Road Capacity Research Articles

Performance and Capacity Analysis of Pabringan Road in The City of Yogyakarta

This study aimed to ascertain the traffic volume, evaluate the performance and degree of saturation, and identify the service level category on Pabringan Road in Yogyakarta City. We surveyed to obtain primary data for the research method. We then analyzed the data using the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual 1997. According to the survey results, Pabringan Road experiences peak volumes of 792.1 pcu/hour in the morning, 979.3 pcu/hour in the afternoon, and 1103.3 pcu/hour at night. The road capacity calculation yielded a maximum capacity of 1185.52 pcu/hour. The speed on Pabringan Road decreased by 43.52% compared to the design flow speed of 23.72 km/hour, which was approximately 0.75. The analysis results indicate that during the morning peak hour, the level of service falls into category C, characterized by stable flow, increasing traffic density, and an increase in internal obstacles. During the afternoon peak hour, the service level falls into category D, indicating an approaching unstable flow and a high traffic volume. Changes in traffic flow conditions significantly impact the speed, even though it remains manageable. Moderate traffic density, fluctuations in traffic volume, internal traffic obstacles, and temporary obstacles can cause a significant speed reduction. High traffic interval obstacles significantly reduce traffic speed during the evening peak hour, causing drivers to experience short-duration congestion.

ANALISIS PERSEPSI KEBISINGAN PADA RUAS-RUAS JALAN DI SEKITAR PERUMAHAN NASIONAL MONANG-MANING DENPASAR-BARAT

The urban population continues to increase due to uncontrolled urbanization. This increase in population is in line with the increasing ownership of private vehicles which causes an increase in the volume of vehicles on the roads. On the other hand, it is very difficult to increase road capacity due to the dense use of land. As a result, the volume of traffic exceeds road capacity, causing congestion and impacting noise. This study was conducted in the National Housing Monang-Maning area, West Denpasar, an area that experiences noise exceeding the noise level standard. The purpose of this study was to analyze public perceptions of noise levels. A total of 125 questionnaires were distributed to people living in the area. This perception data was analyzed using multiple linear regression statistics. The results showed that the variables Traffic Volume, Road Conditions, and Population Number had a significant positive effect on the Noise Level that occurred in the Perumnas Monang Maning area, both partially and simultaneously. The Sig. values ??were obtained, respectively, of 0.000 <0.050; t count of 6.263; 4.737; 8.360 > ttable = 1.980; and Fcount = 72.763 > Ftable = 0.071; determination coefficient R2 = 63.50%; obtained model: Y = 5.331 + 0.295X1 + 0.229X2 + 0.344X3. The Population Variable has the largest coefficient, which means it has the greatest influence on noise levels

Research on Smart City Road Network Capacity Optimization Configuration Based on Deep Learning Algorithms

At present, the urban traffic system is faced with the problems of congestion and low efficiency, and the traditional methods have certain limitations when dealing with the complex urban road network. This paper aims to explore a new method of capacity Optimization of Road Networks in a Smart City environment and proposes a method based on a Graph Neural network, named “Smart City Road optimization Graph Neural Network” (SCRO-GNN). SCRO-GNN first collects and preprocesses multi-source data, including road network data, traffic flow, accident records, environmental factors, etc. The key node and edge features, including the number of lanes at the intersection, the traffic flow of the section, and the adjacency matrix of the road network are defined to characterize the structure of the road network. Then, the graph neural network model is constructed and trained to predict the traffic flow of different sections and evaluate the road capacity by using the graph structure of the road network. This paper tests the performance of SCRO-GNN on real road networks in multiple cities. The results show that, compared with the traditional traffic flow prediction model, SCRO-GNN can significantly improve the prediction accuracy, especially when dealing with the highly complex urban road network structure. Based on these predictions, the proposed optimization strategy performed well in reducing traffic congestion and improving the efficiency of road use. The research in this paper not only demonstrates the potential of graph neural networks in smart city road network optimization, but also provides a new direction for future traffic system research. The successful implementation of the SCRO-GNN approach is expected to provide more efficient and intelligent solutions for urban traffic management and planning.

