Government Capital Expenditure Research Articles

Liquidity Crunches in the Banking Industry of Nepal

Liquidity crunches in the Nepalese banking sector have been a critical issue for the last few years. This research aims to examine the causes, consequences, and improvement of liquidity crunches in the context of the Nepalese banking industry. This study is based on primary sources with explanatory and descriptive research design. The study population is all the bankers and experts involved in the banking sector - commercial banks, development banks, and regulatory authorities of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Kaski, Nepal. The five-point Likert scale questionnaires were developed to collect the data from the 213 banking professionals based on the non-probability sampling method. This study found a significant impact of government capital expenditure, bank lending policy, and monetary policy on liquidity crunches in the banking industry. The liquidity crunch hampers the growth of business and industry, and discourages entrepreneurs because they are not getting loanable funds as and when required. It creates instability in the financial system, deteriorates the investment environment, generates high inflation and unemployment rates , and affects economic growth rate in the country. The government should increase capital expenditure capacity. Bank lending policy should be directed towards a productive investment. Appropriate monetary policy should be designed to address the liquidity crunch problem in the banking sector. For this, the government and regulatory authority may promote an inclusive and sound financial system in the nation.

Asymmetric effects of long-term war on human resource development in Af…ghanistan: evidence from NARDL approach

AbstractThis study explores the effects of war on human resource development in Afghanistan using non-linear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) and asymmetric causality analysis. The results of the NARDL bound test support an asymmetric long-run relationship between predictors. It reveals that positive and negative shocks from the per capita cost of war, child mortality rate, and population growth rate asymmetrically affect the school enrollment rate in both the short and long runs. Furthermore, it shows that positive shocks from per capita GDP and per capita government expenditures on education increase the school enrollment rate, while their negative shocks have adverse effects, in both the short and long runs. This implies that school enrollment is highly sensitive to changes in the per capita cost of war and reacts swiftly. Moreover, the results reveal significant causality from both the positive and negative components of the per capita cost of war, per capita GDP, per capita government expenditures on education, and population growth to both the positive and negative components of the school enrollment rate. However, there is only a causal nexus from the negative component of the child mortality rate to the school enrollment rate. Based on these findings, relevant policy implications are discussed.

Reducing the Antigen Prevalence Target Threshold for Stopping and Restarting Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Model-Based Cost-effectiveness Simulation in Tanzania, India and Haiti.

The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) aims to reduce and maintain infection levels through mass drug administration (MDA), but there is evidence of ongoing transmission after MDA in areas where Culex mosquitoes are the main transmission vector, suggesting that a more stringent criterion is required for MDA decision making in these settings. We use a transmission model to investigate how a lower prevalence threshold (<1% antigenemia [Ag] prevalence compared with <2% Ag prevalence) for MDA decision making would affect the probability of local elimination, health outcomes, the number of MDA rounds, including restarts, and program costs associated with MDA and surveys across different scenarios. To determine the cost-effectiveness of switching to a lower threshold, we simulated 65% and 80% MDA coverage of the total population for different willingness to pay per disability-adjusted life-year averted for India ($446.07), Tanzania ($389.83), and Haiti ($219.84). Our results suggest that with a lower Ag threshold, there is a small proportion of simulations where extra rounds are required to reach the target, but this also reduces the need to restart MDA later in the program. For 80% coverage, the lower threshold is cost-effective across all baseline prevalences for India, Tanzania, and Haiti. For 65% MDA coverage, the lower threshold is not cost-effective due to additional MDA rounds, although it increases the probability of local elimination. Valuing the benefits of elimination to align with the GPELF goals, we find that a willingness to pay per capita government expenditure of approximately $1000-$4000 for 1% increase in the probability of local elimination would be required to make a lower threshold cost-effective. Lower Ag thresholds for stopping MDAs generally mean a higher probability of local elimination, reducing long-term costs and health impacts. However, they may also lead to an increased number of MDA rounds required to reach the lower threshold and, therefore, increased short-term costs. Collectively, our analyses highlight that lower target Ag thresholds have the potential to assist programs in achieving lymphatic filariasis goals.

