Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Research Articles

Impact of Information and Communication Technologies and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Emissions in Africa

The pursuit of economic growth has implications for carbon emissions and climate change. Achieving low carbon development is important for attaining the targets of the sustainable development goals. Africa is often described as a largely import-dependent continent. The continent also requires significant investment in information and communication technologies (ICT) and renewable energy to achieve low-carbon economic growth. However, empirical evidence on the joint impacts of imports of goods and services, clean energy use, ICT, and economic growth on carbon emissions in Africa is scanty and mixed. This paper investigated the impacts of information and communication technologies, renewable energy consumption, import and economic growth on carbon emissions by using rich data on total per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, economic growth, import of goods and services, renewable energy consumption, fixed telephone subscriptions, mobile cellular subscriptions, and individuals using the internet in Africa (2001 ─ 2020) obtained from the World development indicators (WDI) database. Using the Panel autoregressive distributed lag model (PARDL), we found that mobile cellular subscriptions, and level of economic growth significantly increased per capita CO2 emissions in Africa in the long run while renewable energy consumption and technologies and import of goods and services significantly decreased per capita CO2 emissions in the long run. We conclude that information and communication technologies, level of economic growth, import of goods and services, and renewable energy consumption exert impacts on carbon emissions in Africa.

Modern tools for managing the climate economy of Kazakhstan

Object: The purpose of the article is to examine the effects of climate change and propose appropriate measures to reduce emissions.
 Methods: The article used systematic, analytical and statistical methods to manage the climate economy. The research methodology draws on qualitative research into current and evolving issues related to the impacts of climate change. To systematize the methods, official statistical data from the Global Change Data Laboratory and the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used.
 Findings: The article analyzes per capita carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry, as well as the dynamics of costs and investments in air and climate protection. According to the authors, government policy to ensure reliable energy to achieve sustainable development goals cannot be achieved without taking into account environmental requirements. Reliance on low-cost, carbon-intensive energy solutions while ignoring environmental issues makes it difficult for the country to reduce its carbon emissions. Climate economics must focus on lean production.
 Conclusions: Modern tools for managing the climate economy should be aimed at effective planning for the use of natural resources, the use of digital technologies to track and manage energy, and investing in enterprises involved in the disposal of food waste.

Can resolving geopolitical tensions help South Asian countries elude the carbon curse of natural resources?

South Asia is regarded as highly vulnerable to climate change-related concerns. Thus, it is of utmost importance for South Asian countries to conceptualize environmental development policies that can be implemented to tackle carbon emission-related environmental hazards. Moreover, due to high reliance on natural resources, almost all South Asian nations find it extremely difficult to reduce their carbon discharges. Therefore, taking note of these concerning issues, this study aims to explore the environmental impacts associated with natural resource dependency, geopolitical tensions, financial development, and urbanization in the context of major South Asian countries including Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. Notably, this study emphasizes whether reducing geopolitical tensions, by resolving external conflicts, can help these nations limit the carbon emission-related problems that are specifically associated with natural resource consumption. In this regard, a composite carbon curse index is calculated using data regarding three carbon emission-based indicators of environmental quality (per capita carbon dioxide emissions, rate of carbon intensity of energy use, and per capita consumption-based carbon footprints). For analytical purposes, several advanced panel data estimation methods that are robust against cross-sectionally dependent data with heterogeneous slope coefficients and endogeneity-related issues, are employed. Overall, the results endorse that more dependence on natural resources for stimulating economic growth worsens the carbon curse faced by the South Asia nations. By contrast, reducing geopolitical tensions through the resolution of external conflicts is observed to help the selected South Asian countries limit the carbon curse associated with natural resource consumption, both directly and indirectly. Therefore, in line with these findings, relevant decarbonization policies are recommended, which the concerned South Asian governments can take note of when designing green growth policies in the future.