Аналіз технічних вимог і методів випробування матеріалів для дорожньої розмітки, як підґрунтя для нових стандартів

Introduction. Horizontal road markings are a crucial element of road safety, traffic organization and flow management. They also enhance the road's capacity by more than 20 % and reduce the number of road traffic accidents. The modern development of the road sector is characterized by increasing demands on road markings. Today, the choice of materials for road markings is vast and includes: paints, cold and hot-applied plastics, polymer tapes, pre-formed products, retroreflective glass microbeads, and more. Each material has a unique set of properties related to durability, retroreflectivity, application cost, and life cycle. Problem Statement. The expanded range of materials complicates the selection process for road markings. The choice must account for various factors, including the type of marking, road conditions (curves in plan, intersections, roads with high traffic volume, etc.), road surface material, and its roughness. To select the proper materials for road markings, road traffic load level and expected service life must be considered. To make an optimal choice, it is essential to test the quality characteristics of materials through evaluations of their physical-mechanical, technological, and functional properties.

GIS-based analysis of relationship between building density and capacity of urban streets

Governments adopted the policy of increasing accumulation in cities in order to maximum use of desired lands of city districts and to prevent from city buildings in the environment created subsequent to the horizontal city developments. One of the basic foundations that must be evaluated while the population accumulation of capability increase, is the traction ability of accountability communication network in both public and private transport system to new travels created by any new user introduction. In this paper, we discussed about the relation between accumulation and traffic capacity of city streets with regard to a case study of Imam Khomeini Street in Tabriz city, Iran. This relation has been modeled with Logistic and AHP models. After investigating the service level of the street for 14 consecutive hours it is evident that the traffic is saturated at the peak hours and based on this study the suggestion for density increase is eliminated. Because the density increase is possible when v/c

Stability of Adaptive Cruise Control of Automated Vehicle Platoon under Constant Time Headway Policy

Traffic congestion is becoming more prevalent as the number of vehicles on the roads continues to rise.To shorten travel times and enhance driver comfort, a range of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has been developed to assist drivers in urban areas and on highways. The demand for increasing road capacity has introduced the concept of vehicle platooning, where the use of the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system is a key function within the advanced driver assistance (ADAS) technology, this technology manages the vehicle's longitu-dinal control in specific driving conditions. Cars equipped with ACC can efficiently maintain a set distance from the vehicle ahead, easing the driver’s workload while offering advantages such as improved road capacity, lower fuel consumption, and reduced pollution emissions. However, they can be susceptible to string instability, resulting in the amplification of oscillations caused by speed variations along the platoon's rear. This paper presents a string stability analysis of car platoons equipped with ACC system based on a heuristic method by choosing of the constant time headway policy (CTHP). The constant time headway policy selection for string stability is based on the Nyquist diagram of the transfer function of the spacing errors between two cars. A platoon operated by using distance-based ACC control structures is implemented. These structures employ a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) using a dual integrator. The simulation results were acquired by modeling and simulating the studied platoon within Matlab/Simulink.

Traffic Impact Analysis Due to Construction of Special Eye Hospital Padang Eye Center