Nexus between Inflation, Economic Growth and Government Expenditure of Nepal

In the context of Nepal, this study will explore the relationship between the rate of inflation, economic growth, and government spending. Government spending has been broken down in this analysis into three categories: government recurrent expenditure, government capital expenditure, and government financing expenditure. The time series data from 1974 to 2021 are used in the investigation. The econometrics tools used to analyze this link are the Granger-causality test, ARDL, Johansen co-integration, and the Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) unit root test. The outcomes of using these econometric techniques reveal a long-term relationship between the rate of inflation, economic growth, and government spending, which indicates that public spending has beneficial externalities and links. In the short run, government spending has a greater impact on economic growth than the rate of inflation. The results of the causality test indicate that there is a one-way causal relationship between the rate of inflation and both economic growth and government spending.

Pengaruh Dana Alokasi Umum, Dana Alokasi Khusus, Dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Terhadap Pengalokasian Belanja Modal Kabupaten Bungo Tahun 2016 – 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of the General Allocation Fund (DAU), Special Allocation Fund (DAK, and Regional Original Revenue (PAD) on Bungo Regency local government capital expenditure allocation for 2016-2021. The subject of this study is the Bungo Regency government, and the object of this study is the General Allocation Fund (DAU), Special Allocation Fund (DAK), Local Original Revenue (PAD), and Capital Expenditure Allocation. The type of data collected is quantitative data sourced from Budget Realization Reports and documents. The method used in this study is the Multiple Linear Regression test. The results showed that the General Allocation Fund (DAU), Special Allocation Fund (DAK), and Regional Original Revenue (PAD) together have a significant effect on the Capital Expenditure Allocation in Bungo Regency. Keywords: general allocation fund, special allocation fund, local original revenue.

Do natural resources invite terrorism: evidence from resource-rich region

PurposeThe MENA region is very rich in terms of natural resources. At the same time, the MENA region has also been a victim of terrorism during the last few years. This study is an attempt to investigate whether there is any relationship between natural resources and terrorism in the MENA region.Design/methodology/approachWe have focused on 15 resource-rich countries located in the MENA region for the period 2002–2019. We have applied appropriate econometric techniques and have also controlled for other dominant determinants of terrorism while studying the relationship between these two variables.FindingsThe results provide solid evidence in favor of the hypothesis that natural resources encourage terrorism. We find that natural resources have positively impacted terrorism. Besides, the natural resources, other factors such as per capita GDP, trade openness, political stability, domestic investment and government expenditures have negatively impacted terrorism. Moreover, the findings suggest that FDI and corruption are irrelevant in explaining terrorism while the findings regarding employment level and terrorism are unexpected. The obtained results are robust to alternative estimating methodologies.Practical implicationsThe results have serious policy implications for the MENA region. The MENA region in general is suggested to devise appropriate policies regarding their huge natural resources so as to tackle the terrorism problem effectively. Similarly, paying favorable attention to trade liberalization, political stability, government expenditures, investment, rising income of the population in the presence of macroeconomic stability in the form of lower inflation would also help the MENA region to eradicate the problem of terrorism.Originality/valueThe available literature has largely ignored the role of natural resources in explaining the problem of terrorism. Therefore, this study has provided relatively new evidence regarding the determinants of terrorism.

Empirical Analysis of The Growth Effects of International Trade in Nigeria

This role of foreign trade in driving growth in the domestic economy and boosting the potential of a country to foreign exchange earnings has remained a subject of interest in economic literature, thus provoking investigation into the claim that international trade is growth-enhancing. This study centred on the impact of foreign trade on economic growth. The specific objectives of this study are to explore the effects of net export, exchange rate and government capital expenditure on economic growth. This study covered a period of 35 years (1980-2015) and the source of data for the variables is the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The error correction model (ECM) was utilized as a technique for data analysis. The Phillips-Perron unit root test shows that the variables are stationary upon first differencing. Thus, the series are integrated of order zero. The Johansen cointegration test result indicates that the variables are cointegrated. Therefore, this reveals that the variables have a long-run relationship. The cointegrating regression result shows that net export has a significant positive impact on economic growth. The exchange rate on the other hand is found to significantly and negatively influence economic growth. The long-run impact of government capital expenditure on economic growth is negative and insignificant. The Wald test for coefficient restrictions shows that net export, exchange rate and government capital expenditure are statistically significant in explaining changes in economic growth. Based on the findings, it is recommended that government should adopt trade policies that promote export and reduce the incidence of importing competing goods to ensure that Nigeria optimizes the benefits that foreign trade creates.

