Capita Revenue Research Articles

Not Only How Much But How: The Importance Of Diversifying Funding Streams In A Reimagined Public Health System.

Revenue diversification may be a synergistic strategy for transforming public health, yet few national or trend data are available. This study quantified and identified patterns in revenue diversification in public health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used National Association of County and City Health Officials' National Profile of Local Health Departments study data for 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2022 to calculate a yearly diversification index for local health departments. Respondents' revenue portfolios changed fairly little between 2016 and 2022. Compared with less-diversified local health departments, well-diversified departments reported a balanced portfolio with local, state, federal, and clinical sources of revenue and higher per capita revenues. Less-diversified local health departments relied heavily on local sources and saw lower revenues. The COVID-19 period exacerbated these differences, with less-diversified departments seeing little revenue growth from 2019 to 2022. Revenue portfolios are an underexamined aspect of the public health system, and this study suggests that some organizations may be under financial strain by not having diverse revenue portfolios. Practitioners have ways of enhancing diversification, and policy attention is needed to incentivize and support revenue diversification to enhance the financial resilience and sustainability of local health departments.

Examining the relationship between social determinants of health, measures of structural racism and county-level overdose deaths from 2017-2020.

Despite being an important determinant of health outcomes, measures of structural racism are lacking in studies examining the relationship between the social determinants of health (SDOH) and overdose deaths. The aim of this study is to examine the association between per capita revenue generated from fines and forfeitures, a novel measure of structural racism, and other SDOH with county-level overdose deaths from 2017-2020. This longitudinal analysis of 2,846 counties from 2017-2020 used bivariate and multivariate Generalized Estimating Equations models to estimate associations between county overdose mortality rates and SDOH characteristics, including the fines and forfeitures measure. In our multivariate model, higher per capita fine and forfeiture revenue (5.76; CI: 4.76, 6.78), households receiving food stamps (1.15; CI: 0.77, 1.53), residents that are veterans (1.07; CI: 0.52, 1.63), substance use treatment availability (4.69; CI: 3.03, 6.33) and lower population density (-0.002; CI: -0.004, -0.001) and percent of Black residents (-0.7`; CI: -1.01, -0.42) were significantly associated with higher overdose death rates. There was a significant additive interaction between the fines and forfeitures measure (0.10; CI: 0.03, 0.17) and the percent of Black residents. Our findings suggest that structural racism, along with other SDOH, is associated with overdose deaths. Future research should focus on connecting individual-level data on fines and forfeitures to overdose deaths and other health outcomes, include measures of justice-related fines, such as court fees, and assess whether interventions aimed at increasing economic vitality in disadvantaged communities impact overdose deaths in a meaningful way.

Corporate Employee Sharing Performance Leads to Sustainable Development - A Case Study of Software and Information Technology Services Industry of Listed Companies in China

Based on the development of CSR and sharing values in China, this paper selects the software and information technology service industry as the research object from 2019 to 2022 and uses the OLS method and the plug-in program PROCESS V3.5 of SPSS to explore the relationship between employee sharing, per capita contribution and sustainable development ability, as well as the indirect effect of per capita contribution on the relationship between employee sharing and the company's sustainable development ability. The research findings are that the better the overall performance of employee sharing behavior, the higher the per capita contribution of the employees, which in turn improves the sustainable development ability of the company. In addition, the higher the employee compensation, the higher the per capita revenue generated by employees, which increases in the firm's ability to sustainably development. The performance of employee security and employment, on the other hand, has no significant effect on per capita contribution and firm sustainable growth rate. This paper also provides recommendations based on the findings of the study.

A Comprehensive study on Review of literatures on Tuberculosis

Background of the study: Tuberculosis is a contagious illness caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that mostly affects the lungs. When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, it can spread via the air. Tuberculosis imposes an economic cost not only on the afflicted person, but also on his whole family and entire nations due to lost output during the ill period. Every year, ten million individuals have tuberculosis, resulting in a significant loss in the nation's per capita revenue. Objectives of the study: A greater number of articles by diverse writers demonstrate their interest in researching one economic stage of TB. Few authors have conducted reviews of the literature on the economic morbidity of TB in recent decades; however, given the economic elements in recent times, a more complete assessment is performed here to identify the Research Gap. Findings: The researcher reviewed the literature on economic morbidity of tuberculosis in this paper in order to assist other researchers, academicians, policymakers, and practitioners in taking a closer look at the recent trends and growths, statistical methods, financial gaps, and achievement rates in this studies. Conclusion: The author has examined various papers and proposed a comprehensive summary of various studies conducted in India and abroad, identifying certain recommendations and research gaps, as well as methods that would provide hints for future research in the area of Health Economics under the headings of tuberculosis.