Padang Eye Center is one of the hospitals under construction on Jalan Khatib Sulaiman, Lolong Belanti, North Padang District, Padang City, West Sumatra. The construction of the hospital will certainly have an impact on traffic on Jalan Khatib Sulaiman. The purpose of conducting andalalin is to analyze the amount of travel demand that occurs at the Padang Eye Center Hospital in pre-construction, construction period, operational period, and post 5 years of construction, as well as seeing the impacts that occur and how alternative solutions are carried out. The parameters used are based on the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2021 concerning the implementation of andalalin, the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) of 2023 concerning the performance of road sections and the Directorate General of Land Transportation of 1996 concerning parking. The results of the analysis, namely the existing conditions obtained a V / C ratio of 0.43 level B, the construction period obtained a V / C ratio of 0.45 level C, the operational period with a V / C ratio of 0.45 level C, and after 5 years of operation the V / C ratio is 0.58 level C which means that the flow is stable, but the operating speed begins to be limited based on the level of service (LOS) table. Parking needs based on the building area of 2832 m2 were obtained as many as 113 srp, while based on the available parking area it can accommodate as many as 121 srp, so the parking space requirements of the Padang Eye Center Special Eye Hospital have been met. The alternative solution to this analysis is the placement of regulatory officers in front of the entrance and exit of the Khatib Sulaiman Road intersection during the construction period, regulating parking circulation within the hospital area, and making barrier gates to regulate vehicle traffic flow.

Optimizing dedicated lanes and tolling schemes for connected and autonomous vehicles to address bottleneck congestion considering morning commuter departure choices

The introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) provides a significant opportunity to address the persistently increasing problem of urban traffic congestion. By virtue of their connectivity and automation features, CAVs can reduce vehicle headways, thereby increasing road capacity and enhancing throughput. It has been hypothesized that CAV-infrastructure design policies can influence traveler behavior in ways that could reduce congestion. This research focuses on the potential of using CAV-dedicated lanes (CAVL) to alleviate traffic congestion in a bottleneck corridor that serves both human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and CAVs. We delve into investigating the impacts of CAVLs on the departure time and lane choices of morning commuters. The study first expresses traffic equilibrium conditions as a linear program with complementarity constraints. Then, a system-optimal commute congestion management design is formulated to minimize the overall system cost, which consists of queuing delays and early and late arrival costs. The results of the computational experiments suggest that: (i) the CAV technological advancements can significantly reduce traffic congestion under CAVL deployment with an almost similar effect as a tolling policy; and (ii) the lower value of time for CAV commuters leads them to depart closer to their desired arrival time without a tolling policy, which could significantly increase the bottleneck traffic congestion that commuters experience, particularly HDVs.

The Influence of Vehicles Parking on the Roadside as Reduction of Lane Width on Traffic Performance

The city of Poso is experiencing rapid economic growth, attracting many newcomers and developing various commercial facilities along its streets. This study analyzes traffic performance on three road sections in Poso City: Jl. Pulau Irian Jaya (District Road), Jl. Pulau Sumatera (National Road), and Jl. Kasintuwu (Provincial Road), focusing on the impact of on-street parking as a side friction and lane width reduction on road capacity and degree of saturation (DS). The methods used are MKJI 1997 and PKJI 2023. The study results indicate that road capacity decreases and DS increases significantly when using the PKJI 2023 method compared to MKJI 1997. Jl. Pulau Irian Jaya experienced an increase in DS from 0.372 to 0.410 (side friction) and from 0.874 to 0.94 (lane width reduction). Jl. Pulau Sumatera showed an increase in DS from 0.716 to 0.776 (side friction) and from 0.75 to 0.84 (lane width reduction). Meanwhile, Jl. Kasintuwu showed an increase in DS from 0.114 to 0.118 (side friction) and from 0.20 to 0.21 (lane width reduction). These results suggest that the PKJI 2023 method provides a more conservative estimate, indicating a more significant decline in traffic performance compared to MKJI 1997.

The Effectiveness of Pedestrian Crossing Bridges for Urban Areas in Indonesia Based on Crossing Times and Pedestrian Perspective

The use of pedestrian bridges is often ineffective as pedestrians tend to prefer crossing directly on the roadway, even though heavy traffic conditions increase the risk of accidents. This lowers the safety level of crossers and causes traffic problems. This study aims to evaluate the efficient use of pedestrian bridges and determine public perceptions of road crossing facilities. The research was conducted using geometric assessment and road performance evaluation methods that refer to the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines. In addition, crossing times were analyzed based on the traffic TCT distribution histogram, as well as pedestrian perceptions of crossing facilities. The evaluation results show that the effectiveness of road services falls into category A. Based on pedestrian perceptions, 60% of respondents prefer to cross directly on the roadway, with an average TCT of 1.2 m/sec. From the results of the CSI analysis, the level of respondents' satisfaction with the condition of the pedestrian bridge is 71.373%. Based on the results of the study, the use of pedestrian bridges will be effective in the next 15 years. Recommendations proposed to increase the effectiveness of the use of pedestrian bridges and the level of pedestrian safety is the use of guardrails.

