Capacity Of Lead-acid Batteries Research Articles

Capacity Prediction of VRLA Batteries Based on Stepwise Regression Analysis

Effective maintenance of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery groups within substations is critical for DC system reliability. Therefore, assessing battery health and remaining capacity is essential. In this study, we focus on predicting the VRLA battery group remaining capacity and propose a prediction model based on stepwise regression. This model utilizes operational data, combining the charging and discharging characteristics of VRLA batteries. Stepwise regression selects the optimal independent variable subset, mitigating poor predictions from using all variables in multiple linear regression. Experimental results validate the accurate prediction of lead-acid battery capacity decline, offering effective forecasts. This model is expected to be widely applied in the capacity prediction of DC power systems in substations.

Reliable Ship Emergency Power Source: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach to Optimize Remaining Capacity Measurement Frequency for Lead-Acid Battery Maintenance

<div>The development of predictive maintenance has become one of the most important drivers of innovation, not only in the maritime industry. The proliferation of on-board and remote sensing and diagnostic systems is creating many new opportunities to reduce maintenance costs and increase operational stability. By predicting impending system faults and failures, proactive maintenance can be initiated to prevent loss of seaworthiness or operability. The motivation of this study is to optimize predictive maintenance in the maritime industry by determining the minimum useful remaining lead-acid battery capacity measurement frequency required to achieve cost-efficiency and desired prognostic performance in a remaining battery capacity indication system. The research seeks to balance operational stability and cost-effectiveness, providing valuable insight into the practical considerations and potential benefits of predictive maintenance. The methodology employed in this study includes outlining the theoretical development of a fully automated condition monitoring system and describing data cleansing steps to account for environmental effects on system performance. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the remaining useful life prediction to varying measurement frequencies, prediction models, and parameter settings, leading to an estimate of the optimal measurement frequency for the system. The results show that a certain minimum measurement frequency is required to achieve the target prediction accuracy while balancing cost-efficiency and operational stability. Reliable failure prediction with negligible changes in prognostic accuracy can be achieved by performing useful remaining lead-acid battery capacity measurements twice a day or every 5 ship voyage cycles with the underlying utilization.</div>

Contribution of n-TiO2 Combining with PAM/PPG/NFS Ternary Additive to Improving the Capacity of Gel Lead Acid Battery

An additive mixture of nanoTiO2 (n-TiO2 in sol form), nano fumed SiO2 (nf-SiO2, NFS), propylene glycol (PPG) and polyacryl amide (PAM) was used for preparation of gelled electrolytes. They were characterized by some physicochemical and electrochemical methods to consider their effect on the capacity of lead acid battery during working process. The material property of samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, FTIR study, and X-ray diffraction. The resistance of electrolyte was considered by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The capacity of battery were observed by charge-discharge at constant current density (0.8 mA cm−2) and charge-discharge according to the international recognized standards (IEC 61056–1:2012; 2.35 V/6 h–0.25 C/1.7 V or 0.5 C/1.7 V) for anodized PbO2 cells and VRLA cells (Gel-VRLA cells, AGM Gel-VRLA cells, and AGM flooded-VRLA cells), respectively. The results showed that a suitable content of n-TiO2 should be 0.2 wt% combined with ternary additive (PAM/PPG/NFS, 0.2/0.1/0.6 wt%, respectively). The discharge capacity of the VRLA cells with 0.2 wt% n-TiO2 was higher than that without n-TiO2 at both discharge rates 0.25 and 0.5 C. In particular, their service life reaches more than 225 cycles at 0.25 C discharging thanks to the use of AGM separator, meeting the IEC 61056–1:2012 standard (200 cycles).

Hydro-thermal preparation of PbCO3/N-rGO nano-composites as positive additives to improve the performance of lead-acid batteries

Due to the expansion of the energy storage market, the demand for lead-acid batteries is also increasing. In order to improve the discharge specific capacity of lead-acid batteries, this paper uses graphene oxide (GO), Pb(Ac)2·3H2O, urea and other raw materials in the reactor. The PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite was prepared by a hydrothermal method as a positive electrode additive for lead-acid batteries. The material was characterized by XRD, STM, SEM, Raman, etc., and was doped into a simulated battery positive plate. The positive plate exhibits excellent electrochemical performance when the addition amount of the PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite in the positive plate is 1 wt%. In the simulated battery test, the initial discharge specific capacity reaches 166 mAh g−1, which is 52% higher than that of the blank control group, and a 2-fold improvement in HPRSoC cycle life at 1 C rate. The PbCO3/N-rGO enabled the battery to have a higher discharge specific capacity and the longest charge/discharge cycle life, this is due to the nanostructure and good electrical conductivity of the PbCO3/N-rGO nanocomposite improving the utilization of the positive active material (PAM).