The Great Revenue Divergence

AbstractThis article describes and explains a previously overlooked empirical pattern in state revenue collection. As late as 1913, central governments in the West collected similar levels of per capita revenue as the rest of the world, despite ruling richer societies and experiencing a long history of fiscal innovation. Western revenue levels permanently diverged only in the following half-century. We identify the twentieth-century great revenue divergence by constructing a new panel data set of central government revenue with broad spatial and temporal coverage. To explain the pattern, we argue that sustainably high levels of revenue extraction require societal demand for an activist state, and a supply of effective bureaucratic institutions. Neither factor in isolation is sufficient. We formalize this insight in a game-theoretic model. The government can choose among low-effort, legibility-intensive, and crony-favoring strategies for raising revenues. Empirically, our theory accounts for low revenue intake in periods of low demand (the nineteenth-century West) or low bureaucratic capacity (twentieth-century former colonies), and for eventual revenue spikes in the West.

Social Change and Development in Qatar

Qatar, a small country, in southern Persian Gulf, in recent years has appeared as a most welfare state with high per- capita revenue. In some infrastructures, like Air lines, Qatar is one of the best in the world, and Aljazeera Network, is the prominent televised news channels in the region. It favors huge resources of oil and gas and then has been dependent in it's budget on exporting this natural resources, but some other countries in the region have this kind of natural resource and now are in many troubles. The political structure of Qatar, like many other Arab states, is inheritable. Although there are controversial theories about these development, it's worthy to study the developmental process of this state. The social structure of the country, as an ex-traditional socio-cultural context, it seems has been changing to a different formation. What are the causes of this social change? Which consequences has produced or probably will produce in other spheres of the country?

Determinants analysis of GDP Per capita’s growth and state regulations of 7 ASEAN countries

Labour, entrepreneurship, and technology are important components in the success of GDP Per capita, the existing workforce is not only fixated by numbers but also must be focused on quality to have a significant impact, in addition to the ability and desire of a nation to grow interested in becoming entrepreneurs. This research base on Solow and Swan's Theory said that economic growth was influenced by the growth of production factors such as population, labor, and capital accumulation, as well as the level of technological progress described in the development of knowledge. There is an element of technological progress in the Solow-Swan model which is the main differentiator from the Harrod-Domar growth model. This study used 42 observers consisting of 7 ASEAN countries, namely; Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Cambodia, using multiple linear regression and using classical assumption test. The research method in this study uses multiple linear regression of panel data, using the classical assumption test. To get the best model, the data will be tested for Pool Effect, Fix Effect and Random Effects Models, while the determination of the best model is based on the results of the Chow and Hausman tests. The results are shown that labor does not have a significant influence on GDP Per Capita revenue, while the entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and Technology Index (GII) variables have a positive and significant impact on GDP Per Capita revenue. The workforce hasn't affected, which is broadly described in this study because the absorption of labor has not been optimal or the provision of jobs whose proportions are not balanced with the number of the workforce.

Do state supports for persons with brain injury affect outcomes in the 5Years following acute rehabilitation?

While a substantial literature has examined the effects of individual and family-level factors on outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI), minimal attention has been directed to the potential influence of the larger environmental context on outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of state-level resources and supports as an environmental factor influencing long-term outcomes from TBI using data from the TBI Model Systems. We examined the effects of U.S. state supports that specifically target people with TBI (federal funding for state brain injury programs, per capita revenue generated by brain injury trust funds, and expenditures for brain injury specific Medicaid waivers) and one measure of the relative quality of a state's Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS) for all people with disabilities. The primary hypothesis was that community participation, global functioning, and life satisfaction will be higher on average among people with TBI living in states with more brain injury specific programs and resources and better LTSS. The results of multilevel and fixed-effects modeling indicated that state supports have a small but significant impact on participation and life satisfaction. The most consistent finding indicated that states with better LTSS had higher levels of community participation and life satisfaction on average for people with TBI over and above individual-level differences and fluctuations in these outcomes over time. There was some indication that more brain injury specific supports also result in better participation in the community. These findings deserve replication and extension to include other environmental factors, particularly community level characteristics, that might affect outcomes from TBI.