Pathways to green urbanism: evaluating Jeddah’s environmental sustainability progress and prospects

Abstract This research provides a comprehensive analysis of environmental sustainability in Jeddah, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities it faces as a rapidly urbanizing city in an arid region. The study evaluates Jeddah’s performance across multiple environmental areas, including energy and carbon dioxide emissions, land and building use, transportation, waste management, water use, sanitation and air quality. A detailed SWOT analysis identifies the city’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in achieving sustainable urban development. The results reveal high per capita carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and waste generation, along with challenges in managing water resources and maintaining air quality. The study highlights Jeddah’s efforts in renewable energy policies, urban mass transportation and waste management strategies. The conclusion provides a set of comprehensive recommendations for policy improvement, focusing on the need for sustainable urban planning, energy conservation, improved waste and water management and public engagement. This research contributes significantly to the understanding of urban sustainability in arid environments, providing a valuable framework for policymakers and urban planners.

Do industrialization and nonrenewable energy affect environmental quality? Evidence from top fossil fuel-consuming countries.

The global warming phenomenon has been an issue of considerable discussion and debate among academics and decision-makers over the past few decades. Therefore, a deeper comprehension of the relationships between environmental deterioration and its causes is necessary in nations that rely on fossil fuels. This study examines the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and total natural resources, nonrenewable energy, industrialization, and ecological footprint from 2001 to 2020 in the case of major fossil fuel-consuming countries. The most recent panel Granger causality and panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) simulation models are used in this study. The findings indicate that natural resources, ecological footprint, and registered companies impede environmental quality. Similarly, the same results were noted by employing the generalized least square method. A feedback effect was noted between carbon dioxide emission and ecological footprint, while unidirectional causality between coal consumption and carbon emission. In light of these findings, it is advised that instead of pursuing policies that encourage the use of coal and petroleum, new energy policies enhance the share of nonfossil fuels in the energy mix for controlling rapid industrialization, extraction of natural resources, and environmental and economic issues.

Reinvigorating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the context ofhighly polluted nations: evidence using advanced panel estimation techniques.

China, United States, India, Russia, and Japan are regarded as the top five carbon dioxide-emitting nations in the world. These countries altogether account for more than half of the global annual discharges of carbon dioxide. Consequently, impeding the carbon emission-led environmental adversities in these countries is of critical emphasis for establishing environmental sustainability worldwide. In this regard, this study checks how economic progress, energy use intensification, and renewable energy use affect the annual growth rates of per capita carbon dioxide emission in these highly-polluted economies considering the study period from 1990 to 2021. Besides, for analytical purposes, advanced panel data estimation techniques have been utilized for detecting and neutralizing the impacts of cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity-related problems in the data. Overall, the findings endorse that economic progress deteriorates environmental quality both in the short and long run. However, since the long-run unfavorable environmental impacts of economic growthare relatively lower compared with the short-run impacts, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis can be deemed valid. Besides, more intensive use of energy resources is witnessed to impose negative long-run environmental consequences while the adoption of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels is found to improve environmental well-being, both in the short and long run. Furthermore, the results affirm that economic progress and energy use intensification jointly degrade environmental conditions. By contrast, economic progress alongside greater adoption of renewable energy is observed to inflict an environmental quality-improving effect. Considering these findings, a couple of carbon dioxide mitigating policies are suggestedto the concerned highly polluted developed and developing nations.

A neural network approach to the environmental Kuznets curve

We investigate the relationship between per capita gross domestic product and per capita carbon dioxide emissions using national-level panel data for the period 1960–2018. We propose a novel semiparametric panel data methodology that combines country and time fixed effects with a nonparametric neural network regression component. Globally and for the regions OECD and Asia, we find evidence of an inverse U-shaped relationship, often referred to as an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), in production-based emissions. For OECD, the EKC-shape disappears when using consumption-based emissions data, suggesting the EKC-shape observed for OECD is driven by emissions exports. For Asia, the EKC-shape becomes even more pronounced when using consumption-based emissions data and exhibits an earlier turning point.

Links among population aging, economic globalization, per capita CO2 emission, and economic growth, evidence from East Asian countries.

Population aging, economic globalization, and economic growth simultaneously cause changes in environmental quality, but so far no studies have integrated these key factors into the same environmental policy framework. Thus, this study uses the more robust Westerlund cointegration test and the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator (robust to cross-sectional dependence (CD), heterogeneity, and endogeneity) to estimate the long-term relationship between population aging, economic globalization, economic growth, and per capita carbon emissions in East Asian countries during the period 1975-2018. The analysis results reflect that population aging significantly reduces the long-term per capita carbon emissions of specific East Asian countries. However, energy generation and economic globalization make significant contributions to long-run per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, the impact of economic growth on long-term per capita carbon emissions is significantly positive, while the impact of square of economic growth on long-run per capita carbon emissions is significantly negative, thus validating the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for specific East Asian countries. The results of the causality test indicated a two-way causality between energy generation and per capita carbon dioxide emission, supporting the feedback hypothesis. There is also a two-way causal relationship between aging population and per capita carbon dioxide emission. Policy recommendations are discussed in response to the empirical findings of this study.