Development of a Cost-Effective Heavy-Duty Lead-Acid Battery Capacity Tester

Batteries are the energy source that provides energy to the vehicle for the first movement. Batteries used in motor vehicles nowadays are usually lead-acid batteries. This paper introduces the basic components of lead-acid batteries and describes the concept of a battery capacity test. The general definition of the standard for testing, EN50342, and the required conditions are presented. Furthermore, a cost-effective capacity tester for heavy-duty lead-acid batteries in compliance with the standard was developed and introduced.

Parameters observation of restoration capacity of industrial lead acid battery using high current pulses

Batteries play an essential role on most of the electrical equipment and electrical engineering tools. However, one of the drawbacks of lead acid batteries is PbSO<sub>4</sub> accumulates on the battery plates, which significantly cause deterioration. Therefore, this study discusses the discharge capacity performance evaluation of the industrial lead acid battery. The selective method to improve the discharge capacity is using high current pulses method. This method is performed to restore the capacity of lead acid batteries that use a maximum direct current (DC) of up to 500 A produces instantaneous heat from 27°C to 48°C to dissolve the PbSO<sub>4</sub> on the plates. This study uses an 840 Ah, 36 V flooded lead acid batteries for a forklift for the evaluation test. Besides, this paper explores the behavior of critical formation parameters, such as the discharge capacity of the cells. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the flooded lead acid battery can be increase by using high current pulses method. The comparative findings for the overall percentage of discharge capacity of the batteries improved from 68% to 99% after the restoration capacity.

Performance Evaluation Solar Charge Controller on Solar Power System Home-Based SPV Amorphous 80 Watt-peak.

The problem in renewable energy technology is the capacity stability, battery life and sustainability of energy supply. Similarly, it applies to solar power plant or Solar Home System (SHS). To deal with the required Solar Charge Controller (SCC), the form of electronic equipment that implements the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technology in the lead acid battery capacity 120 Ah to set battery charging function and current discharging from battery to load generated by solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Amorphous 80 Wp. Research has been done for systems that work well through the testing phase and data retrieval at the research laboratories. Performance SCC generates the largest current on the current panel 2.08 ampere, at 13.00 pm Use the load Head light of 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W. The load of 10 W generates a current of 0.850.92 A, at a load of 15 W generates a current of 1.23-1.26 A and on Load of 20 W generates a current of 1.77-1.79 A.

Effect of particle size on phase transitions of positive active materials made from novel leady oxide during soaking process and its influence on lead-acid battery capacity

Abstract Novel leady oxides with different particle sizes are prepared via pyrolysis of lead citrate in rotary kiln and subsequent ball-milling. The mechanism of how particle size influences the phase transition route of novel leady oxides during soaking process is investigated. PbO with larger particle size (D50 diameter = 22.4 μm) is converted to 3PbO∙PbSO4, and 3PbO∙PbSO4 is then partially transformed to PbO∙PbSO4 while PbO∙PbSO4 are gradually converted to PbSO4. PbO with smaller particle size (D50 diameter = 8.3 μm) is directly converted to PbSO4, and 3PbO∙PbSO4 is partially transformed to PbO∙PbSO4. Phase compositions after the soaking process determine the PbO2 content in positives plates because PbO2 is the oxidation product of PbSO4 in the sequent formation process. Particle size of leady oxides determines the initial capacity of testing cells through affecting the soaking process and a linear correlation between the initial capacity and PbO2 content in positive plates is obtained (R2 = 0.78). Therefore, leady oxides with larger particle size requires higher sulfuric acid density (1.045 g cm−3) to achieve an optimized initial capacity (2.17 Ah), while a lower sulfuric density (1.015 g cm−3) is recommended for small particle leady oxides to achieve an optimized capacity of 2.58 Ah.

Multivariate optimization for maximum capacity of lead acid battery through Taguchi method

The battery is an important electrochemical constituent for sustaining the trouble free and uninterrupted service to its users. Estimation of battery capacity and various states are very important to efficiently allocated available energy and to reduce the possibility of system failure. The estimation could become more complicated when the investigations are to be made under multiple parameters. In this research work, Taguchi method is used to achieve maximum capacity of 12 V 7.2 Ah AMARON SLA SMF battery under condition of C-rate, temperature and relative humidity. A regression model based on the experimental results is developed and validated by high R2 values (97.02%) for maximum capacity attained. Estimated operating conditions obtained for objective function by regression model equation are; C-rate 0.05C, temperature 313 K and relative humidity 25%. The results will shed light on better understanding the effect of multiple parameters on capacity of lead acid battery.