Mediating Effects of Entrepreneurship Intention on the Relationship between Perceived Behavior Control and Start-up preparation

Recent days, entrepreneurial development has become an extremely vital factor and it is considered as a key feature of economic development through contributing to reduce the unemployment rate, inequality, and poverty. In Sri Lankan context, entrepreneurs have become the seeds of development to provide greater opportunities, increase per capita income and revenue to the Government by the way of taxes and other levies. Despite its importance, Sri Lankan Government employs several entrepreneurial development programmes to enhance the entrepreneurship intention and behaviors among the university students. In this context universities focus more on delivering the entrepreneurial education programmes to the undergraduate and postgraduate students to transform them as the entrepreneurs who can contribute the economic prosperity of the country. However, reviewed literature reveals that how entrepreneurship intention mediates the relationship between perceived behavioral control and start-up preparation has not been empirically tested in Sri Lankan context. Hence, this paper aims to examine the relationships among perceived behavioral control, entrepreneurship intention and start-up preparation and the mediating effect of entrepreneurship intention on the relationship between perceived behavioral control and start-up preparation. In order to achieve the study objectives, primary data were collected from 60 postgraduates from a selected state university in Sri Lanka. The simple mediation analysis was used to test the research model. Findings of the study revealed that, there are positive and significant relationships exist among the study variables. Moreover, empirical finding of the study indicated that entrepreneurship intention mediates the relationship between perceived behavioral control and start-up preparation. The current study is considered to be vital in understanding the empirical knowledge regarding the relationships among perceived behavioral control, entrepreneurship intention and start-up preparation.
 Keywords: Perceived behavioral control, Entrepreneurship intention, Start-up preparation, Theory of planned behavior, Sri Lanka

Fiscal effects of interlocal collaboration: evidence from Nebraska counties

ABSTRACT The fiscal effects of interlocal collaboration, a growing method of service delivery, remain inconclusive. We analysed the revenue and expenditure effects of collaboration arrangements as a whole and in six service areas for counties in the U.S. state of Nebraska over the period 2013–2018. Our analyses reveal that counties with a higher number of interlocal collaborations had lower total per capita revenues and expenditures, but higher property taxes. Lower per capita revenues and expenditures appear to be the result of collaboration in service areas that include general government purposes. Interlocal collaboration related to health and human services activities, however, resulted in higher per capita spending and revenues, suggesting that the primary goal of collaborating in these activities may not be cost savings.

The effect of the housing crisis on the finances of central cities

In 2015, eight years after the start of the Great Recession, average per capita revenue in the nation's largest central cities was 7% below pre-recession levels, a decline that in both depth and duration is the most severe in the post-war period. In this paper, we address the role of the housing market in this decline. We analyze the impact of the boom and subsequent collapse in housing prices and the unprecedented surge in mortgage foreclosures on the finances of central cities. To link city finances to housing conditions, we draw on a specially created data base that takes account of the revenues and spending of all the local governments that provide services to city residents. Our regression analysis, which employs data from 2000 through 2014 for 90 large central cities, finds statistically and economically significant effects of both housing price changes and foreclosure rate changes on property tax revenues. We also find that property tax levy limits dampened the fiscal response to the housing bubble and bust. During the housing bubble period, property tax revenues and capital expenditures rose significantly faster in non-levy limit cities than in cities subject to levy limits, but then fell more sharply during the housing bust period. We estimate that the direct effect of the housing bust was responsible for 21% of the decline in the general revenue of large central cities from 2009 to 2011.

Dywersyfikacja a wysokość dochodów własnych bieżących w powiatach grodzkich i ziemskich

Przedmiot badań: Jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w swojej działalności realizują politykę dochodową, którą obserwować należy pod kątem efektywniejszego wykorzystywania niepodat­kowych źródeł dochodów, takich jak opłaty czy dochody z majątku, lub wprowadzania nowych. W samorządach można w związku z tym zaobserwować efekt dywersyfikacji dochodów.
 Cel badawczy: Celem badania było określenie siły wpływu dywersyfikacji, z uwzględnieniem innych czynników ekonomicznych, na wysokość dochodów własnych bieżących per capita w po­wiatach ziemskich i grodzkich w Polsce.
 Metoda badawcza: By zrealizować cel wykorzystano analizę panelową, odrębnie dla wszyst­kich powiatów ziemskich i grodzkich. Estymacji wyników dokonano przy wykorzystaniu dwóch metod: metody najmniejszych kwadratów oraz analizy panelowej o ustalonych efektach. Dywer­syfikacja dochodów własnych bieżących mierzona była z pomocą wskaźnika indeks Hirsha-Her­findahla.
 Wyniki: Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza hipotezę o ujemnej zależności dochodów własnych bieżących per capita od indeksu HHI, tj. wraz ze wzrostem stopnia dywersyfikacji dochodów własnych bieżących ich wysokość per capita wzrasta. Wzrost ten wynosi 301–403 zł w powiatach grodzkich oraz mniej niż 17 zł w powiatach ziemskich, przy spadku indeksu HHI o 0,1. Dodat­kowo czynnikami w sposób istotny i jednoznaczny wpływającymi na wysokość dochodów wła­snych bieżących są: wysokość wynagrodzeń oraz liczba przedsiębiorstw działających na terenie powiatów – w obu przypadkach wpływ jest pozytywny.