Analisa Pengaruh Hambatan Samping terhadap Kinerja Ruas Jalan pada Jalan Raya Kedu, Reco Kabupaten Wonosobo

According to the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI), a road section is defined as the length of the road between and not influenced by major signalized or unsignalized intersections and has the same characteristics along the entire length of the road. Side obstacles are one of the factors causing traffic jams. Traffic jams are caused by an imbalance between the increase in vehicle ownership and the growth in available road infrastructure, as well as the effective capacity of existing road sections being smaller than the planned road capacity due to roadside obstacles. Traffic engineering is needed to monitor and maintain the continuity of transportation. According to the Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA, Traffic Engineering is a stage of transportation engineering which involves the design, geometric planning and traffic operations of all kinds of roads, road networks, terminals, surrounding land and relationships with other types of transportation.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluating Collaborative Emission Reduction Efforts in Urban Road Passenger Transportation: insights from the City Scale

Road passenger transportation contributes significantly to carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions, posing challenges for urban sustainability, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities such as Fuzhou, which was recognized as a global sustainable development city for 2023. This study addresses the research gap by integrating road green factors, which refer to the ecological attributes of roads, such as green space, vegetation, and tree coverage that contribute to improving air quality and reducing pollution, into emission reduction strategies for city-scale road passenger transportation. This novel approach has not been extensively explored in the existing literature. The purpose of this study was to identify a rational pathway for emissions reduction by analyzing the economic, demographic, transportation infrastructure, road green space, and policy factor impacts on emissions. Employing a system dynamics (SD) model, this research evaluates the emissions from road passenger transportation in Fuzhou from 2010 to 2030 under various scenarios, including a baseline scenario (BS), controlled private cars travel demand (CPD), promotion of new energy vehicles (PVE), improvement in energy efficiency (IEE), increase in road capacity (IRC), and improvement in road green level (IRG). The principal results indicate that by optimizing the traffic structure and integrating other emission reduction measures, peak CO2 emissions can be achieved by 2024 under the three scenarios or by 2023 under the four scenarios. Furthermore, significant reductions in pollutants of 84.62% and 86.07% are projected, respectively. The study concluded that the economic benefits of CO2 emissions reductions consistently exceeded those of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) reductions, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach to emissions reduction strategies. Based on these findings, policy recommendations were proposed to guide the formulation of effective road passenger transportation policies aimed at achieving sustainable urban development.

Analysis Of Multi Lane Free Flow Implementation At Toll Gates In Indonesia (Case Study Of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)

As the volume of vehicles on toll roads and non-toll roads increases, congestion occurs when the road capacity can no longer accommodate the volume of vehicles passing through it. one of the most crowded toll roads in Indonesia is the Jagorawi Toll Road. Congestion often occurs at several points along the Jagorawi Toll Road, especially the Cililitan Toll Gate. Congestion at the Toll Gate often occurs because the level of service at the Toll Gate does not match the level of vehicle arrivals during peak hours. Therefore, in the research “Analysis of Multi lane Free Flow Implementation at Toll Gates in Indonesia (Case Study of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)”, this study aims to determine the performance and impact on vehicles at Cililitan Toll Gate 2 that are still using E-Toll and its effect on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) if the E-Toll system and MLFF system are installed at Cililitan Toll Gate 2. Therefore, using the analysis method with the help of Microsoft Excel can analyze data on the performance of E-Toll and VOC and survey data processing using SPSS. Based on the research findings, on Wednesday, March 6, 2024 has a delay time on the E-Toll payment system of 49 seconds. And also obtained the value of VOC when MLFF is applied (at a speed of 60 km / h) is lower than the value of VOC when E-Toll is applied (at a speed of 9.72 km / h) resulting in congestion costs of Rp. 3,653.75 / km for passenger cars, Rp. 1,113.66 / km for medium vehicles, Rp. 4,014.32 / km for large buses and Rp. 8,045.89 / km for large trucks.