Club convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions across Indian states

Club convergence in per capita carbon dioxide emissions across Indian states

Revisiting the impact of renewable energy on carbon emission in 130 countries—The mediating effect of resource rental rents and human capital

More efficient use of renewable energy to reduce carbon emission requires a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions. To this end, this work investigates the linear and nonlinear relationship between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions in 130 countries from the new perspective of resource capital factors (total natural resources rents) and human capital (human capital index). The results are given that from a global perspective, the increase in the proportion of renewable energy consumption can accelerate the reduction of per capita carbon emissions before reaching a particular threshold value of total natural resources rents. When a specific natural threshold value is reached, the increase in the proportion of renewable energy consumption will reduce the rate of per capita carbon emissions. Another interesting finding is that the greater the human factor, the lower the reduction rate of per capita carbon dioxide emissions. To explain the above phenomenon, all countries are divided into four different income levels for further heterogeneity research. When the threshold variables are different, the impact on carbon emissions in various income countries is heterogeneous, which is further analyzed in the article. Furthermore, a meaningful discovery shows that whether the threshold variable is natural or human factor, low-income countries benefit the most from the carbon reduction effect brought by the increase in the proportion of renewable energy consumption, followed by lower-middle income and upper-middle income countries, and the lowest is higher-income countries.

Panel Estimation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint: Environmental Sustainability in Developing Countries

Abstract Research background: The relationship between the economy and the environment is one of the most frequently encountered issues recently. Today the issue of environmental sustainability is one of the problems faced by countries. Purpose: This study, it is aimed at investigating the relationship between economic and environmental variables. Research methodology: The existence of the environmental Kuznets curve theory, in other words, the inverted U-connection between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, per capita ecological footprint, and per capita GDP in the examples of 10 developing countries is examined. We analyzed annual balanced panel data covering the period 1992–2014 for an inverted U-link between carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint and per capita GDP. Westerlund’s cointegration test was applied as a cointegration test. The Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augment Mean Group (AMG) estimator methods were applied for long-term parameter estimation. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test was applied to determine the causal connections. Results: As a result of the study, a positive and significant effect of electricity consumption on carbon dioxide emission was determined in the long term in the model where the ecological footprint is the dependent variable. In the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, an inverted U-shaped relationship was determined. That is, the results confirming the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve have been determined. Finally, bidirectional causal links between carbon emissions and economic growth, between carbon dioxide emissions and the square of economic growth, and between carbon dioxide emissions and electricity consumption; It is observed between the ecological footprint and economic growth, between the ecological footprint and the square of economic growth, and between the ecological footprint and electricity consumption. It is expected that this article will make a significant contribution to the literature with the important results obtained by using both an ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emission as dependent variables. Novelty: In this study, unlike other studies, two models were created with both CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint data as environmental variables.

Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Variables Determining Tourism Activities in Turkey

Turizm ülkelerin çeşitli göstergelerinden etkilenen ve çeşitli göstergelerini etkileyen bir faaliyettir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin turizm faaliyetlerini etkileyen makroekonomik değişkenlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda 1996:1–2016:1 dönemi Yapısal VAR Analizi ile Etki-Tepki Fonksiyonlarının yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan makroekonomik değişkenler literatür dikkate alınarak araştırılmış ve gelen uluslararası turist sayısı, reel kişi başına düşen milli gelir, tüketici fiyat endeksi, reel efektif döviz kuru, politik istikrar, jeopolitik risk indeksi ve kişi başına düşen karbondioksit miktarı şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, gelen uluslararası turist sayısının milli geliri, karbondioksit emisyonunu, politik istikrarı ve jeopolitik risk endeksini etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bunun yanı sıra ülkeye gelen uluslararası turist sayısının milli gelir, politik istikrar, karbondioksit emisyonu miktarından etkilendiği, jeopolitik risk endeksinden etkilenmediği tespit edilmiştir. Kısa dönemde enflasyon ve döviz kuru ile gelen uluslararası turist sayısı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir.