Comparison of off-grid power supply systems using lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries

Solar home systems (SHS) and solar photovoltaic village power supply systems can play an important role in the supply of electrical energy to off-grid areas. This paper presents a comparison of solar home systems and village power supply systems using two different types of battery technologies, namely lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lead-acid (Pb) batteries. The developed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink where solar radiation, temperature and electrical load data from Dodoma, the capital of Tanzania were used as model inputs.Two topologies were analyzed for SHS: A system which is directly coupled to the battery and another system which uses a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) charge controller. The main idea of analyzing these two topologies was to find an affordable solution for off-grid population, but at the same time the selected topology should have the ability of extracting maximum output from the PV panel.Since most of the off-grid settlements in Tanzania today use SHS with lead-acid batteries as storage, analysis was carried out for SHS with lead-acid batteries and SHS with lithium-ion batteries by simulating and optimizing the systems for 20 years. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for both storage systems was compared and it was found that the SHS with lithium-ion (NCA) battery generally had a lower LCOE compared to the SHS with lead-acid battery. This is mainly due to both the longer life time of NCA batteries and the reduction of the price of NCA batteries as a result of significantly increasing global production scales.For the case of solar photovoltaic village power supply systems, an energy management system was implemented to optimize power flows in a hybrid storage system containing both lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. Optimization of this “hybrid” system led to a selection of both types of batteries with small capacity of lead-acid battery (0.24kW h) compared to NCA battery (1.44kW h) backed up with diesel generator. Further analysis was done regarding the benefits of village power supply systems over individual SHS, and it was found that the LCOE for solar PV village power supply systems was lower than the LCOE for single SHS.

Impact of Pulse Voltage as Desulfator to Improve Automotive Lead Acid Battery Capacity

This paper studies the impact of Pulse Voltage as Desulfator to recover weak automotive Lead Acid Battery capacity which is caused by Sulfation. This technique is used to overcome the premature loss of battery capacity and speed up the process of charging and extend the lead acid battery life cycle 3 to 4 times compared with traditional charging methods using constant current. Sulfation represents the accumulation of lead sulfate on the electrodes (lead plates). This phenomenon appears naturally at each discharge of the battery, and disappears during a recharge. This is common with starter batteries in cars driven in the city with a load-hungry accessory. A motor in idle or at low speed cannot charge the battery sufficiently. Voltage pulse decompose the sulfate (PbSO4) attached to the electrode which is the main cause of the loss of capacity. In this paper, we study the effects of the recovery capacity of a Lead Acid Battery. Voltage pulses will be applied on a commercial automotive battery to collect data, using a charger/Desulfator prototype based on a PCDUINO. The experiment results show that there is improvement of Cold Cranking Amps level, and charge time duration of the Lead Acid Battery after using our prototype.

Research on the Prediction of Health Status of the Container Gantry Crane Energy Systems

ABSTRACT Jia, H.; Liu, H., and Yang, Y., 2015. The research on the prediction of health status of the container gantry crane energy systems. In this paper, the remaining capacity of lead-acid batteries is used to evaluate the health status of RTG energy systems. A LS-SVM model was established for predicting the remaining capacity of batteries, with the PSO-BP algorithm optimizing the parameters in the LS-SVM model. Using the trained LS-SVM model, the remaining capacity of batteries and the degradation trend of battery capacity with time are predicted. Compared with measured results, the predicted results show that the LS-SVM model can accurately predict the remaining capacity of lead-acid batteries.

The Nonlinear Variable Selection and Its Real-time Detection of Lead-acid Battery Capacity

Real-time detection of lead-acid battery capacity is hard for not having the suitable instrument. The soft sensing method is considered. It is studied on the basis of variable selection, the confirming of structure and parameters for the predicted model. The importance of each related nonlinear secondary variable is computed and sorted with RReliefF method. After that, the secondary variable sets are selected in turn. Soft sensing model with neural network is finally confirmed by cross-validation method. Simulation results show that the established model is effective with mean square error is 0.0011 for the testing data. It provides one way of simplifying the real-time detection of battery capacity.

The Soft Sensing of Battery Capacity Based on RReliefF Algorithm and Neural Network

To solve the problem of too many variable numbers which makes the model complex, a kind of auxiliary variables selection method is established. After that, soft sensing of lead-acid battery capacity is put forward. First, the RReliefF method is adopted to define quantitatively the influence of auxiliary variables. Then, the soft sensing model is built up with all the combination of auxiliary variables with BP neural network. Simulation results show that the soft sensing of battery capacity is established ideal. It provides theoretical feasibility to omit the battery discharge capacity in the process of production inspection process.