Fiscal decentralization and convergence in government spending in Malaysia

ABSTRACTIn this study, we highlight the influence of the federal system on the development expenditure of the states, which is crucial for socio‐economic development. First, we examine whether there is a convergence in development expenditure across Malaysian states. Second, we investigate the importance of decentralization in affecting the pattern of development expenditure in the short‐term and in the long‐term. The convergence analysis utilizes annual growth data from 2000 through 2015 for the short‐term and the averages of 3‐ and 5‐year growth for the long‐term. In this study, we employ the panel data approaches of pooled OLS, fixed effects and random effects estimation procedures. The findings provide empirical evidence of the convergence of development expenditure across the states in Malaysia in both the short‐term and the long‐term. Generally, all fiscal decentralization indicators (state per capita revenue, state own‐source per capita revenue, state own‐source revenue as a share of total revenue and inter‐state fiscal capacity) are imperative in influencing the fiscal behaviour of state governments in Malaysia. These indicators, as well as assistance from the federal government in the form of transfer payment, are very much needed to strengthen the expenditure capacity of the Malaysian states.

Women representation in the boardroom of Canadian sport governing bodies: structural and financial characteristics of three organizational clusters

ABSTRACT Research question: This study examines how Canadian sport governing bodies with different levels of women representation on their boards differ in terms of their structural and financial organizational characteristics. Resource dependence theory and critical mass theory guide the study. Research methods: Data from national, provincial, and territorial sport organizations were collected (n = 270) and entered into cluster analysis. Analyses of variances were used to test for significant differences between clusters. Results and findings: The cluster analysis yielded three clusters: Organizations with low women representation (1.5 women; share of women: 15.9%), medium women representation (3.9; 44.9%), and high women representation (7.9; 77.8%). The three clusters differed significantly regarding board size, type of organization, organizational age, number of memberships, and logged per capita revenues. High women representation organizations were on average significantly younger and had more memberships, while those with medium women representation generated higher per capita revenues. Implications: The findings allow formulating more targeted policy initiatives for promoting gender diversity in sport boards. Research contribution: Rather than only describing women representation in sport boards, the present analysis provides a typology and links the resulting clusters to a number of structural and financial organizational characteristics.

The Effects of Demographic Considerations on Public Infrastructure Expenditures in Nigeria's Rivers State Local Government Areas (2003-2017)

Demographic factors though mostly neglected are noted to influence the capacity of capital investments on public infrastructure development. This study empirically assessed the effect of demographic factors on public infrastructure expenditures in Nigeria's Rivers state local government areas (LGAs) from 2003-2017. Secondary data were collected which included capital expenditure (capex) on one side and various demographic variables (population, population density, number of households, and per capita revenue) on the other, obtained from public expenditure records, yearly appropriation bill or budgets, national population commission, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria Publications, and some research articles. The population of the study is the 23 LGAs of Rivers state. Data analysis was carried out using mainly multiple regression method. At 5 % level of significance, the study reveals that there is significant relationship between aggregate capital expenditure and demographic factors in the Rivers state local government areas. However, in relation to individual demographic factors, only population density is significantly and positively related with Capex. The study concludes that Rivers state LGAs do give significant consideration to demographics in their capital allocation to infrastructural developments. Though this is true, a close investigation reveals that the adjusted R2 value is 0.429 indicating a not too strong statistical association, also only population density is positively considered by the LGAs, the other demographic variables though significant are negative to capital expenditure. The Study recommended among others that the LGAs should give a much more holistic attention to demographic demands in the dissemination of capital allocation to public infrastructure developments through policy formulations and strict adherence to it; adequate planning, and systematic funding.

