual Capital and Technological Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Poland focused on the impact of intellectual capital on the technological development of SME. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of intellectual capital on the technological advancement of these enterprises. Due to the broad approach to economic development and the significant role of SMEs in the economy, a series of three articles was chosen as the publication format. This publication serves as an introduction, addressing the essence and importance of the SME sector. The article aims to confirm the impact of the SME sector on the economic development of the country, which is considered significant based on statistical data. The data reveal a favourable statistical picture of SMEs, showing an increase in the number of business entities and their positive impact on the labour market and GDP growth. The findings underscore the need for continued efforts to eliminate ineffective management practices withing the various components of intellectual capital. The subject matter of the research cycle continues in the next two papers. The second article, entitled “The Role of Intangible Resources in Shaping the Value of Knowledge-Based Enterprises” emphasises the need and necessity of implementing in small and medium-sized entities. The third article, considers it important to identify, measure, and value these assets. Detailing the methods of doing so, it summarises the research results and points to intangible assets as the main determinants of company management in a knowledge-based economy. It demonstrates the significant impact that small and medium-sized businesses could have on the development of the national economy if the management of intellectual capital in these enterprises adhered to the principles of conscious and rational use of knowledge assets. As a result of the increasing importance of a company’s intellectual capital – including its human resources, structural, and relational values – small and medium-sized enterprises must change their previous intuitive, approach to their management to a conscious and strategic approach. This transition will enable them to remain competitive in the market in an era of widespread technological and other changes affecting the product and labour market. In view of the volatile environment and the development of a knowledge-based economy, the ability to manage intangible assets becomes particularly important for the development of enterprises, both large and those in the SME sector. Effective management of intellectual capital should be considered a key competence in this area. Although the tools for managing this invisible potential are discussed in the literature and practically applied in large companies, they are only beginning to be adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises. Given the significant contribution of these entities to national income generation and job creation, it is necessary to adapt and implement the concept of intangible asset management to suit the operating conditions of small business.

Social Capital in the Patron-Client Dimension towards the Sustainability of Seaweed Cultivation Businesses in Rural Areas, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The system of livelihoods in seaweed cultivation becomes the subject of study because of the factor of production, and the distribution of the output of production requires a strategy of merging between something material and non-material that involves interaction with various actors in society. The social capital awakened by the actors in the seaweed cultivation business through the patron-client dimension is an effort to ensure the sustainability of the business. The study aims to characterize the components of social capital that bind, bridge, and connect in the context of the relationship between actors in seaweed cultivation, including the important role of the combination of these three types of social capital in the sustainability of the seaweed cultivation business. The Research methods use qualitative descriptive approaches. Data is collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with open, axial, and selective encoding. The results show that actors in seaweed cultivation enterprises combine the social capital components of bonding, bridging, and linking selectively, depending on the interests behind each interaction with different actors. Social bonding capital is owned by seaweed farmers in their interactions to gain access to financial capital (in the form of cash and loans). The patron-client relationship pattern is the most prominent of the reciprocity relationships, where the patron is the provider of corporate capital and the guarantor of subsistence is the cultivator. The social bridging and linking capital is owned in its interaction to gain access to social assistance and political support as well as networking. Mechanisms of sale of seaweed production are dominated by marketing networks using intermediary services (middlemen) through the concept of personalized exchange. In such market trading, the symptoms of “boro” (guarantees) are detected through subscription relationships between sellers and buyers characterized by regular personality contacts and through credit mechanisms known as “take now, pay later”. Therefore, social capital plays an important role in the sustainability of seaweed farming in the countryside. In a situation of economic or environmental change, social capital can help the farmer adapt and survive in his business and household life. We found that social capital plays an important role in the rural habitat system, where access to livelihoods depends on social relationships. Thus, support is needed to strengthen the capacity of social capital in societies because the configuration of the social capital elements can inherit the cognitive social capital, the social structural capital and the social relational capital necessary for the improved social, economic and cultural development of societies.

The role of intellectual capital on zakat performance: insight from Indonesia

PurposeThis research aims to examine the impact of intellectual capital on zakat performance in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe sample examined in this study consists of 39 zakat management organizations, encompassing 241 observations from 2010 to 2022. Zakat performance is measured using zakat excess efficiency score to align with the characteristics of zakat management organizations. The independent variables in this study are proxied by the components of intellectual capital. Data is analyzed using a panel data estimation technique.FindingsThe empirical findings indicate that human capital efficiency and capital employed efficiency positively and significantly impact zakat performance. In contrast, structural capital efficiency does not impact zakat performance. Meanwhile, value added intellectual coefficient positively and significantly impacts zakat performance.Practical implicationsThe findings in this study highlight the significance of managing intellectual capital in zakat management organizations. Furthermore, this research provides input to mandate the amil to undergo certification, develop information technology in zakat management, and enhance synergy among zakat management organizations in zakat distribution. Additionally, zakat regulators must oversee and standardize zakat management according to what is stipulated in the zakat core principles.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies using secondary data to examine intellectual capital and zakat performance in Indonesia.