Use of Engineering-Educational-Empowerment Model to Improve the Integrated Traffic Impact Analysis and Environment Impact Analysis Results

In order to control road carriage way capacity and/or road environment degradation due to transport activities, the Traffic Impact Analysis TIA document has been directed to be integrated within the Environment Impact Analysis EIA document. However, only medium and high trip attractiveness was considered. Consequently, cumulative impact due to dense small scale concentrated in a certain corridor not only decrease road capacity but also increase road environment degradation. These unintended situations, especially at fast growth corridors, was recorded, including the parking index, on-street parking impacts due to inadequacy in existing parking space capacity. This activity aims to socialized and discussed the technical and environmental impacts due to on-street parking in order to improve better knowledge and transport policy decision. Therefore, an integrated approaches - using a Focus Group Discussion - based on engineering, educational and empowerment method was undertaken to identify a change in stake holder’s perception towards the correlation between transport and land use. It was found that, although within low trip attractiveness level category, but a dense small scale of activities produces great roadside friction and contribute negative impact on roadway capacity and air pollutant essence. This strongly indicate that a micro zoning regulation is required to control the type, number, scale and dense of social-economic activities, particularly in fast growth corridors.

Methods for ice crossings load capacity calculation

Introduction. The article deals with a problem relevant to the territory of our country – the calculation of the bearing capacity of ice crossings and winter roads. This problem is becoming more and more urgent in connection with the development of the northern territories, an increase in the carrying capacity of road transport and the volume of cargo traffic. At the same time, the construction of permanent roads and bridge crossings requires very large capital expenditures, which are not yet available for the Russian Federation.Methods and materials. A critical analysis of methods for determining by calculation the bearing capacity of ice cover at crossings (the maximum permissible load on the axle of a single car or road train) was carried out.The recommendations of normative and methodological documents on this issue are considered. The presented analysis of domestic and foreign publications made it possible to evaluate mathematical models of different levels of complexity and detail, with a different set of factors influencing the final result.Results. As a result of the research, a summary table, which contains formulas for calculating the bearing capacity of the ice cover, the parameters that are taken into account in these formulas, as well as the values of the bearing capacity calculated using these formulas for two temperatures: 0 °C and minus 20 °C has been compiled.Conclusions. According to the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the largest number of parameters is taken into account in M.M. Kazansky-R.A. Shulman; Q. Wang; ODM 218.4.030-2016 Methodological recommendations for assessing the carrying capacity of ice crossings’ dependencies. At the same time, the value of the bearing capacity, calculated according to the 11th formulas, varies by 2-3 or more times presented. Consequently, the presented mathematical models for predicting the carrying capacity of ice crossings require experimental verification on real objects by dragging the control cargo (with some refinement of this method).

Enhancing Work Zone Safety: Evaluating Static Merge Strategies Through Microscopic Traffic Simulation