Urban sprawl and the financial standing of municipalities

Purpose – Without undertaking a comprehensive assessment of the costs and benefits of the urban sprawl, this article attempts to analyse the impact of this phenomenon on the financial standing of municipalities. Research method – We have primarily used difference-in-differences (DiD) regression analysis with refe-rence to the treatment group (suburban municipalities) and the control group (other municipalities excluding cities with county status). The research was undertaken during the years 2004-2018 and used financial data from the Ministry of Finance. Results – Urban sprawl is a beneficial phenomenon, at least in the short and medium term from the perspective of the financial standing of municipalities (which experience an inflow of new residents). It is clearly evidenced in the revenues of the budgets of suburban municipalities, i.e. an increase in both total and per capita revenues in relation to the control group. The effect of suburbanisation is also visible on the spending side, although, due to the economies of scale, current expenditures grow relatively slower than the number of inhabitants. The operating surplus of the budget per capita is increasing more rapidly in suburban municipalities compared to the control group. The same is true for municipal investment expenditures. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – In reviewing the subject literature, the issue of the impact of urban sprawl on the finances of local government units (LGU) is treated marginally and indirectly, e.g. when discussing the costs of providing local public services. This article aims to present a synthetic and quantitative review of the impact of suburbanisation on the financial position of LGU budgets, comparing the situation of suburban municipalities to other municipalities. Attracting “new” residents is a desirable strategy in the development of municipalities, hence with the current system of financing, LGUs are likely to oppose changes aimed at limiting or controlling the suburbanisation process.

The Elusive Determinants of Civil Wars

Abstract Like the empirical growth literature, the empirical civil war literature has identified few robust determinants. In this paper, I show that the lack of robust estimates is consistent with rational, forward-looking behavior in a simple dynamic conflict model with asymmetric information. The main result is most of the conflict determinants, such as income per capita, inequality, and natural resource revenues, have ambiguous effects on the conflict risk. The ambiguities largely reflect that, when the parameters change, agents re-optimize.

Analysis of per capita revenue in catarinian municipalities according to net current revenue

Purpose: The objective of this research was to identify the per capita income in the municipalities of Santa Catarina based on Net Current Revenue and the relation between own revenues, transfers with the capacity of each municipality.
 Methodology: The present study, with regard to the objectives as descriptive, as it seeks to analyze public revenue per capita, analogous to procedures is characterized as documentary, since it makes possible, from the published reports, in relation to the approach to the problem, as quantitative research, using values ​​and their correlations. The period under analysis comprises the years 2015 and 2016. The sample consists of 295 municipalities in Santa Catarina.
 Results: The results show that, in the stratification and analysis, the Per Capita Net Current Revenue by size of Municipality, to which the larger municipalities have, proportionally, a better distribution of the municipal collection, which culminates in a greater capacity to cope with the demands social policies. On average, the per capita net current revenue of the municipalities of Catarinenses in the years 2015 and 2016 was R $ 3,332.61, with a variation between the minimum and maximum per capita income of R $ 1,377.24 and R $ 8,055.16, which shows a significant discrepancy between the analyzed municipalities.
 Contributions of the Study: Considering the values received by the municipalities of Santa Catarina, the research sought to demonstrate and clarify the influence of values received from the Union and the State for investment and maintenance of activities, depending on the population and size of each municipality.the planning and funding of resources for the benefit of the population.

Gross Domestic Product Per Capita and Individual Income Tax Revenue: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

Taxes are the most important revenue source for the state budget. Income from individual income tax as a percentage of total tax revenue is increasing according to the development process of each country. The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship between GDP per capita and individual income tax revenue in Vietnam. Empirical method is employed on secondary time series data set during the period 1999-2018. Econometric tools are employed to present and analyze the collected data from concerned bodies. The result shows that the GDP per capita has a positive effect on individual income tax revenue at 1% significant level. Moreover, the article also finds that tax revenues during the period of the individual income tax law are higher than the period of the income tax ordinance for high-income earners.

Analisis Kesenjangan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Antar Wilayah Se Sulawesi

Differences in the level of development will increase the level of speed between regions, which in turn causes greater regional disparities. Sulawesi Island has six provinces where each province has different economic growth. The push of the economy in every province in Sulawesi Island in it shows a positive trend. This study aims to examine the inequality of economic development between regions in North Sulawesi (2000–2013). The data used uses GRDP time series data, Population and Per Capita Revenue from 2000-2013. The analysis process used is Williamson Index Analysis. The results showed that the GDP per capita index between provinces in Sulawesi Island during the period 2000-2013 averaged 0.167 with a positive trend. The region that has the highest Williamson Index for South Sulawesi Province is (0.32) with a positive trend, and the lowest is West Sulawesi Province (0.08) with a positive trend. As a whole, the provinces in Sulawesi are in the crestieria: CVw <0.35 = Low level unity. But if the higher Williamson Index means to connect between large regions, it must be immediately sought to reduce the economic level caused by the economy between regions left to be higher, can cause social, economic and political consequences that occur in the sense of national unity, can issue the country's economic stability