Impact of Transport and Communication Capital Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria, 1986-2022

One of the major impediments to the improvement of the transport and communication sector is inadequate capital spending. Despite the readiness of the government to upgrade the critical infrastructures, there still exist huge infrastructural deficits in Nigeria. Based on these, this study examines the impact of government capital expenditure on transport and communication on economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2021. The study employed autoregressive distributed lag model as the method of analysis and the result reveals that in the long run, government capital expenditure on transport and communication (CEXTRC) with a coefficient value of 0.019, commercial banks’ credit to the transport and communication sector (CBCTRC) with a value of 0.025 and government revenue (GOVR) with a value of 0.065 have positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The results also reveal that the inflation rate (INFR) with value of -0.16 has a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The short run result found that CEXTRC with value of 0.02, CBCTRC with a value of 0.04, GOVR with a value of 0.21 all have positive and significant impact on economic growth. INFR however shows a negative impact with a coefficient value of -0.28. The study therefore recommends that the government should prioritize the transport and communication sector by allocating more funds in order to provide good transport and communication systems such as railways, roads, waterways, internet, highways and so on. These would help to reduce costs of production, improve better accessibility to markets, create businesses and employment opportunities which will have a multiplier effect on economic growth, by enhancing it.

Nigeria Economic Growth and Government Capital Expenditure, 1981- 2020

This study examined government expenditure effect on Nigeria’seconomic growth between 1981 and 2020, using ARDL model.The data obtained were secondary sources, CBN StatisticalBulletin, NBS and World Bank database. The dependent variableof the study is Gross Domestic Product (GDP), proxy as economicgrowth, while Capital Expenditure on Agriculture (AGEX),Capital Expenditure on Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying(MGEX), were the independent variables. The results of thefindings reveal that both AGEX and MGEX have positiverelationship with GDP and at the 5% significant level, arestatistically significant. The study therefore recommends that sincespending in the areas of infrastructural facilities is a gooddeterminant of output growth, government should ensure that basicinfrastructural facilities needed in these sectors (agriculture andmanufacturing, mining and quarrying) such as good roads, storagefacilities stable electricity and so on, are provided.

Analisis Hubungan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dengan Kemiskinan dan Belanja Modal Pemerintah Daerah, Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia

Purpose: This study examines the effects of local governments’ capital expenditures, labor absorption, and the Human Development Index on economic growth and poverty in 35 districts/cities in Central North Sumatra. Methodology/Approach: Quantitative research was used in this study. The secondary data were used by the researchers. Capital expenditures of local governments, labor absorption, and the Human Development Index are exogenous variables, while economic growth and poverty level are endogenous variables. Results: The results showed that the four proposed hypotheses were accepted, and the hypothesis was rejected. Limitations: Ownership structure and ownership have no relationship with debt policies. Contributions: Nasution et al. (2023) The results showed that the four proposed hypotheses were accepted and the hypothesis was rejected. Hypothesis 1 suggests that local government capital expenditures have a significantly positive effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 2 suggests that labor absorption has a significantly positive effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 3 suggests that the Human has a significantly positive effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 4 suggests that economic growth has no significant effect on poverty. Hypothesis 5 suggests that the Human Development Index has a significantly negative effect on poverty.Index is a significantly negative effect on poverty.