Background The utilization of merging control has been proposed as a strategy to maximize the capacity of roads in work zone areas. The static Early Merge (EM) and static Late Merge (LM) controls are extensively implemented among these strategies. Although many studies have investigated the efficacy of these controls through the analysis of field data or microscopic traffic simulations, such comparisons are frequently conducted under different work zone conditions, which can result in inconsistent, contradictory conclusions. Materials and Methods A simulation study was carried out using the VISSIM microscopic traffic simulator within a self-developed work zone featuring a 2-to-1 lane closure setup to comprehensively assess and contrast the traffic efficiency of the EM and LM controls. Furthermore, through a comprehensive analysis and comparison of network performance within the designed work zone across various scenarios, including queue length, vehicle delays, and travel time, the significant VISSIM parameters influencing the system's performance were identified. Results The analysis revealed that the parameters CC1 (headway time) and CC2 (longitudinal following threshold) from the car-following model exert more significant influence in the simulated work zone throughput than the Safety Distance Reduction Factor (SDRF) parameter from the lane-changing model. Discussion According to the simulation findings, implementing the EM control is preferable when drivers display aggressive behavior and maintain relatively short safety distances (i.e., low CC1 values). Conversely, opting for the LM control is more advisable in work zone areas where drivers demonstrate cautious driving tendencies and maintain longer safety distances (i.e., high CC1 values). Conclusion The efficacy of static EM and LM was analyzed in a 2-to-1 lane closure work zone on a freeway using the microscopic traffic simulator VISSIM. Simulation results were compared to identify the most relevant VISSIM parameters that influence work zone throughput. Our results indicate that the parameters CC1 and CC2 from the car-following model have a more substantial impact than the SDRF parameter from the lane-changing model. In particular, our comparison results suggest that the work zone throughput decreases in both the EM and LM scenarios as the values of CC1 and CC2 increase. Additionally, SDRF has a relatively negligible effect on the network performance of both merge strategies.

The RaKJA Application for Designing Android the Based Road Section Performance

Abstract Performance analysis of road sections is usually carried out on road sections that have the potential for high traffic jams, then perform performance calculations and obtain recommendations for problems on these road sections. However, currently it is still difficult to calculate road performance because it has to be done manually in the calculations and looking for the necessary factors. This research aims to create an application to assist in calculating the performance of Android-based roads more easily and flexibly, this application is called RAKJa (Road Performance Analysis Design) which will be published generally on the Google Play Store so that it can be used by anyone who needs it. This RAKJa application will be developed based on the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2014), this application gets results in the form of degree of saturation, level of service, average speed, delays and queue length automatically without needing to look for the required factors in the PKJI 2014 table. Application This RAKJa was created using the Game Maker Language programming language from the Game Maker Studio 2 developer. Calculation of road performance using the RAKJa application produces the same results as calculations carried out manually. Validating the accuracy of the application from previous research urban road performance data based on the PKJI 2014 and primary data obtained accurate results of 90%.

Exploring the pre-disaster evacuation network design problem under five traffic equilibrium models

This paper explores modeling approaches for the pre-disaster Evacuation Network Design Problem (ENDP) considering different flow equilibrium conditions. We combine this problem with the modeling idea of Continuous Network Design Problem (CNDP), which we call Continuous Evacuation Network Design Problem (CENDP) in this paper. We develop five CENDP models, which are under the consideration of User Equilibrium (UE), Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE), Boundedly Rational User Equilibrium (BRUE), and Non-equilibrium (NONE), among which we develop two types of models based on BRUE. The modeling is mainly to consider the single objective of optimizing the total evacuation time, and then to provide reasonable road expansion solutions under certain budget constraints and different equilibrium conditions. Our main motivation for developing models is to introduce various types of equilibrium conditions into models and design algorithms to solve these problems while mining for key insights. We design the corresponding five heuristic algorithms to solve models and verify the applicability of the models and algorithms by two test networks (Nguyen-Dupuis network and Sioux-Falls network). We demonstrate whether evacuation flow equilibrium need or not need to be considered in the CENDP, the applicability of different equilibrium conditions, and the correlation between the total evacuation time, the network investment cost, and the network congestion degree. Additionally, we conduct model and algorithm tests on 40 instance networks, dividing them into medium-sized networks (20 instances) and large-sized networks (20 instances). Not only do we further validate the insights obtained from the test networks, but we also expand upon them. Specifically, the main findings of this study are as follows: (1) We demonstrate that considering evacuation flow equilibrium in CENDP is essential to reduce total evacuation time, construction costs, and mitigate congestion. (2) While increased investment in road construction can meet evacuation time requirements, it is crucial to make informed decisions, as investment alone does not directly reduce total evacuation time and congestion. (3) Optimizing road evacuation time is more effective than merely increasing road capacity for reducing total evacuation time and mitigating congestion. (4) From the perspectives of total evacuation time, investment cost, and network congestion degree, the CENDP model considering user equilibrium performs better in medium-sized networks, while the CENDP model considering stochastic user equilibrium performs better in large-sized networks. Conversely, the CENDP model that does not consider flow equilibrium performs the worst across all above three metrics. Based on this, we also provide recommendations on which model to choose for different metrics. In summary, this study not only reveals the importance of different flow equilibrium conditions in evacuation network design but also provides valuable strategic recommendations for practical applications to optimize evacuation effectiveness and resource allocation.