Convergence of CO2 emissions in OECD countries

This paper examines the convergence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in OECD countries. Specifically, we are interested in examining to what extent the per capita emissions of different countries tend to draw closer over time. This issue is important since this question is associated with fairness regarding the distribution of per capita emissions. In this context, we examine the stochastic convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions for 30 OECD countries from 1960 to 2018. We adopt a newly developed test by Payne et al. (2022), which allows for two structural breaks and cross-correlations in a factor structure. Our results accounting for breaks and factors jointly show that per capita CO2 emissions do not converge, implying that the differences in CO2 emissions exist and are persistent.

Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals through technological innovation: juxtaposing the economic and environmental effects of financial development and energy use.

The BRICS comprise of group of emergingmarket economies which are committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals agenda of the United Nations by the end of the year 2030. In this regard, it is critically important for these nations to sustain their annual rise in theireconomic growth rates while simultaneously declining the rate of discharge ofcarbon dioxide emissions. Against this backdrop, this study aims to investigate how financial development, greaterprimary energy consumption, and technological innovation affect the prospects of the BRICS nations in achieving economic and environmental sustainability. Considering the period from 1990 to 2020 and utilizing methods that are robust to working with cross-sectionally dependent, heterogeneous, and endogenous panel data, the key analytical findings derived in this study reveal that higher levels offinancial development, primary energy consumption, and technological innovation boost the per capita economic growth rates of the BRICS nations. Besides, technological innovation also moderates the financial development-economic growth and theprimary energy consumption-economic growth nexuses by jointly boosting economic growth rates with these two macroeconomic variables. On the other hand, financial development and higher primary energy consumption are seen to boost the annual per capita carbon dioxide emission growth in these emerging nations, while technological innovation is observed to do the opposite. Furthermore, technological innovation is witnessed to moderate the nexus between energy use and economic growth to further reduce theemission growth ratein the BRICS nations. Accordingly, a set of policies are recommended to the concernedgovernments in order to enable the BRICS nations to attain the Sustainable Development Goalsagenda.

Welfare gains from international trade and renewable energy demand: Evidence from the OECD countries

This paper uses a new measure of international trade, i.e. the international trade potential index, to measure the welfare gains from trade across countries. The measure is based on the import shares of countries in their gross domestic products. It is observed that gains from international trade are low in prosperous economies, but they are larger in poorer economies. Then, the paper investigates the impact of the index of international trade potential on renewable energy consumption in the unbalanced panel dataset of 36 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries from 1966 to 2016. The novel evidence is that international trade potential is positively related to renewable energy consumption. It is also found that per capita income, per capita carbon dioxide emissions, and energy prices increase the demand for renewable energy.

Why are some countries cleaner than others? New evidence from macroeconomic governance.

This study aims to investigate why some countries are cleaner than the others with reference to macroeconomic governance (MEG) in order to explain how major macroeconomic aggregates should be governed to mitigate environmental pollution at the level of economic systems. Using per capita carbon dioxide emissions (CPC) as the proxy for air pollution, and macro-non-financial governance (MNFG) and macro-financial governance (MFG) as the proxies for MEG, the study introduces the systemic and fragmented governance of green complementarities (GCMs) and dirty complementarities (DCMs) as analytic concepts to compare the MEG models for managing pollution in 13 high-income countries (HICs), 10 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and nine lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) for the period 1994–2014. The paper concludes that (i) HICs reduced their CPC levels thanks to adopting green systemic governance by creating GCMs between both MNFG and MFG variables in the long run; (ii) UMICs experienced a remarkable increase in their CPC levels due to adopting dirty systemic governance by creating DCMs between the MNFG variables, but prevented pollution from being higher through creating GCMs between the MFG variables; and (iii) LMICs experienced the highest comparative increase in CPC due to adopting a fragmented governance in managing both MNFG–pollution and MFG–pollution nexus.