The influence of Intellectual capital (IC) disclosure and geographic location on the sustainability of higher education: A case in Southeast Asian universities

Purpose: This research aims to examine the influence of intellectual capital disclosure and the geographical location of universities on the sustainability of higher education institutions in Southeast Asia. Design/methodology/approach: This research is quantitative and uses secondary data obtained through the annual reports of universities that have the Universitas Indonesia Green Metric Rank. This research uses two stages of data analysis techniques, namely the content analysis stage to determine the number of Intellectual Capital disclosures and the hypothesis testing stage. The analysis tool uses the SPSS version 23 application. The population of this research includes all universities in Southeast Asia that are included in the UI Greenmetric World University Rankings. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique, which resulted in 86 analysis units of higher education institutions in Southeast Asia. Findings: The research results prove that the geographical location of universities has a negative and significant influence on Universitas Indonesia Green Metric’s performance in Southeast Asia and human capital has a positive influence on UIGM’s performance in Southeast Asia. However, the structural capital and relational capital components do not affect the UIGM performance of universities in Southeast Asia. Originality/value: The originality of the research is the use of higher education sustainability variables with UIGM proxies and modified IC indicators for universities and geographical areas that have not been widely used to see whether there are fundamental differences in the disclosure of intellectual capital for higher education institutions in Southeast Asia.

THE IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Modern society is faced with many environmental problems that require the development of new, most effective solutions, which can be implemented through the development of the level of human capital, since the main result of its development is the use of accumulated knowledge and competencies in order to obtain rent and solve the most important socio-­economic problems. However, despite the importance and relevance of solving environmental problems, today methods for assessing the impact of human capital on environmental activities are beyond the achievements of modern economists. The purpose of this study is to propose a method for quantitative assessment of the influence of human capital on the development of environmental activities. The main hypothesis is that the development of human capital is the main driver of the development of environmental activities. The information base for the study was the data from the official statistical collection of the Federal State Statistics Service for the period 2015–2022, which determines the representativeness and reliability of the study conducted by the author. A tool for quantitative assessment of the influence of the dynamics of human capital development on the dynamics of financing environmental activities is proposed — ​the coefficient of the influence of human capital on environmental activities. Based on the correlation and regression analysis carried out, an assessment was made of the influence of the dynamics of human capital development on environmental activities, and the importance of the development of education as the main component of human capital was determined. The proposed regression model allows for a quantitative assessment of the impact of human capital development on environmental activities. This will be useful for assessing the effectiveness of environmental activities.

The Role Of Investment In Education In Enhancing Economic Welfare

This research aims to explore the role of education as an investment in enhancing economic welfare. The study investigates how education, as a crucial component of human capital, contributes to economic well-being by promoting economic growth, job creation, productivity improvement, and reducing income disparities. Utilizing qualitative methods with a literature review approach, this study evaluates empirical evidence supporting the positive relationship between investment in education and various economic benefits. The findings indicate that investment in education significantly impacts economic growth by increasing workforce productivity, stimulating innovation, and reinforcing economic infrastructure. Furthermore, education investment fosters job creation by enhancing workforce skills, supporting the education and training sector, and promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. Additionally, the study highlights that quality education enhances productivity by developing technical, analytical, and creative skills, improving resource utilization, and facilitating technological adoption. Lastly, the research underscores that investment in education reduces income disparities by ensuring equal access to education, increasing social mobility, and reducing skill gaps. The policy implications emphasize the need for sustainable education investments, strengthening skill training, and fostering an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. This study provides essential insights for policymakers to design inclusive and sustainable economic growth strategies, demonstrating that education is a pivotal investment for enhancing the economic well-being of communities.