Analisis Pengaruh Dana Bagi Hasil, Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Dana Alokasi Umum, dan Dana Aloksi Khusus terhadap Belanja Modal dengan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Sebagai Variabel Moderating di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2019-2021

The aims of this research was to analysis the impact of economic growth on Central Java Provincial Government's capital expenditures in 2019–2021. This included looking at the impact of revenue sharing funds, money collected at the regional level, as well as federal, state, and local allocations. Data and statistics were collected from the country's centrally located Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance. Saturation sampling was used in the demographic and sample approach to collect data from all 35 cities and districts in Central Java Province (6 cities and 29 districts). According to the data, revenue splits and investment spending are unrelated (p=0.721), local own-source revenue (p=0.000), public allocation funds (p=0.001), and special allocation funds (p=0.032). The significance value for the effect of economic growth on capital expenditure was 0.196, meaning it had no effect on this variable. However, the effect of local revenue on capital expenditure was moderated by economic growth (p = 0.001), and the impact of general allocation funds on capital expenditure was moderated by economic growth (p = 0.048)

Fiscal Policy and Unemployment Nexus in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis (1990–2021)

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the fiscal policy and unemployment nexus in Nigeria using time series data covering 1990 to 2021. Economic downturn, poor living standard, inadequate employment generation and increasing unemployment rate are sources of concern and worry. Job creation seems not to be getting the needed attention in the scheme of economic policies in Nigeria. The proxies for fiscal policy were: government capital expenditure (GCE), government revenue expenditure (GRE), government external debt (GED) and government total revenue (GTR), while that for unemployment was the unemployment rate. Specifically, this sought to examine the nexus between GCE and unemployment rate, GRE and unemployment rate, GED and unemployment rate, and GTR and unemployment rate. The ex-post-facto research design was used while the hypotheses were tested at 5% significance level. The time series data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin was analyzed using the OLS technique. The test results showed that: GCE had a coefficient of 3.84 and a probability of 0.9893; GRE had -0.000481 coefficient and a probability of 0.6365; GED had 0.000584 coefficient and a probability of 0.1292 while GTR had 0.002070 coefficient and a probability of 0.0000. The probability f-statistic value of 0.000000 showed that proxies for fiscal policy are jointly significant to the unemployment rate. The adjusted R2 and Durbin-Watson values were 86% and 1.798125 respectively. It was recommended that the federal government should: (1) apply her capital expenditure properly and direct it to sectors that will help create more jobs and reduce unemployment rate, (2) make her recurrent expenditure to be supportive of the various government infrastructures, (3) drastically reduce her growing and high debt profile without commensurate job opportunities, (4) use her revenue to drive the economy instead of being applied on non-productive, white elephant projects or misappropriated.

Determining Factors of Economic Growth and Poverty in West Kalimantan

The abundant wealth of natural resources in the West Kalimantan Province, such as bauxite, palm oil, rubber, and coconut, underlies the region's great potential for economic growth. Therefore, being able to identify the factors that influence the province's economic growth and poverty is of vital importance. This study aims to contribute to understanding the primary factors influencing the economic growth and poverty of the region. The objective of this research is to investigate and assess how the economic growth and poverty of West Kalimantan Province, spanning from 2015 to 2021, is impacted by variables such as per capita spending, investment, and government expenditure. This is particularly significant due to the province's diverse regions, each possessing distinct attributes and confronting varying obstacles in pursuing enduring economic development. The analysis employs both the multiple linear approach and the path analysis technique. The findings revealed that the per capita expenditure factor exhibited a partial yet meaningful and favorable impact on economic growth. Meanwhile, the investment factor positively influenced economic growth, although it lacked statistical significance. On the other hand, the government expenditure factor yielded a neutral yet substantial effect on economic growth. In terms of poverty, the per capita expenditure variable demonstrated a non-significant negative impact, while the investment variable exhibited a positive influence on poverty without achieving statistical significance. Similarly, the government expenditure variable positively affected poverty, but this effect was not statistically significant. Notably, the economic growth variable significantly and adversely affected poverty. The outcomes derived from the path analysis indicated that per capita expenditure, investment, and government expenditure significantly influenced poverty while displaying no significant effects on economic growth.