A worldwide tourism-extended Environmental Kuznets Curve. New approaches in a comparative analysis

This work aims to empirically study the exogenous impact of the tourism sector on the environment and the validity of the conventional and tourism-extended Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in 69 countries from America, Europe, and Asia-Oceania between 1995 and 2016. We introduce several interesting approaches in our analysis: the consideration of three heterogeneous regions to isolate the relationship between tourism activity and environmental quality from local conditions, an environmental-legal index to consider the effect of environmental regulations on pollution, and an instrumental quantile regression methodology to avoid possible endogeneity problems. Our results show that tourism activity causes environmental damage, measured by per capita carbon dioxide emissions. We also find evidence suggesting the fulfillment of the conventional and tourism-extended EKC hypotheses for the full sample and American and Asia-Oceania countries, but not European ones. Lastly, an important policy implication emerging from our analysis refers to the importance of regulations in mitigating environmental degradation, especially in high-polluted countries, suggesting the need for governments to take an active role in this matter to ensure sustainable and responsible tourism.

The effects of regional trade integration and renewable energy transition on environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian neighbors

AbstractImproving environmental quality across South Asia has become one of the utmost important policy agendas of the concerned governments. The susceptibility of the majority of the South Asian countries to multifaceted climate change adversities has motivated the need to identify the factors that can function to ensure environmental sustainability across South Asia. Although several studies have highlighted the importance of globalization and cleaner energy use in tackling the environmental degradaton issues of the South Asian countries, very little is known regarding the impacts of regional trade and renewable energy transition in this regard. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the effects of enhancing intra‐regional trade integration and undergoing renewable energy transition on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the context of six South Asian nations between 1990 and 2016. The results from the recently developed cross‐sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag regression approach, accounting for cross‐sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity issues, reveal that facilitating trade among the South Asian neighbors reduces carbon emissions in both the short and long run. Moreover, enhancing the share of renewable energy in the aggregate energy consumption figures is also found to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in both the short and long run. Furthermore, both regional trade integration and renewable energy transition are found to jointly reduce carbon dioxide emissions in South Asia. The results also authenticate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, while financial development and urbanization are found to boost carbon dioxide emissions only in the long run.

The effects of FDI and government expenditures on environmental pollution in Korea: the pollution haven hypothesis revisited.

This paper uses the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) to examine the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and government expenditures on environmental quality in Korea. For this purpose, we conducted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing for the period 1970-2018. Empirical results indicate that in Korea, increased FDI, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), energy use, and imports have led to increased per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while government expenditures, renewable energy, and exports have led to decreased per capita CO2 emissions. Empirical results also reveal an N-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and per capita CO2 emissions. Moreover, the PHH is valid in Korea to a moderate degree, and the detrimental effect of FDI on environmental quality is relatively limited. Furthermore, government expenditures improve environmental quality. These empirical findings support Korea's leading role in implementing comprehensive green growth initiatives.

Does economic prosperity lead to environmental sustainability in developing economies? Environmental Kuznets curve theory.

Since developing countries experience economic and environmental sustainability challenges, it is desirable digging into the linkages between economic and environmental parameters. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory (i.e., the inverse U-shape connection between real GDP per capita and per capita carbon dioxide emissions) in the sample of 11 developing countries. By using balanced annual panel data in the period between 1992 and 2014 and two alternative estimation techniques, we explored the potential inverted U-shaped linkage between carbon dioxide emissions and real GDP per capita in the sample of interest. For analysis purposes, Pedroni and Westerlund co-integration techniques are employed. Then, fully modified ordinary least squares, pooled mean group methods are applied for long-run parameter estimations. And, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality approach is employed for causal directions. Firstly, this work's findings provide the supportive evidence to the inverse U-shaped linkage in the long-run, indicating that an increase in real GDP per capita and electricity consumption tends to mitigate long-run carbon dioxide emissions in the developing countries, for the whole sample. Secondly, the country-specific findings suggested the presence of EKC theory for Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Russian Federation, Thailand, and Turkey. It implicated that these countries are on the path of attaining environmental sustainability in the long-run. However, Mexico, Philippines, Indonesia, and South Africa failed to lend credence to the EKC theory. It manifested that these countries need to design strategies directed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from economic activity and electricity generation through efficiency improvement or promotion of renewables. Finally, bidirectional causal links are observed among all the variables of interest. The findings suggest that country-specific targeted action plans should be implemented to ensure the environmental sustainability in the developing world.