Study of an Impedance Function for Mixed Traffic Flows Considering the Travel Time–Cost Characteristics of Long-Distance Electric Vehicle Trips

To quantify the travel time and cost characteristics of mixed traffic involving electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel-powered vehicles on roads, in this paper, we comprehensively consider three factors affecting road impedance: queue length, waiting time, and service rate. Initially, a time characteristic function and a cost characteristic function for mixed traffic impedance are constructed. From the perspective of travel time, we consider the impact of EV penetration on the actual road capacity and introduce a capacity coefficient to modify the BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) road impedance function. Given that different types of vehicles might need to wait at charging stations, we employ queuing theory to calculate the queuing time at these stations and construct an impedance model that considers travel time. From the perspective of travel costs, we account for the energy consumption costs and road usage fees for different types of vehicles. The energy consumption cost for travel mileage is obtained by multiplying the unit mileage energy consumption cost of mixed traffic by the travel mileage. For road usage fees, we adopt the conventional method of multiplying the per-kilometer rate for each vehicle type by the travel mileage, thus constructing an impedance model that incorporates travel costs. Finally, in the numerical analysis section, based on the vehicle travel mileage, we categorize travel into short-, medium-, and long-distance trips for analysis. With the constructed mixed traffic impedance model, we conduct a detailed analysis of the travel time and cost characteristics of mixed traffic over different travel distances. We explore the specific impacts of the electric vehicle penetration rate, traffic flow volume, and travel mileage on road impedance. The results indicate that as the penetration rate of electric vehicles increases, the total energy consumption of the transportation system significantly decreases. Moreover, at high electric vehicle penetration rates, although an increase in traffic flow leads to higher traffic impedance and longer travel times, the overall travel costs are reduced. This demonstrates that increasing the penetration rate of electric vehicles positively contributes to reducing the energy consumption and costs of transportation systems.

Analisa Kinerja Jalan terhadap Kecepatan Kendaraan di Ruas Jalan Lingkar Barat Tiga Kenali Besar Kota Jambi

This research aims to identify the main factors that influence vehicle speed. Analyzing the level of service on the West Ring Road 3 in Kenali Besar, Jambi City. Researchers use quantitative methods where data is taken by carrying out direct observations in the field. The objects aimed at by researchers are road geometric data, vehicle volume, vehicle travel time, traffic volume and vehicle speed obtained by conducting surveys and direct measurements in the field. The main factor that influences vehicle operational speed is the number of motorized vehicles and heavy vehicles that exceed road capacity. Where the average number of light vehicles at peak hours is 8,434 and heavy vehicles 1,524. With the average highest speed of motorized vehicles being 30 KM/hour and heavy vehicles 15/14 KM/hour. Level of Service on the West Ring Road Section 3 with a Degree of Saturation value from the direction of Pall 10 - Simpang Rimbo or vice versa from the direction of Simpang Rimbo - Pall 10 has a service value of C (0.45-0.74) in the stable flow zone. Drivers are limited in choosing speed