Pengaruh Investasi Swasta, Infrastruktur Jalan, dan Belanja Modal Pemerintah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2006-2021

This study aims to know the Effect of Private Investment, Road Infrastructure, and Government Capital Expenditure simultaneously on Economic Growth in South Kalimantan Province from 2006 to 2021 and Know which factors significantly influence Economic Growth in South Kalimantan. South Kalimantan Province in 2006-2021. Data collection techniques in research using Documentation Techniques. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques with Eviews 10 software. This study found that the variables of private investment, road infrastructure, and the authorities' capital expenses significantly impact economic growth in Kalimantan Province. For the 2006-2021 period, private investment became the most dominant variable in its influence on economic growth in South Kalimantan Province for the 2006-2021 period.

Pengelolaan Dana Transfer dan Saldo Anggaran Lebih terhadap Belanja Modal Pemerintah Daerah Jawa Barat

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to manage transfer funds and budget balances over capital expenditures in the West Java government.&#x0D; Method: This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach, measuring the management of transfer funds and excess budget balances in 27 districts/cities of West Java Province, 2017 – 2020 period. Using secondary data, data collection techniques using the documentation method through the websites djpk.kemenkeu.go.id and jabarprov.go.id, by testing all research samples.&#x0D; Results: The results show that the higher the transfer funds, the higher the local government's capital expenditure. The Excess Budget Balance (EBB) is decreasing, indicating a decline in government spending on capital.&#x0D; Limitation: Data collection during the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in limited research data obtained&#x0D; Contributions: Contributions, especially for the West Java regional government in managing transfer funds and SAL, as well as other regional governments and the research community.

Nexus Between Fiscal Policy Mechanism and Stock Market Output in a Growing Economy

Abstract Fiscal policy methods are critical to a country’s economic stability. However, when fiscal policy changes occur, all economic sectors react either favorably or adversely. The stock market is not spared from this reaction because it is likewise an important aspect of the economy. From 1998 through 2020, the inquiry looks at the link between fiscal policy mechanisms and stock market performance. The Levin, Lin, and Chu test is used to determine data stationarity. At zero latency, all factors remain constant. Other screening tools employed indicate that all datasets and models utilized in this work are of satisfactory quality. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) is a statistical method used to investigate the link between fiscal policy plans and stock market results. Correlation coefficients quantify the strength of a link between two variables. The study’s findings indicate that fiscal measures such as tax income, domestic borrowing, government capital, and regular expenditure have a substantial and extremely strong positive relationship with Nigerian stock market returns. The study also indicates that foreign borrowing is harmful to Nigeria’s stock market advancement. Other data indicate that foreign borrowing has a modest to very weak link with other fiscal policy methods when compared to the outcomes of the other instruments. As a result, the report recommends increased tax income collection and a significant reduction in the country’s foreign debt.

Fiscal Policy and Inflation in Nigeria

Aims: This study aims to analyze how Nigerian government activities impact inflation, considering the inadequacy of monetary policy. It focuses on recurrent and capital expenditures in various sectors and their influence on inflation, as well as public debt and tax revenue's role in inflation dynamics.&#x0D; Study Design: The study employed secondary data.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Data sources include the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, Debt Management Office (DMO), and World Development Indicators (WDI) spanning from 1986 to 2021&#x0D; Methodology: The study employs econometric techniques, including unit root tests and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) analysis, with Inflation Rate (IFL) as the dependent variable. Independent variables representing fiscal policy include capital expenditure on transfers (CTRA), recurrent expenditure on administration (RADM), recurrent spending on social and community services (RSCS), recurrent expenditure on economic services (RECE), recurrent expenditure on transfers (RTRA), capital expenditure on administration (CADM), capital spending on social and community services (CSCS), capital expenditure on economic services (CECE), government direct and indirect taxes (TAX), government capital expenditure (GCE), government recurrent expenditure (GRE), and external debts (PUD).&#x0D; Results: Key findings reveal that in the long run, only RADM, RTRA, CADM, CECE, CSCS, GRE, GCE, PUD, and TAX had statistically significant relationships with inflation (IFL). RADM, CECE, CSCS, GCE, PUD, and TAX exhibited negative relationships with IFL, while RTRA, CADM, GRE showed positive relationships. In the short run, RSCS, RTRA, CADM, CECE, CSCS, CTRA, GRE, GCE, and TAX displayed statistical significance. RSCS, RTRA, CADM, and GRE positively correlated with IFL, while CECE, CSCS, CTRA, GCE, and TAX had negative associations.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concludes that Nigeria's fiscal policy should prioritize increased government capital spending in economic and social sectors to manage inflation effectively. Additionally, implementing fiscal restraint through higher taxation can help mitigate inflationary pressures.