The study of carbon-based lead foam as positive current collector of lead acid battery

The carbon-based lead foam was produced by electrodepositing a uniform and dense lead coating on lightweight carbon foam in fluoborate system under appropriate conditions. The cyclic voltammetry showed that its electrochemical properties resembled the metallic pure lead. A lead acid battery equipped with the carbon-based lead foam as positive current collector undergone a charge–discharge test. The battery had a high discharge capacity and a good cycling stability, which indicated that the carbon-based lead foam could serve as positive current collector. The three-dimensional net structure of carbon-based lead foam provides larger surface area than traditional lead alloy grids, thus enhances the specific capacity of lead acid battery. The carbon-based lead foam might be a promising substitute for lead alloy grids.

Battery Management Systems for Improving Battery Efficiency in Electric Vehicles

Battery cost and battery capacity are key factors to determine whether or not electric vehicles would be used widely. Having a high energy density, lithium-ion battery can improve the mileage range of electric vehicles, yet the battery cost remains high. Although lead-acid battery has lower energy density than that of lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid battery cost less. Moreover, lithium-ion battery features an excellent discharge characteristic, whereas load current significantly impacts the capacity of lead-acid battery. This paper proposes a novel scheme to improve the efficiency of electric vehicle battery. In addition to connecting lead-acid battery with lithium-ion battery in parallel to the power supply, the proposed method combines their discharge characteristics to optimize the power management in order to improve the efficiency of attery and lower the cost of electric vehicle battery. The experimental result demonstrates that the available capacity can improve 30~50% of the rated capacity of the lead-acid battery.

Hybrid lead-acid battery with reticulated vitreous carbon as a carrier- and current-collector of negative plate

Bare reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) plated electrochemically with thin layer of lead was investigated as a negative plate carrier- and current-collector material for lead-acid batteries. Hybrid flooded single cell lead-acid batteries containing one negative plate based on a new type (RVC or Pb/RVC) of carrier/current-collector and two positive plates based on Pb–Ca grid collectors were assembled and subjected to charge/discharge tests (at 20-h and 1-h discharge rates) and Peukert's dependences determination. The promising results show that application of RVC as carrier- and current-collector in negative plate will significantly increase the specific capacity of lead-acid battery.

극저온 환경에서의 정 출력 제어를 적용한 마이크로터빈의 새로운 시동 로직 개발

This paper presents a constant power control logic for perfect starting a microtubine in vehicle. Under extremely low temperature, performance of the start-up system is severely dropped than that of room temperature because of increasing of load of mechanical parts including engine core and drop of the lead-acid battery capacity. Unfortunately, performance drop of lead-acid battery makes severe problems that cause a malfunction of fuel and lubrication system and power fail of digital devices. So we propose the new start-up logic by constant output power control of lead-acid battery using PWM inverter controller for preventing above problems and keeping good performance of start-up system for microturbine. Also, we prove usefulness of new start-up logic through experimental results under <TEX>$-32^{\circ}C$</TEX> ambient temperature.

Estimation of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Electrochemistry Theorem

There are several methods to estimate the residual capacity of lead-acid batteries. Most of these methods are not able to precisely predict the amount of remaining capacity due to the battery aging effect. This paper presents a method using the electrochemistry theorem to analyze the electrode reaction resistance effect and to estimate the internal energy loss and the electrolyte specific gravity in batteries. Through a series of calculations, the state-of-charge of a lead-acid battery can be estimated. To validate the proposed algorithm, some experiments are conducted and the measured data is applied to the proposed method and two other methods for comparison. The experiment results prove that the proposed algorithm can accurately compute the state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries to a certain extend and can be used in real-time controls.

A critical review of using the Peukert equation for determining the remaining capacity of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries

In many applications it is essential to predict the remaining capacity of a battery reliably, accurately and simply. Several existing techniques for predicting the remaining capacity of a lead-acid battery discharged with a variable current are based on variants of Peukert's empirical equation, which relates the available capacity to a constant discharge current. This paper presents a critical review of these techniques in the light of experimental tests that were carried out on two lead-acid commercial batteries. The relevance of these Peukert's equation based techniques to lithium-ion batteries is also discussed in the light of tests carried on a lithium-ion power battery. The basic conclusion of the paper is that Peukert's equation cannot be used to predict the state of charge of a battery accurately unless it is discharged at a constant current and constant temperature.