The Role of Human Capital Components in Gender Wage Inequality in India

This study investigates the gender wage gap in the Indian labour market by analysing a range of human capital components, including education, work experience, cognitive and technical skills and occupational choices, using data from the India Human Development Survey 2011–2012. We employ the recentred influence functions (RIF) regression and Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (FFL) decomposition techniques. The results from the RIF regression analysis underscore the significant role of education, work experience, skills and occupation in wage inequality. While education and English language proficiency lead to widening wage inequality for both men and women, the effects are much larger for the latter. Next, the FFL decomposition unveils a positive gender wage gap, indicating potential favourable returns for women’s qualifications and skills, yet it exposes a concerning wage structure effect suggesting women are often employed in lower-paying jobs. These results suggest that enhancing education and skills among women can be important tools in reducing gender wage inequality. JEL codes: E24, J24, J16

Shaping the future Entrepreneurs: Influence of human capital and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions of rural students

This study explores the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among rural students in Oman's Dhofar region, focusing on self-efficacy, skills, and education as components of human capital. Using Bandura's social cognitive theory, a quantitative approach examines how psychological factors and experiential learning influence entrepreneurial intentions. Data from 467 randomly selected students were collected via self-reported surveys. Results show a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions, with higher self-efficacy levels correlating with greater entrepreneurial inclination. Skills also positively impact entrepreneurial intentions, highlighting the importance of diverse skill sets. Additionally, self-efficacy moderates the relationship between skills and intentions, suggesting that high self-efficacy enhances the translation of skills into entrepreneurial ambitions. Unexpectedly, no significant correlation between education and entrepreneurial intentions was found. This study emphasizes the importance of psychological factors and experiential learning in shaping entrepreneurial intentions in unique socio-cultural and economic contexts. Insights can help policymakers and educators promote entrepreneurship and economic development in rural communities, fostering resilience and empowerment. This research enriches our understanding of entrepreneurship in diverse settings by examining the under-researched Dhofar region.

Rediscovering human capital in the conditions of reflexive modernity

Relevance. The relevance is due to the need to revise approaches to the theoretical understanding of the concepts of «human capital» and «reflexivity» as social phenomena, the need to identify the relationship between these phenomena.The purpose is to show the possibilities of expanding the understanding of the phenomenon of human capital based on the analysis of existing theoretical approaches of various sciences to the concept of «reflexivity».Objectives: to study the peculiarities of understanding the phenomenon of reflection in philosophy, psychology, sociology and to highlight the meaningful characteristics of reflexivity as a component of human capital in modern society.Methodology. The author relies in the study on the possibilities of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the phenomenon of reflection. The sociological analysis is based on the ideas and principles of systemic, synergetic, sociocultural approaches. The starting point for the analysis of the phenomenon of human capital was the concept of V. S. Golubev.Results. The article substantiates the idea that the transition to a new type of social organization, accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics in the social system, led to the development and strengthening of the importance of reflexivity of society. At the same time, the requirements for the individual are changing and the content of human capital is being revised. This process is conditioned by the need to increase awareness, objectivity of ideas about the system of social relations in conditions of expanding individual freedom, its role in social processes, increasing the volume of information produced by society and the subjects involved in this process.Conclusions. Reflexivity as a characteristic of a social system has appeared relatively recently. The basis of its formation was the evolution of human psychological processes and a qualitative change in the living conditions of society. There is an expansion of the potential of the individual and society, and, on the other hand, the risks that she has to face. The ability to reflect is considered as part of the intellectual and spiritual capital of the individual. It presupposes the activity of the individual in the perception of social processes and events, which was previously the lot of the elite, the development of sophisticated intellectual mechanisms for working with information, analyzing their own and others' experiences.

The influence of psychological capital on innovative work behavior in islamic bank employees x

Background: In the face of intense business competition, organizations need continuous innovation in technology and services to remain competitive. This study explores how psychological capital—including self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience—influences innovative work behaviour in the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia. This study aims to look at the effect of psychological capital on innovative work behaviors in employees of Bank Syariah X. Method: The sample used in the study was 135 employees working at Bank Syariah X. Innovative Work Behavior was measured using Innovative Work Behavior Indonesia version (2014). Psychological capital was measured using Psychological capital Questionnaire-24 (PCQ-24) (2007) with reliability coefficient 0.87. Findings: The results showed that there are two components of psychological capital that significantly influence the behavior of innovative work, namely self efficacy (β = .33, R2 = .21, p = .00) and hope (β = .21, R2 = .03, p = .00). Conclusion: This suggests that the components of self efficacy was the biggest influence on the innovative work behavior among employees who work at the Bank Syariah X. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research framework provides practical and measurable strategies that can be implemented by HR managers in the Islamic banking sector to drive innovation, improve employee performance, and ultimately enhance organizational competitiveness in the dynamic financial industry.