The Nexus Between Public Revenue and Government Expenditure in Nigeria

This study examined the effect of government revenue on government expenditure in Nigeria. The study used a retrospective research design and data was obtained from a statistical bulletin from the OECD, CBN, IFRS and National Bureau of Statistics for the period 1981 to 2020. Descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data based on SPSS 20.0 and the Advanced Excel Analytical Toolkit 2018 package. The result revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between corporate income tax (CIT) and Government Capital Expenditure (GCE). The relationship between Value Added Tax (VAT) and Government Capital Expenditure (GCE) is also positive and statistically significant. Furthermore, CIT and VAT have been shown to have a positive and statistically significant relationship with government recurrent expenditure (GRE), respectively. Thus, the study reveals a significant relationship between government revenue and government expenditure in Nigeria. Among other things, we recommend that the government increase the number of goods on which Nigeria is subject to VAT to expand net VAT revenue as well as the collection of other indirect taxes to improve all public spending on Nigeria's economic growth - in line with Keynesian theory of expenditure and economic growth. Furthermore, in order to increase revenue for the CIT, according to Adolf Wagner's law of increasing public spending, the government must use tax money to create a favorable economic environment that stimulates high levels of industrial activity, thereby greatly affecting corporate performance and profits.

The Influence of Original Local Government Revenue, Specific Allocation Fund on Government Capital Expenditures in Southeast Sulawesi Disrict/ City

This study aims to examine how the influence of Local Own Revenue and Special Allocation Funds on District/City Government Capital Expenditures in Southeast Sulawesi Province. The type of data used in this study is secondary data. The source of the data used in this study comes from Realization Reports on the Capital Expenditure Budget, Local Own Revenue and Special Allocation Funds from 2015-2021 in 17 Regencies/Cities in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Analysis of testing the data in this study is panel data regression analysis using Eviews 10 software. The results of this study found that the Regional Original Income variable has a significant effect on the Capital Expenditure variable with a significant level of 0.0000, the Special Allocation Fund variable has a significant effect on the Capital Expenditure variable with a significant level of 0.0000. As well as the variable Regional Original Income and Special Allocation Funds Simultaneously or jointly have a significant effect on the Capital Expenditure variable with a significant level of 0.00000. The limitations of this study are that there are still many factors that influence Capital Expenditures, therefore it is hoped that further researchers can add other variables to make them more varied.

The Impact of Seaport Activities on Growth: Evidence from Indonesia

The research aims to analyse the impact of seaport activity on economic development in Indonesia. The time series of data has ranged between 2008 – 2018. This cross-section of data covers 33 provinces in Indonesia. The research uses secondary sources, such as the Central Statistics Agency, CEIC, and Ministries, and employs panel data analysis, which chooses the fixed effect as the best model. The results show that : (i) capital expenditure to gross investment in the economy (PMTB) positively affects boosting economic growth, (ii) the university workforce has a positive impact on per capita income growth (iii) the depreciation appears to erode gross regional domestic product per capita, and (iv) the variables associated with port activity in the model have no significance at a p-value of 1 % or 10 %. Furthermore, the variable with a lag of one year significantly affected growth. It meant that the investment activities impacted the economy in the following year. The policy implications include: (i) Increased government capital expenditure is needed, (ii) Providing the broadest possible access to higher education is one of the policies that can be taken to improve the quality of workers; (iii) improve access to and from the seaport to facilitate the flow of goods both for unloading and loading and unloading at the seaport.